Unit 3 Reading （ppt课件） (01)-2022新牛津译林版（2020）《高中英语》选择性必修第二册.pptx

1、选修性必修2 Unit 3 Fit for lifeThe future is in our genesGood afternoon,ladies and gentlemen.Thank you all for coming to this lecture.Over the course of my career;I have seen many wonderful scientific developments,but none are as game-changing as genome editing.I am full of excitement about the possibili

2、ties this scientific advance can bring and I hope to share my excitement with you today.女士们，先生们，下午好!谢谢大家来听这个讲座。在我的职业生涯中，我见证了许多了不起的科学发展，但没有一个能像基因组编辑那样具有颠覆性。我对这一科学进步能带来的可能性感到万分激动，我希望今天能与你们分享我激动的心情。As many of you may already know,genes play a critical role in shaping our lives.Everything from the colou

3、r of our eyes to our talent for maths depends on genes.The complete set of genes inside a cell or any living being is called a genome.Our own personal genome carries all the information needed to make us grow and develop.你们很多人可能已经知道，基因在塑造我们的人生方面起着至关重要的作用。从眼睛的颜 色到我们的数学天赋，一切都取决于基因。基因组是指一个细胞或一个生物体内的一整套

4、基因。我们的个人基因组携带着我们成长和发展所需的所有信息。It also contains information that helps determine our lifespan and affects our chances of contracting certain diseases.Some people,for example,carry a gene that makes them more likely to catch a certain virus or develop a particular form of cancer.它（基因组）还包含其他信息，这些信息有助于决定

5、我们寿命的长短并影响我们患某些疾病的概率。例如，有些人携带着一种让他们更有可能感染某种病毒或患上某种癌症的基因。affect vt.影响;侵袭,使感染;深深打动【词块积累】(1)be affected by受的影响;被感动be affected with感染疾病(2)affection n.喜爱(3)effect n.作用;影响have an effect/influence on 对产生影响【熟词生义】The disease affects many different organs of the body.这种疾病侵袭身体的许多不同器官。v.(疾病)侵袭He spends too much

6、 time on maths,and this in turn _the progress of his other subjects.他在数学上花了太多时间,而这反过来又影响了其他科目的进步。To help protect wildlife,its important to understand how species _environmental and human influences.为了帮助保护野生动物,了解物种如何受到环境和人类影响是很重要的。(2020全国卷)But like anyone for whom you feel _,customers can also drive

7、you mad.但就像任何你喜欢的人一样,顾客也会让你抓狂。affectsare affected byaffection【巧学助记】affect/effect巧辨析affect是及物动词,暗示产生的影响如此强烈,以至于能引起反应。通常是指对身体、思想或情绪带来的不良影响effect 意为“影响”,是名词,其动词意为“招致,促成,产生”【补偿训练】语法填空The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those whose lives _(affect).Affected _high fever,he continue

8、d with his work.Affected _his story,many young people began to do volunteer work for the disabled.From then on,we began a relationship that gradually transformed into a great friendship and deep _(affect).were affectedwithbyaffectioncontract vt.感染疾病;与订立合同(契约)n.合同,合约(教材原句)It also contains information

9、 that helps determine our lifespan and affects our chances of contracting certain diseases.它还包含有助于决定我们的寿命和影响我们感染某些疾病的可能性的信息。【词块积累】(1)contract sb.to sth.与某人签约某事 contract in(to sth.)订约参与某事(2)contract with sb.与某人订合约 contract for sth./to do sth.某事/做某事的合约contract between.and.和之间的合约under contract to已经与签订合

10、同 He _AIDS from a blood transfusion.他因一次输血感染了艾滋病。Several computer engineers have _the finance department.有几位计算机工程师与财务部门签订了合同。She is _a major American computer firm.她已签约为一家大型美国计算机公司工作。contractedbeen contracted tounder contract tovi.收缩【熟词生义】Metal contracts as it cools.金属遇冷收缩。()Geneticists have been tr

11、ying to identify which genes relate to which diseases,as they believe genome editing is an effective means of disease treatment and prevention.It allows geneticists to make changes to the genome by correcting,adding,deleting or replacing specific parts of the genetic material.In the near future,gene

