英语语法-从属分句课件.ppt

1、第一讲 从属分句一、类别1.名词性从句(nominal clause)2.关系分句(relative clause)3.状语分句(adverbial clause)二、历年从属分句考点分布1.平均每年（19922013）有4道题涉及从属分句的语法试题。2.在历年的58道涉及从属分句的题中，状语分句37道题，占64；关系分句14道题，占24，余下7题是考核名词性从句，占12。三、状语分句真题热点及透析（一）方式状语从句(adverbial clause of manner)1.连词than引导方式状语从句（比较状语从句）than从句的省略有以下几个特色：1）省去主语，保留谓语部分，这种结构多见于

2、正式文体中。如：Dont eat more than is good for you.2)省去部分谓语，保留主语和be,have或助动词。这时，从句中的be,have或助动词可以置于主语之前，形成倒装结构。如：No leader of a party has kept himself in greater detachment from the sentiment of his than has the late Prime Minister.3)省去整个谓语部分，保留主语。如：She eats less than a bird.(4)省去主语和部分谓语，保留宾语或修饰语。如：I love h

3、im more than her.Its more pleasant traveling by day than by night.(5)省去宾语。如：The box is bigger than I wanted.(6)在一些比较省略结构中，than之后可用动词不定式或动名词。如：I know better than to mention it.There was nothing he desired more than to see the matter end.He thinks that driving himself is safer than letting me drive.真题

4、举例及分析例1.The experiment requires more money than _.(TEM4-2002)a.have been put in b.being put in c.has been put in d.to be put in Key:c 考点：省略主语考点：省略主语 例2.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than _ in the public mind today.(TEM4-1999)a.exists b.exist c.existing d

5、.to existKey:a 考点：省略主语考点：省略主语例3.Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than _ Eastern Nebraska.(TEM-4-1996)a.in b.it receives c.does d.it does inKey:c 考点：助动词倒装考点：助动词倒装例4._ the two,Bob is _ student.(TEM-4-1995)a.Of,more diligent b.In,more diligentc.Of,the more diligent d.In,the more diligentKe

6、y:c 考点：句型考点：句型“the+比较级比较级of the two”(=Bob is the more diligent student of the two.)例5.Mary is _ than Alice.(TEM-4-1992)a.more experienced a teacher b.a more experienced teacherc.more an experienced teacherd.more experienced teacherKey:b 考点：比较级与冠词连用考点：比较级与冠词连用例6 The less the surface of the ground yie

7、lds to the weight of a fully-loaded truck,_ to the truck.(2004)a.the greater stress is b.greater is the stressc.the stress is greater d.the greater the stressKey:d 考点考点:句型句型“the morethe more”The higher the temperature,the faster the liquid evaporates.例8 Do you know Tims brother?He is _ than Tim.(05)

8、a.much more sportsman b.more of a sportsmanc.more of sportsman d.more a sportsmanKey:b 考点：名词比较级与名词连用句型：考点：名词比较级与名词连用句型：more of a(更像更像堪称堪称);much of a(称得上称得上);less of a(算不上算不上）2.连词as引导状语从句（1）连词as作“以的方式，如同那样”,说明做事的方式或某人的行为 Do as I do.They hunted him as a tiger stalks his prey.(2)as”像一样”，引导比较状语从句，从句往往可以

9、省略结构，省略的方式与than引导的从句类似。如：There are as good fish in the sea _ ever came out of it.a.than b.like c.as d.so (TEM4-07)Key:c(3)真题举例及分析例1 She did her work _ her manager had instructed.(02)a.as b.until c.when d.thoughKey:a 考点：考点：as“以以的方式，如同的方式，如同.那样那样”例2 Language belongs to each member of the society,to th

10、e cleaner _ to the professor.(98)a.as far as b.the same as c.as much as d.as long asKey:c 考点：考点：as引导的比较级从句引导的比较级从句例3 Some dieters find that after their dieting is over,they eat twice _ they did before their diet.(93)a.more than b.as many asc.much than d.as much asKey:d 考点：考点：as引导的比较状语从句。另：引导的比较状语从句。

11、另：“倍数形容词或副词的比较级倍数形容词或副词的比较级than”意为意为“比比 多（大等）几倍多（大等）几倍”.如：如：Room A is twice wider than room B.例4 The square itself is five hundred yards wide,five times _ the size of St.Peters in Rome.(TEM4-08)a./b.that of c.which of d.ofKey:a 考点：比较级从句结构考点：比较级从句结构“倍数倍数+the size/speedofe.g.The jet can fly twice the

12、speed of sound.例5 That trumpet player was certainly loud.But I wasnt bothered by his loudness _ by his lack of talent.(04)a.so much as b.rather thanc.as d.thanKey:a 考点：句型考点：句型“notso much as”意为意为“与其说是与其说是倒不如说倒不如说是是”3.句型“A is to B what C is to D”句型中连接词what可用来表示比较两种事物相同或相似的关系。意为“A之于B就像C之于D（一样）”，如：Water

13、 is to fish what air is to man.真题举例及分析例1 Intellect is to the mind _ sight is to the body.(01)a.what b.as c.that d.likeKey:a 考点：句型考点：句型“A is to B what C is to D”4.句型“not+比较级+than”“no+比较级+than”句型“not+比较级+than”意为“不如”,“不比”，如：John is not better than Tom.约翰没有汤姆人好。而句型“no+比较级+than”则意为“和一样不”，含义为“两者都不”,如：John

