1、Unit1 Grammar Present perfect tense&present continuous tense past now Yesterday,we cleaned the classroom.Now,the classroom is clean because we have cleaned it.用法用法1 强调过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果或影响 1.My father bought many books for me yesterday.Now,I have a lot to read because _ 2.I saw this film last week.Now,
2、I know this film because I_.3.I did my homework yesterday.Now,I can give it to the teacher because I_ my father has bought many books for me.have seen it before have done it.“仍然,还”用在疑问句和否定句中,放在句末。I havent read this book yet.Have you had breakfast yet?already:Yet:“已经”通常用于肯定句中,放在句中。I have already read
3、 this book.有时,也用在疑问句中表示惊讶。Have you eaten up all the food already?“从来不”用在否定句中,放在句中。Is he famous?I have never heard of him.ever never“曾经”通常用于疑问句和肯定句中,放在句中。I have ever seen this film.Have you ever been to the USA?“以前”用在完成时中,放在句末。have never read this kind of books before.just before“刚刚”用在陈述句中,放在句中。I hav
4、e just bought a novel。She began to work in 2005.She still works here now.She has worked at this school for 9 years.now past I began to teach English at this school five years ago.I have taught English at this school for five years.用法2:过去发生的动作一直延续到现在。1.I am a doctor.I began to work when I was 22.Now,
5、I am 26.I _ for four years.2.We went to the USA last Monday.Today is Monday.We _ (stay)in the USA since last Monday.have worked have stayed since and for The woman has worked at this school for 2 years.(since two years ago)since 2 years ago since 1998 since she came to the school)for+时间段 since+时间点 f
6、or 2 years/a long time 一、用一、用for和和since填空。填空。_three hours _three oclock _two days _yesterday afternoon _I came here _last Sunday _a week _a long time _1997 _two weeks _three years ago _ last month for since for since since since for for since for since since Exercise 根据所给情况,用just,already或yet造句。1.Aft
7、er lunch you go to see a friend at her house.She saysWould you like something to eat?You say:No,thank you._(have lunch)2.Joe goes out.Five minutes later,the phone rings and the caller says Can I speak to Joe?You say:Im afraid _.(go out)he has just gone out Ive just had lunch.3.You are eating in a re
8、staurant this evening.The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away.You say:Wait a moment!_ (not/finish)4.You are going to a restaurant this evening.You phone to reserve(预定)a table.Later your friend says Shall I phone to reserve a table?You say:No,_ it (do)I havent finished