12、ticists hope to apply this technology to treat a wide range of health problems.遺传学家一直试图找出哪些基因与哪些疾病有关，因为他们认为基因组编是治疗和预防疾 病的一种有效手段。基因组编允许传学家对基因组进行修改，纠正、增加、删除或替换传物质 的特定部分。在不久的将来，遗传学家希望将这项技术应用于治疗各种各样的健康问题中。identify vt.找到,发现;确认;认出;显示,说明身份(教材原句)Geneticists have been trying to identify which genes relate to

13、 which diseases,as they believe genome editing is an effective means of disease treatment and prevention.遗传学家们认为,基因组编辑是治疗和预防疾病的一种有效手段,因此他们一直在试图找出哪些基因与哪些疾病有关。【词块积累】(1)identify sth./sb.as.认定某事物/某人是identify oneself证明自己的身份(2)identification n.鉴定,识别;确认;身份证明(3)identity n.身份;一致identity card 身份证Scientists ha

14、ve _ a link between diet and cancer.科学家发现了饮食与癌症之间的关联。Theres a close _between fans and their team.球迷和他们的球队之间有密切的同一性。In many cases,the clothes people wear _belonging to a particular social class.很多情况下,人们的穿着显示出他们的社会阶层。People could _online and have to stand behind their words.人们能在网上证明自己的身份,为自己的言行负责。iden

15、tifiedidentityidentify them asidentify themselvesrelate vi.&vt.联系,使有联系;叙述,讲述【词块积累】(1)relate.to.把和联系在一起relate sth.to sb.向某人叙述/讲述某事relate to.和有关联;能够理解(2)related adj.相关的;有(亲属)关系的be related to.和有关的;和有联系的(3)relation n.关系in/with relation to关于;与相比(4)relationship n.关系,联系【知识延伸】“联系”常用词connectvt.连接,使联系 connect

16、ion n.联系contactvt.&n.联系,接触 touch vt.&n.接触,联系I cant _what he does _what he says.我无法将他说的话和他做的事联系起来。Paper-cutting _the traditional culture of China,and has a history of more than 1,500 years.剪纸有一千五百多年的历史,与中国的传统文化紧密联系在一起。The state has staged a series of policy measures _western region development.国家已经出台

17、了一系列有关西部地区发展的政策措施。relatetois closely related toin/with relation toSoon we may be able to use such treatments to restore a blind person s vision or give someone who was born deaf an excellent sense of hearing.Ultimately,this new technology might even make it possible to prevent diseases from ever dev

18、eloping by correcting abnormal genes early on.Genome editing,serving as a new weapon in the fight against diseases,will lead to a fundamental change in our approach to health care.也许我们很快就能利用这些法来恢复盲人的视力，或者让先天性耳聋的人拥有敏锐的听力。最终,这项新技术甚至可能通过早期纠正异常基因来预防患病。基因组编作为对抗疾病的新武器，将 给我们的医疔保健手段带来重大变革。restore vt.恢复;修复;使

19、复原,使复位(2021全国甲卷)It was built originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored.它最初是为了保护唐代的城市而建造的,现在已经完全修复了。【词块积累】(1)restore sth.恢复某事物restore sth.to恢复某事物到某状态restore sth.to sb.把某物归还给某人(2)restoration n.恢复;复位;归还The measures are intended to _public confidence in the

20、economy.这些举措旨在恢复公众对经济的信心。We hope to _the garden _its former glory.我们希望使花园恢复昔日的辉煌。_of cultural relics and antiques can be time-consuming,and sometimes boring.文物和古董的修复工作既费时有时又枯燥。restorerestoretoRestoration【补偿训练】语法填空The army has recently been brought in _(restore)order.His visit is expected to lead to

21、the _(restore)of diplomatic relations.We will restore her _health but it may take time.The following day their horses and goods were restored _them.to restorerestorationtotoUltimately,this new technology might even make it possible to prevent diseases from ever developing by correcting abnormal gene

