Unit 1 Grammar and usage （ppt课件）-2022新牛津译林版（2020）《高中英语》选择性必修第二册.pptx

1、Unit 1 The mass media Grammar and usagePulitzer PrizeThe Pulitzer Prize is an award for achievements in newspaper,magazine,online journalism,literature and musical compositionwithin the United States.It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will遗嘱 of Joseph Pulitzer,who had made his fortune财富

2、 as a newspaper publisher出版商 and is administered管理 by Columbia University.Joseph Pulitzer was born on April 10,1847,in Hungary.He moved to America and became an American citizen in the 1860s.He had a number of different jobs after he moved to America.He regularly visited the library and studied Engl

3、ish and lawby then he had learned very little English.While in the library one day,he began chatting to two editors of a German-language newspaper.They offered him a job.Pulitzer quickly became a successful journalist and by the age of 25,he had become a publisher.P6公民定期地聊天编辑提供出版人In 1878,he founded

4、the newspaper the St Louis Post-Dispatch.Pulitzer worked tirelessly,from early in the morning until midnight.His paper published articles about politics and social issues,accusing government officials of dishonesty and wealthy people of not paying their taxes.Sales of the newspaper shot up.In 1883,P

5、ulitzer bought the New York World.He used the same business strategy he had employed at the St Louis Post-Dispatch and sales of the newspaper mounted up until it was the bestselling newspaper in the country.P6创建found v.创建，创办n.founder创始人不知疲倦地政治和社会问题策略Pulitzer was the first to advocate the training of

6、 journalists at university level.In 1892,he offered Columbia University money to start a school of journalism.Of this decision he said,“I am deeply interested in the progress and elevation of journalism.regarding it as a noble profession and one of unequaled importance for its influence upon the min

7、ds and morals of the people.”Pulitzer died in 1911.One year after his death,the Columbia School of Journalism was established.Six years after his death,the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded.P6提升已建立授予无与伦比的1.He regularly visited the library and studied English and Lawby then he had learnt very little

8、 French.()2.By the age of 25,he had become a teacher.()3.He used the same business strategy he had employed at the St Louis Post-Dispatch and sales of the newspaper mounted up until it was the bestselling newspaper in the country.()FEnglishFpublisherTExploring the rulesRead the short life story of J

9、oseph Pulitzer and find the sentences that use the past perfect tense.The first one has been done for you.What is“past perfect What is“past perfect tense”tense”过去完成时过去完成时?Observe the following sentences and pay attention to the red parts.1.The chef had set up a farm-to-table restuarant before his ne

10、w cookbook was published.2.They had finished their dinner by the time Sam joined them.3.Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.4.Their dinner had been finished by the time Sam joined them.1.The Past Perfect Tense 过去完成时过去完成时2.第第4句有什么特别之处呢？句有什么特别之处呢？被动语态被动语态The Past Perfect Tense基本结构

11、：基本结构：“had+过去分词过去分词”被动语态：被动语态：“had been+过去分词过去分词”基本含义：过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻已经完基本含义：过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻已经完成的动作，即成的动作，即“过去的过去过去的过去”。PastFuturehad done SummarizePresent“过去的过去过去的过去”.he had become a publisher.He used the same business strategy he had employed at the St Louis Post-Dispatch.We often use the past perfe

12、ct tense to talk about something that happened(1)_(before/after)a past action or state.The verb form of the past perfect tense is“(2)_(have/had done)”.beforehad doneWorking out the rulesWorking out the rules过去完成时 Tom had finished(finish)writing his novel I had eaten(eat)lots of cakes till then.主语主语+

13、had+v-ed主语主语+had+not +v-ed Tom had not eaten his supper in the canteen before he went back home.。The Past Perfect Tense过去完成时过去完成时 When the police arrived,the thieves had not run (run)away.Had you spent all of your money?Yes,I had./No,I hadnt.Had he finished his homework by the time you got here?Yes,

14、he had./No,he hadnt.Had+主语主语+v-ed+其他其他？Yes,主语（人称代词）主语（人称代词）+had.No,主语（人称代词）主语（人称代词）+hadnt.疑问词疑问词+had+主语主语+v-ed+其他其他？疑问词疑问词+一般疑问句式？一般疑问句式？Why had The Castle become a memory of generation?How much of your money had you spent？What had you bought?Whose book had you borrowed?Who has been invited?肯定肯定结构结构