9、it yet.I have already done 1.现在完成时用来表示过去发生或已完成的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Jane has just had breakfast.(含义是:简现在不饿了.)Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)He has returned from abroad.(含义是:现在已在此地)2.现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻一直持续到现在的动作和状态,常与表示持续的时间状语连用.表示持续动作或状
10、态的动词多是延续性动词。I havent seen her these days.Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.3.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already,yet,just,before,recently,still,lately 等标志词 He has already got a chance to go abroad.I havent seen much of him recently(lately).We have seen that film before.Have t
11、hey found the missing child yet?4.现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用连用,如如often,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasion 等等:Have you ever been to Beijing?I have never heard of Bunny.I have used this pen only three times.George has met that gentleman on several occasions.5.现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的
12、时间状语连用,如now,just,today,this morning/week/month/year,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,up to present,so far等:Peter has written six poems so far.Man has now learned to make use of natural materials.There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.Up to these weeks,everything has been succ
13、essful.have(has)gone和have(has)been的区别 1.have(has)gone表示“已经去某地了”She has gone to Shanghai.(她可能已在去上海的路上,或已到上海,总之现在不在这里。)2.have(has)been表示“曾经去过某地”She has been to Shanghai three times.(她已经不在上海,只说明她曾经去过。)非延续性动词不能与时间段连用:非延续性动词不能与时间段连用:go/come/begin/start/die/buy/borrow/sell/leave/arrive/receive/become 等词语是
14、瞬间动词表示的动作是一时的,不能延续,不能与 for、since等表示一段时间的词连用,也不能用于how long 引导的疑问句中。如不能说:He has borrowed the book for two months.()但可以说:He has kept the book for 2 months.或:It has been 2 months since he borrowed the book.或:Two months has passed since he borrowed the book.这些瞬间动词常与它对应的可以表示时间段的词语进行互换。becomebe borrow keep
15、 buy have begin(start)be on openbe open die be dead leave-be away come-be here/in go out be out join-be a member/be in begin to study-study 注明:非延续性动词在否定结构中可用于现在完成时态:I havent bought anything for two days.通常使用现在完成进行时的几种情况:1.表过去开始的动作持续到现在并仍在继续中 She has been talking to me since she saw me.2.表示过去开始的动作刚结束
16、并在某种情况下与现在有关联 Sorry,Im late,have you been waiting long?Yes,I have been waiting for an hour.C 1.The price _recently,but I doubt whether it will remain so.A went down,B will go down C has gone down D was going down 2.In the past few years there _ great changes in Da Miao town.A is B were C have been D
17、 will be.C?I clean the blackboard every day.?Ill clean the blackboard in several minutes.?Im now cleaning the blackboard.?I cleaned the blackboard several minutes ago.?I have cleaned the blackboard for several minutes.?I have been cleaning the blackboard for several minutes/since several minutes ago