22、s early on.最终,这项新技术甚至有可能通过及早修正异常基因来预防疾病。【句式解构】此处为“make+it+宾语补足语”结构:make it+adj./n.(+for sb.)to do sth.,其中it作形式宾语,而真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式短语。常用于这种句型的动词还有:think,consider,find,feel等。(1)make+it+adj./n.+that从句(2)make+it+adj./n.+to do 不定式(3)make+it+no good/no use.+doing sth.The dusty air _a clear picture of the fl

23、ying birds in the sky.充满尘埃的空气使得拍摄清晰的天空中的飞鸟照片变得困难。(2020天津高考)Youll _a copy of whatever youre looking for.你会发现找到你想要的任何一本都更容易。(2019全国卷)I would _if you could take my application into consideration.如果您能考虑我的申请,我将不胜感激。You can _all of us will stand by you all the time.你放心好了,我们大家都会一直支持你的。makes it difficult to

24、 takefind it easier to getappreciate itdepend on it that【名师点津】it作形式宾语“7123”结构(1)代词it作形式宾语的结构可称为“7123结构”:7指动词:think,believe,make,find,consider,feel,take;1指的是形式宾语it;2指的是宾语补足语的两种形式:形容词和名词;3指的是真正宾语的三种形式:不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、that引导的从句。(2)在表示喜爱、憎恶之类的动词后面常常不直接加宾语从句,而要先接形式宾语it,然后再接真正的宾语从句,这样的动词有appreciate,enjoy,

25、like,dislike,love,hate,prefer等。(3)一些动词短语后面也常用it作形式宾语然后接真正的宾语从句,常见的动词短语有:depend on,rely on,see to等。fundamental adj.十分重大的,根本的;基础的,基本的n.基本规律,根本法则,基础(教材原句)Genome editing,serving as a new weapon in the fight against diseases,will lead to a fundamental change in our approach to health care.基因组编辑技术作为对抗疾病的一

26、种新武器,将从根本上改变我们的医疗保健方式。【词块积累】(1)be fundamental to对是必要的;对是根本的fundamental difference 根本区别fundamental change 根本变化(2)fundamentally adv.根本地,从根本上(3)fundamentals n.基本原理;基础He taught me the _of the job.他教给了我这项工作的基本知识。There is a _between the two points of view.这两个观点有根本区别。(2020江苏高考)Success depends _on our view

27、of ourselves and of the events in our lives.成功从根本上取决于我们对自己和生活中发生的事情的看法。fundamentalsfundamental differencefundamentallyAs the technology continues to develop at a fast pace,however,questions arise about how to use it appropriately.Should we restrict our use of this technology to the treatment and pre

28、vention of diseases?Should we prohibit geneticists from using it to enhance healthy bodies?然而，随着这一技术不断迅猛发展，如何恰当地使用这一技术也成了问题。我们是否应该 将这种技术的使用限制在治疗和预防疾病方面?我们是否应该禁止遺传学家使用它（基因组编 辑技术）来增强人们的身体健康?arise vi.发生,出现;(由)引起,(因)产生(2019全国卷)While I have only listed two of each,there are obviously many other situation

29、s that can arise.虽然我只列出了其中的两种情况,但显然还会出现许多其他情况。【词块积累】arise from/out of由引起;由产生;从中产生if/when the need arises如果/当有需要时As is known to all,emotional or mental problems can _a physical cause.众所周知,身体上的原因可以引起情绪或精神上的问题。You cant be too careful while driving.Accidents often _carelessness.开车时你越小心越好。事故往往是由疏忽大意造成的。P

30、roblems _the lack of communication.由于缺乏沟通而产生了问题。arise fromarise fromarose out of【易混辨析】原形过去式过去分词现在分词arise vi.发生,出现;引起arosearisenarisingarouse vt.唤醒;激起arousedarousedarousingrise vi.升起;起身;增长;上升roserisenrisingraise vt.举起;抚养;饲养raisedraisedraising【补偿训练】写出下列句子中黑体部分单词的意思。Seeing his mother return home,the bo