15、hadhadbeenbeen done done否定否定结构结构hadhadnotnotbeenbeen done done一般疑问一般疑问结构结构hadhad主语主语beenbeen donedone特殊疑问特殊疑问结构结构特殊疑问词特殊疑问词hadhad主语主语beenbeen donedone1.When the police arrived,the thief had run away.2.Before he volunteered to direct the traffic,Tom had lost lots of jobs.3.He hadnt finished it by yes

16、terday evening.4.By the end of June,they _(treat)over 800 patients.过去完成时的基本用法had treated（1 1）表示）表示过去过去某时或某动作之前某时或某动作之前就已经完成或结束的就已经完成或结束的动作。动作。过去完成时的基本用法1.Kevin had been a newspaper reporter for two years before he became a businessman.2.He said he _(work)in that factory since 1949.3.I had been at th

17、e bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally (come).had worked came（2 2）过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，有过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，有时可能继续下去时可能继续下去，常与常与for，since等引导的时间状语连用。等引导的时间状语连用。表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一个时间的动作，常用的时间状语还有by then,by the end of,by the time。By the end of last term,we had learnt 2,000 English words.到上

18、学期期末为止，我们已经学习了到上学期期末为止，我们已经学习了2,000个英语单个英语单词了。词了。We had learnt English for 8 years by the last year.到去年为止，我们已经学了到去年为止，我们已经学了8年英语了。年英语了。过去完成时的基本用法What are the meanings and features of the following sentences?1.Scarcely had the votes been counted,when the telephone rang.2.No sooner had I walked out th

19、an I remembered that I forgot my homework.3.Hardly had we sat down to supper when the phone rang.（3 3）常用固定句型：）常用固定句型：Hardly/Scarcely.when；No sooner.than（刚（刚就就）。否定词置于否定词置于句首句首，需要，需要部分倒装部分倒装。主句用。主句用过去完成时过去完成时，从句用，从句用一般过去时一般过去时。过去完成时的基本用法（4 4）表示表示愿望愿望、打算打算等的动词，如等的动词，如hope,want,expect,think,mean,suppose

20、,intend,plan等，一般用过去完成时表示等，一般用过去完成时表示本打本打算实现而未实现的愿望和计划算实现而未实现的愿望和计划。I had intended to meet him at the airport,but I had an important meeting to attend.我本打算去机场接他，但是我有个重要的会议要参加。I had hoped to take a holiday this year but I was not able to get away.我原打算今年去度假，可是我走不开。(1)It/That was+the first/second+time+t

21、hat从句，从句谓语常用过去完成时。It was the first time that I had visited the Great Wall.这是我第一次参观长城。(2)It was+一段时间+since从句，从句谓语用过去完成时。It was three years since he had joined the army.他参军三年了。过去完成时用于一些固定句型二、过去完成时的判断依据二、过去完成时的判断依据:1.由由来判定：与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：来判定：与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：(1)by+过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading

22、 the novel by nine oclock last night.(2)by the end of+过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.(3)before+过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2.由由“”来判定：是指过去某一动作之前已经发生来判定：是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即或完成的动作，即这种用法常出现在：这种用法常

23、出现在：(1)宾语从句中宾语从句中:在在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾等动词后的宾语从句。如：语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.(2)状语从句中状语从句中:在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动，动作在后的要用作在后的要用一般过去时一般过去时。如：如：When I got to the station,the train had alread

24、y left.After he had finished his homework,he went to bed.注意：注意：before,after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时一般过去时。如：。如：Where did you study(had you studied)before you came here?After he closed the door,he left the

25、 classroom.(3)表示意向的动词，如表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示等，用过去完成时表示原本原本，未能，未能我们原本希望你会来，但你没来。我们原本希望你会来，但你没来。We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.3.根据上、下文来判定。根据上、下文来判定。昨天我在街上见到了王涛，自从他来到北京后我们还没见过面。昨天我在街上见到了王涛，自从他来到北京后我们还没见过面。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.We

26、 hadnt seen each other since he came to Beijing.Circle the mistakes and correct them in the blanks below.1 Pulitzer knew that he had learnt very little English,so he had started to work hard at the language._Pulitzer knew that he had learnt very little English,so he started to work hard at the langu

27、age.Applying the rulesB12 Pulitzer was very hard-working.Quite often,when he arrived home at midnight,he was working for over 10 hours._ _3 For the time he was 25,Pulitzer had become a successful journalist and publisher._ _Pulitzer was very hard-working.Quite often,when he arrived home at midnight,

28、he had worked for over 10 hours.By the time he was 25,Pulitzer had become a successful journalist and publisher.4 Many of the best reporters have worked for his paper before its failure in 1931._ _Many of the best reporters had worked for his paper before its failure in 1931.win build intend award a