18、.现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 I (1)表示从过去某一时间开始一直在进行的动作,并有可能持续下去,强调动作的全过程;表示从过去到现在的重复性动作。(2)注意:多用于延续性动词,如work,live,study,skate,collect 表示在某一特定时间之前曾经发生过的动作,或者到这一时间为止已经完成的动作.1.现在完成时:have+过去分词 2.现在完成进行时:have+been+现在分词 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 II(1)在不用时间状语的情况下,现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如:The students
19、 have been preparing for the exam.(还在进行)学生们一直在准备考试。The students have prepared for the exam.(已经结束)学生们为考试作了准备。(2)在强调指出动作还未结束,还要继续下去。如:Ive been reading this book for two hours,but I havent finished it.这本书我已读了两个小时了,但我还没读完。Ive read this book.我已读完这本书了。现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 II(3)有些表示状态、感情、感觉的静态动
20、词,如:have,like,hate,hear,know,sound等动词不能用于现在完成进行时,但可用于现在完成时。如:Theyve known each other since 1970.自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。(4)现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。如:Weve been seeing each other quite a lot recently.最近我们经常见面。现在完成时和现在完成进行时的联系现在完成时和现在完成进行时的联系 1简略回答都一样 Yes,I/we/they have.No,I/we/they havent.Yes,he/she/it ha
21、s.No,he/she/it hasnt.2时间状语:都可以用 for或since They have skated _.They have been skating _.A three hours ago B for three hours ago C since three hours ago D for three hours E since three hours 11 醉翁亭记 1 反复朗读并背诵课文,培养文言语感。2 结合注释疏通文义,了解文本内容,掌握文本写作思路。3 把握文章的艺术特色,理解虚词在文中的作用。4体会作者的思想感情,理解作者的政治理想。一、导入新课范仲淹因参与改革
22、被贬,于庆历六年写下岳阳楼记,寄托自己“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐”的政治理想。实际上,这次改革,受到贬谪的除了范仲淹和滕子京之外,还有范仲淹改革的另一位支持者北宋大文学家、史学家欧阳修。他于庆历五年被贬谪到滁州,也就是今天的安徽省滁州市。也是在此期间,欧阳修在滁州留下了不逊于岳阳楼记的千古名篇 醉翁亭记。接下来就让我们一起来学习这篇课文吧!【教学提示】结合前文教学,有利于学生把握本文写作背景,进而加深学生对作品含义的理解。二、教学新课目标导学一:认识作者,了解作品背景作者简介:欧阳修(1007 1072),字永叔,自号醉翁,晚年又号“六一居士”。吉州永丰(今属江西)人,因吉州原属庐陵郡,
23、因此他又以“庐陵欧阳修”自居。谥号文忠,世称欧阳文忠公。北宋政治家、文学家、史学家,与韩愈、柳宗元、王安石、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、曾巩合称“唐宋八大家”。后人又将其与韩愈、柳宗元和苏轼合称“千古文章四大家”。关于“醉翁”与“六一居士”:初谪滁山,自号醉翁。既老而衰且病,将退休于颍水之上,则又更号六一居士。客有问曰:“六一何谓也?”居士曰:“吾家藏书一万卷,集录三代以来金石遗文一千卷,有琴一张,有棋一局,而常置酒一壶。”客曰:“是为五一尔,奈何?”居士曰:“以吾一翁,老于此五物之间,岂不为六一乎?”写作背景:宋仁宗庆历五年(1045年),参知政事范仲淹等人遭谗离职,欧阳修上书替他们分辩,被贬到滁州做
24、了两年知州。到任以后,他内心抑郁,但还能发挥“宽简而不扰”的作风,取得了某些政绩。醉翁亭记就是在这个时期写就的。目标导学二:朗读文章,通文顺字1 初读文章,结合工具书梳理文章字词。2朗读文章,划分文章节奏,标出节奏划分有疑难的语句。节奏划分示例 环滁/皆山也。其/西南诸峰,林壑/尤美,望之/蔚然而深秀者,琅琊也。山行/六七里,渐闻/水声潺潺,而泻出于/两峰之间者,酿泉也。峰回/路转,有亭/翼然临于泉上者,醉翁亭也。作亭者/谁?山之僧/曰/智仙也。名之者/谁?太守/自谓也。太守与客来饮/于此,饮少/辄醉,而/年又最高,故/自号曰/醉翁也。醉翁之意/不在酒,在乎/山水之间也。山水之乐,得之心/而寓