31、y arose from his chair immediately.()New problems will arise one after another in the future.()They arose at sunrise to get an early start to the park.()The number of road accidents and the deaths arising from those accidents has increased over the past year.()起身出现起床引起9.restrict vt.限制,限定;束缚,妨碍;约束,管束

32、(教材原句)Should we restrict our use of this technology to the treatment and prevention of diseases?我们是否应该将这种技术的应用局限于疾病的治疗和预防?【词块积累】(1)restrict sth.to限制某事物到(程度)sth.is restricted to sb.某事仅限于某人restrict oneself/sb.to sth./doing sth.限制自己/某人做某事(2)restriction n.限制;约束;束缚I _one cup of coffee a day.我限制自己每天只喝一杯咖啡

33、。On top of that,most of the 3D food printers now _dry ingredients,because meat and milk products may easily go bad.最重要的是,现在大多数3D食品打印机只能打印干食材,因为肉和奶制品很容易变质。This city declared temporary outbound traffic _.这座城市宣布了临时的外出交通限制。restrict myself toare restricted torestrictionsprohibit vt.(尤指以法令)禁止;使不可能(教材原句)Sh

34、ould we prohibit geneticists from using it to enhance healthy bodies?我们应该禁止遗传学家用它来增强身体健康吗?【词块积累】(1)prohibit sb.from doing sth.禁止某人做某事prohibit(doing)sth.禁止(做)某事(2)prohibition n.禁止;禁令prohibition on/against(doing)sth.禁止(做)某事The plastic bags _in some 90 cities in California,including Los Angeles.这种塑料袋在加

35、州包括洛杉矶在内的约90个城市被禁止使用。These citizens _travelling abroad.这些公民被禁止出国旅游。He hoped she would remove that _soon.他希望她能很快把那个禁令取消。are prohibitedwere/are prohibited fromprohibition【知识延伸】(1)禁止某人做某事:ban sb.from doing sth.forbid sb.from doing sth.forbid sb.to do sth.(2)阻止某人做某事:prevent sb.from doing sth.stop sb.fro

36、m doing sth.keep sb.from doing sth.One day soon we will be able to use genome editing to increase the human resistance to colds and flus,to make people taller,to help their muscles develop faster,to sharpen all of their senses or to make them more intelligent.We will be able to select specific chara

37、cteristics for children before they are born,creating what some have called udesigner babies.不久的将来，我们将能够使用基因组编来增强人类对感冒和流感的抵抗力，使人类长得更高，进人类肌肉更快发育，提高人类感官的敏锐程度，或使人类更加聪明。我们将能够在孩子出生前为他们选择特定的特征，创造一些被称为“设计婴儿的孩子。However,is this a good thing?What consequences might it have?Philosophers,geneticists and governm

38、ent officials have all started to wrestle with such moral issues.We have to figure out how to keep the technology from running wild.This means putting appropriate controls in place to make sure that genome editing will work to our advantage.Without them,genome editing could be as dangerous as a car

39、out of control.然而，这是一件好事吗?可能会有什么后果呢?哲学家、传学家和政府官员都己开始全力解决这 样的道德问题。我们必须想办法防止技术失控。这意味着我们要加以适当的控制，以确保基因 组编会朝着对我们有利的方向发展。如果没有适当的控制措施，基因组编可能会像失控的汽车一样危险。wrestle with 奋力对付,努力处理(教材原句)Philosophers,geneticists and government officials have all started to wrestle with such moral issues.哲学家、遗传学家和政府官员都已开始全力解决此类道德

40、问题。【词块积累】(1)wrestle to do sth.想方设法做某事(2)wrestle with sb.与某人摔跤(3)wrestlingn.摔跤;运动(4)wrestlern.摔跤运动员She had spent the whole weekend _the problem.她整个周末都在绞尽脑汁处理这个问题。Tom set on people to persuade him to _the famous _.汤姆安排人去劝他和那个著名的摔跤运动员去摔跤。She has been _the money all year.她一年来一直在想方设法筹集这笔资金。wrestling with