29、llowBelow is a passage about the Pulitzer Prizes.Complete it with the correct forms of the verbs in the box below.The Pulitzer Prizes are a set of 21 awards honoring excellence in journalism and the arts.The prizes were established largely due to the efforts of Joseph Pulitzer,who(1)_ his reputation

30、 as a newspaper publisher.He left money in his 1904 will to fund the establishment of the prizes,stating that he wanted four awards in journalism,four in letters and drama,one for education,and five traveling scholarships.builtApplying the rulesB2Since the first prizes(2)_ in 1917,there have been ma

31、ny winners and many people have won more than once.Past winners include such famous names as Eugene ONeill.When ONeill received the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 1957,it was the fourth time he(3)_ one.were awardedhad wonwin build intend award allowThere have been a number of changes to the Pulitzer Pri

32、zes over time.Some of these resulted from advances in technology.For example,online content from newspaper websites(4)_ in all of the journalism categories since 2006.the Pulitzer Prizes have also expanded to include such categories as photography and music.Nevertheless,journalism is still what the

33、Pulitzer Prizes are best known for.Today,winning the Pulitzer Prizes is considered by many to be the highest achievement possible in journalism-just as Pulitzer(5)_.has been allowed intendedwin build intend award allowPast perfect simple:usesThe past perfect refers to time up to a point in the past(

34、time up to then),just as the present perfect refers to something that happened in the time up to the moment of speaking(time up to now):e.g.Id seen all of Elvis Presleys movies by the time I was 20!u Time up to thenId been to five countries in Europe by 2001.Past perfect:time up to then(2001).Ive be

35、en to five countries in Europe.Present perfect:time up to now.Zou Taofen was a famous Chinese journalist and publisher.Read the timeline below and describe his life story using the past perfect tense.B318951895Born inBorn inFujianFujian19211921Becomes Becomes the the chief chief editor editor of Lif

36、e of Life WeeklyWeekly19311931Starts aStarts a newnew journaljournal called Lifecalled Life ofof thethe MassesMasses19441944GraduateGraduates from s from universiuniversityty19261926Starts campaigning Starts campaigning against the against the Japanese invasionJapanese invasion19351935Dies in Dies i

37、n ShanghaiShanghai19221922Becomes Becomes an an editoreditorZou Taofen was born in Fujian in 1895.After he had graduated from university in 1921,he became an editor.Before he started a new journal Life of the Masses in 1935,he had started campaigning against the Japanese invasion in 1931.He died in

38、Shanghai in 1944.(2020浙江浙江)By about 6000 BC,people 61._ _(discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise.【解析解析】考查时态。句意考查时态。句意:大约在公元前大约在公元前6000年，年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。分析句子，简单句中除了提示词外养的牲畜。分析句子，简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词，故此处需用动词的时态。逻辑主无其余动词，故此处需用动词的时态。逻辑主语和提示词之间表示主动逻辑。语和提示词之间表示主动逻辑。

39、by+过去时间过去时间 译为译为“到到.为止为止”，后面的句子用过去完成，后面的句子用过去完成时。故填时。故填had discovered.haddiscovered(2019天津天津)I _ to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage，but I couldnt manage it.A.had hoped B.am hoping C.have hoped D.would hope 【解析解析】考查过去完成时。句意：我本来计划考查过去完成时。句意：我本来计划在在Peter结婚时送他一个礼物的，可是我没有做结婚时送他一个礼物的

40、，可是我没有做到。第二个分句中到。第二个分句中“couldnt”用的是一般过去用的是一般过去时，它之前的动作用过去完成时。故选时，它之前的动作用过去完成时。故选A。A用用括号内单词的正确时态完成下面短文括号内单词的正确时态完成下面短文。A cow and a fox went out to search for food together.They 1._(go)only a few miles before they saw a lion coming their way.They were both very frightened.The fox thought of a way of s

41、aving his own life,and went up to the lion and said in his ear,“I 2._(help)you get hold of the cow without the trouble of hunting him,if you let me go free.”The lion agreed,and the fox then led the cow by a hidden pit(坑坑),which some hunter 3._(dig)as a trap for wild animals,and the cow fell into it.When the lion saw that the cow 4._(catch)and couldnt get away,he turned his attention to the fox.He soon finished him off,and then went on to eat the cow.Betray(背背叛叛)a friend,and youll often find you have destroyed yourself.had been caughthad gone will help had dug