25、之酒也。节奏划分思考“山行/六七里”为什么不能划分为“山/行六七里”?明确:“山行”意指“沿着山路走”,“山行”是个状中短语,不能将其割裂。“望之/蔚然而深秀者”为什么不能划分为“望之蔚然/而深秀者”?明确:“蔚然而深秀”是两个并列的词,不宜割裂,“望之”是总起词语,故应从其后断句。【教学提示】引导学生在反复朗读的过程中划分朗读节奏,在划分节奏的过程中感知文意。对于部分结构复杂的句子,教师可做适当的讲解引导。目标导学三:结合注释,翻译训练1 学生结合课下注释和工具书自行疏通文义,并画出不解之处。【教学提示】节奏划分与明确文意相辅相成,若能以节奏划分引导学生明确文意最好;若学生理解有限,亦可在解
26、读文意后把握节奏划分。2 以四人小组为单位,组内互助解疑,并尝试用“直译”与“意译”两种方法译读文章。3 教师选择疑难句或值得翻译的句子,请学生用两种翻译方法进行翻译。翻译示例:若夫日出而林霏开,云归而岩穴暝,晦明变化者,山间之朝暮也。野芳发而幽香,佳木秀而繁阴,风霜高洁,水落而石出者,山间之四时也。直译法:那太阳一出来,树林里的雾气散开,云雾聚拢,山谷就显得昏暗了,朝则自暗而明,暮则自明而暗,或暗或明,变化不一,这是山间早晚的景色。野花开放,有一股清幽的香味,好的树木枝叶繁茂,形成浓郁的绿荫。天高气爽,霜色洁白,泉水浅了,石底露出水面,这是山中四季的景色。意译法:太阳升起,山林里雾气开始消散
27、,烟云聚拢,山谷又开始显得昏暗,清晨自暗而明,薄暮又自明而暗,如此暗明变化的,就是山中的朝暮。春天野花绽开并散发出阵阵幽香,夏日佳树繁茂并形成一片浓荫,秋天风高气爽,霜色洁白,冬日水枯而石底上露,如此,就是山中的四季。【教学提示】翻译有直译与意译两种方式,直译锻炼学生用语的准确性,但可能会降低译文的美感;意译可加强译文的美感,培养学生的翻译兴趣,但可能会降低译文的准确性。因此,需两种翻译方式都做必要引导。全文直译内容见我的积累本。目标导学四:解读文段,把握文本内容1赏析第一段,说说本文是如何引出“醉翁亭”的位置的,作者在此运用了怎样的艺术手法。明确:首先以“环滁皆山也”五字领起,将滁州的地理环
28、境一笔勾出,点出醉翁亭坐落在群山之中,并纵观滁州全貌,鸟瞰群山环抱之景。接着作者将“镜头”全景移向局部,先写“西南诸峰,林壑尤美”,醉翁亭坐落在有最美的林壑的西南诸峰之中,视野集中到最佳处。再写琅琊山“蔚然而深秀”,点山“秀”,照应上文的“美”。又写酿泉,其名字透出了泉与酒的关系,好泉酿好酒,好酒叫人醉。“醉翁亭”的名字便暗中透出,然后引出“醉翁亭”来。作者利用空间变幻的手法,移步换景,由远及近,为我们描绘了一幅幅山水特写。2第二段主要写了什么?它和第一段有什么联系?明确:第二段利用时间推移,抓住朝暮及四季特点,描绘了对比鲜明的晦明变化图及四季风光图,写出了其中的“乐亦无穷”。第二段是第一段“
29、山水之乐”的具体化。3第三段同样是写“乐”,但却是写的游人之乐,作者是如何写游人之乐的?明确:“滁人游”,前呼后应,扶老携幼,自由自在,热闹非凡;“太守宴”,溪深鱼肥,泉香酒洌,美味佳肴,应有尽有;“众宾欢”,投壶下棋,觥筹交错,说说笑笑,无拘无束。如此勾画了游人之乐。4作者为什么要在第三段写游人之乐?明确:写滁人之游,描绘出一幅太平祥和的百姓游乐图。游乐场景映在太守的眼里,便多了一层政治清明的意味。太守在游人之乐中酒酣而醉,此醉是为山水之乐而醉,更是为能与百姓同乐而醉。体现太守与百姓关系融洽,“政通人和”才能有这样的乐。5第四段主要写了什么?明确:写宴会散、众人归的情景。目标导学五:深入解读
30、,把握作者思想感情思考探究:作者以一个“乐”字贯穿全篇,却有两个句子别出深意,不单单是在写乐,而是另有所指,表达出另外一种情绪,请你找出这两个句子,说说这种情绪是什么。明确:醉翁之意不在酒,在乎山水之间也。醉能同其乐,醒能述以文者,太守也。这种情绪是作者遭贬谪后的抑郁,作者并未在文中袒露胸怀,只含蓄地说:“醉能同其乐,醒能述以文者,太守也。”此句与醉翁亭的名称、“醉翁之意不在酒,在乎山水之间也”前后呼应,并与“滁人游”“太守宴”“众宾欢”“太守醉”连成一条抒情的线索,曲折地表达了作者内心复杂的思想感情。目标导学六:赏析文本,感受文本艺术特色1 在把握作者复杂感情的基础上朗读文本。2 反复朗读,
31、请同学说说本文读来有哪些特点,为什么会有这些特点。(1)句法上大量运用骈偶句,并夹有散句,既整齐又富有变化,使文章越发显得音调铿锵,形成一种骈散结合的独特风格。如“野芳发而幽香,佳木秀而繁阴”“朝而往,暮而归,四时之景不同,而乐亦无穷也”。(2)文章多用判断句,层次极其分明,抒情淋漓尽致,“也”“而”的反复运用,形成回环往复的韵律,使读者在诵读中获得美的享受。(3)文章写景优美,又多韵律,使人读来不仅能感受到绘画美,也能感受到韵律美。目标导学七:探索文本虚词,把握文言现象虚词“而”的用法用法 文本举例表并列 1.蔚然而深秀者;2.溪深而鱼肥;3.泉香而酒洌;4.起坐而喧哗者表递进 1.而年又最
32、高;2.得之心而寓之酒也表承接 1.渐闻水声潺潺,而泻出于两峰之间者;2.若夫日出而林霏开,云归而岩穴暝;3.野芳发而幽香,佳木秀而繁阴;4.水落而石出者;5.临溪而渔;6.太守归而宾客从也;7.人知从太守游而乐表修饰 1.朝而往,暮而归;2.杂然而前陈者表转折 1.而不知人之乐;2.而不知太守之乐其乐也虚词“之”的用法用法 文本举例表助词“的”1.泻出于两峰之间者;2.醉翁之意不在酒;3.山水之乐;4.山间之朝暮也;5.宴酣之乐位于主谓之间,取消句子独立性 而不知太守之乐其乐也表代词 1.望之蔚然而深秀者;2.名之者谁(指醉翁亭);3.得之心而寓之酒也(指山水之乐)【教学提示】更多文言现象请参见我的积累本。三、板书设计路线:环滁 琅琊山 酿泉 醉翁亭风景:朝暮之景四时之景 山水之乐(醉景)风俗:滁人游 太守宴 众宾欢 太守醉 宴游之乐(醉人)心情:禽鸟乐 人之乐 乐其乐 与民同乐(醉情)可取之处 重视朗读,有利于培养学生的文言语感,并通过节奏划分引导学生理解文意,突破了仅按注释疏通文义的桎梏,有利于引导学生自主思考;不单纯关注“直译”原则,同时培养学生的“意译”能力,引导学生关注文言文的美感,在一定程度上有助于培养学生的核心素养。不足之处 文章难度相对较高,基础能力低的学生难以适应该教学。会员免费下载
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