41、wrestle withwrestlerwrestling to raisemeans n.方法,方式;财富,钱财(2019北京高考)By the time these“solutions”become widely available,scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.等到这些“解决方案”被广泛使用时,骗子们就会转向更聪明的方式。【词块积累】by means of用办法;借助by this means 用这种方法by all means 尽一切方法;务必by no means=not by any means决不,一点也不a means

42、 of.一种的方式He made lots of money _working hard and set aside some for his son.他通过努力工作赚了很多钱,还留了一些给他的儿子。And youd better practice using chopsticks in advance,which is also _showing your good table manners.你最好提前练习使用筷子,这也是显示你良好的餐桌礼仪的一种方式。Furthermore,punishment is _a wise choice to help them grow up mentall

43、y and physically.此外,惩罚绝不是帮助他们身心成长的明智选择。by means ofa means ofby no means【名师点津】means用法面面观(1)表示做某事的方法,means后常接of doing sth.,一般不接不定式。(2)by no means置于句首时,句子用部分倒装。(3)means表示“方式”“方法”“手段”时,单复数同形。若all/some/several/many means作主语,谓语动词用复数形式;若every/each/one/a means作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。【易混辨析】means/method/manner/approach

44、/waymeans指实现目的的任何手段,或使用某种交通方式。常用by means of,意为“用方法”method指有条理的、系统的办法,特别指新的办法。常用with this method,意为“用这种方法”manner指特殊的或怪异的方式、方法,与动作有关。常用in this manner,意为“用这种方法”approach指待人接物或思考问题的方式、方法、态度,常用approach to doing,意为“做的方法”way使用范围很广,但较多地用在具体的事情上或口语中。常用于way of doing/way to do 意为“做某事的方法”,in this way“用这种方法”【补偿训练

45、】语法填空Watching films is regarded as _ good means of entertainment.He got into the house _means of an open window.Every possible means _(try),but none has worked.Without knowledge,by no means _we achieve our life goal.abyhas been triedcan4.Without them,genome editing could be as dangerous as a car out

46、 of control.没有它们,基因组编辑就像一辆失控的汽车一样危险。【句式解构】without引导的状语可用来表示一种假设,表示与实际情况相反,这种条件称为含蓄条件,也可换成if引导的非真实条件句,相当于If there were no controls,genome editing could be as dangerous as a car out of control。(1)在这种含蓄条件的句式中,句子谓语动词的变化如下:与现在事实相反谓语动词用would/could/should/might+动词原形与过去事实相反谓语动词用would/could/should/might+have

47、 done与将来事实相反谓语动词用would/could/should/might+动词原形(2)类似without这样能够表示含蓄条件的词语还有:but for(要不是),otherwise(否则),or(否则)等。Without the job,he _too much time and would just do what I did back in college.如果没有这份工作,他就会有很多的时间,就只会做我在大学时做的事情。Without his support,we _where we are now.没有他的支持,我们是不会在现在这个位置的。(2020天津高考)Otherwi

48、se,I _another person for weeks on end.否则,我不会连续几周和另一个人说话。would(simply)havewouldnt bewould never speak toThere is still much to be explored and debated on the subject of genome editing.Despite the public argument over this technology,its possibilities have been creating much excitement throughout the

49、entire medical community and beyond.Without doubt,genome editing is one of the greatest innovations in the history of science.Thank you for listening.在基因组编这个题上还有很多有待探索和讨论的问题。尽管公众对这项技术争论不一，但 是其可能性己经使医学界内外的人们感到非常兴奋。毫无疑问，基因组编是科学史上最伟大的 创新之一。谢谢大家的聆听。debate vt.&vi.讨论,辩论;仔细考虑,思考 n.讨论,争论;辩论【词块积累】(1)debate o

50、n/upon sth.with sb.就与某人争论debate on/about.就辩论debate with sb.about sth.就某事和某人辩论debate whether to do sth./debate whether+从句 考虑/讨论是否debate with oneself仔细考虑;思考(2)have a debate进行讨论/辩论 under debate 在讨论中beyond debate无可争辩(3)debater n.参加讨论者With a new farm bill to be _in Congress,consumers must take a stand wi