14、 is no better than Tom.约翰和汤姆一样坏。相似的句型“not/noany more than”意为“和同样都不”，如：You can not change their nature any more than you can make leopards change their spots.你无法改变他们的本性，就像你无法让豹子去掉身上的斑点一样。no more/less than v.s.not more/less than no more/less than“只不过不亚于”，not more/less than“不多于不少于”前者强调“少或多”，后者则无强调“多或少、

15、程度强弱”之意。如：I have no more than 5 yuan in my pocket.我口袋里的钱只不过5元。（此句“no more than 5 yuan”强调我只有5元钱，钱很少。）I have not more than 5 yuan in my pocket.我口袋里的钱不多于5元。（此句“not more than 5 yuan”只是表示事实“我的钱不足5元，不指钱多也不指钱少。）真题举例及分析例1 Fat cannot change into muscle _ muscle changes into fat.(99)a.any more than b.no more

16、thanc.no less than d.much more thanKey:a 考点：句型考点：句型“notany more than”,意为意为“和和 同样都同样都不不”。例2 John is _ hardworking than his sister,but he failed in the exam.(98)a.no less b.no more c.not less d.no soKey:a 考点：句型考点：句型“no lessthan”意为意为“不亚于不亚于”分析：a项“no less than”和c项”not less than”在语法上都成立，但就语气而言，“no less t

17、han”表达的感情色彩要比“not less than”强烈，用“no less than”表示约翰学习的用功劲儿绝不亚于姐姐，即强调他非常用功，而“not less than”只是说约翰和姐姐一样的用功，没有强调非常用功的含义。又如：He is no less determined than you.他的决心绝不亚于你。He is not less determined than you.他的决心不比你小。（二）条件状语从句(adverbial clause of condition)1.unless引导的条件状语从句unless意为“如果不；要是不；除非”if not真题举例及分析例1 Y

18、ou wont get a loan _ you can offer some security.(96)a.lest b.in case c.unless d.other thanKey:c 考点：考点：unless引导的条件状语从句引导的条件状语从句例2 _ I was very much mistaken,there was something wrong with Louise.(95)a.Unless b.As c.Though d.SinceKey:a 考点：考点：unless引导的条件状语从句引导的条件状语从句例3 _ their policy can be changed,th

19、e future for that country will be indeed bleak.(93)a.Even if b.Unless c.Now that d.As long asKey:b 考点：考点：unless引导的条件状语从句引导的条件状语从句例4 We could go to a concert _ youd prefer to visit a museum.(92)a.if b.because c.unless d.sinceKey:c 考点：考点：unless引导的条件状语从句引导的条件状语从句2.if 或otherwise引导的条件状语从句otherwise=or(+el

20、se)(用于口语）真题举例及分析例1 This is an illness that can result in total blindness _ left untreated.(2000)a.after b.if c.since d.unlessKey:b 考点：考点：if引导的条件状语从句引导的条件状语从句例2 He must give us more time,_ we shall not be able to make a good job of it.(96)a.consequently b.otherwise c.therefore d.doubtlesslyKey:b 考点：考

21、点：otherwise引导的条件状语从句引导的条件状语从句（三）让步状语从句(adverbial clause of concession)1.as/though/much as引导的让步状语从句as倒装。如果是动词或现在分词，提前放在句首，谓语要补加助动词do,does,did或 will等；作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时，该名词前不可加定冠词或不定冠词。如：Fail as he did,he would never give up.Child as he was,he had a good command of English.真题举例及分析例1 Fool _ Jane is,she c

22、ould not have done such a thing.a.who b.as c.that d.like (TEM-02)Key:b 考点：考点：as引导的让步状语从句倒装引导的让步状语从句倒装例2 David Singer,my friends father,_ raised and educated in New York,lived and lectured in Africa most of his life.(93)a.who b.if c.while d.thoughKey:d 考点：考点：though引导的让步状语从句引导的让步状语从句例3 _ he needed mon

23、ey for a new car,he decided not to borrow it from the bank.(98)a.Much as b.Much though c.As much d.Though muchKey:a 考点：考点：as引导的让步状语从句引导的让步状语从句+倒装倒装例4 _,Mr.Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class.(05)a.Although he is a socialist b.Even if he is a socialistc.Being a socialist d.Since he i

24、s a socialistKey:a 考点：考点：although引导的让步状语从句引导的让步状语从句2.while/however引导的让步状语从句while作“虽然、尽管”时，可以引导让步状语从句，这时while表达并列的转折，即在时间上主句与从句的动作是同一时间发生的。while引导的从句通常放在主句之前。While I had met Roosevelt at large diplomatic receptions in Washington,my contact had been limited to a brief handshake and an exchange of a fe

25、w words.However作“无论怎样”之意时，可以引导让步状语从句，相当于“no matter how”,不过语气更强烈。However you decide to spend your time,one thing is certain:youll arrive at your destination.真题举例及分析例1 _I sympathize,I cant really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.(01)a.As long as b.As c.While d.EvenKey:c 考点：考点：while引导的

26、让步状语从句引导的让步状语从句例2 _,he always tries his best to complete it on time.(99)a.However the task is hard b.However hard the task isc.Though hard the task is d.Though hard is the taskKey:b 考点：考点：however引导的让步状语从句引导的让步状语从句（四）时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time)1.when,while2.(ever)since;till/until;before;after3.N

27、o soonerthan/hardly(scarcely)hadwhen4.as soon as;the moment/the instant/the second/the minute;immediately/instantly/directly“一就”They told me the news immediately they got the message.5.Every time（每当）；any time;next time;the first time;the last time;the day;the week;the month;the year;the morning/afte

28、rnoon/evening/night,如：She came to the scene the moment she heard of the accident.真题举例及分析例1 Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people _.(2000)a.do b.hear c.do them d.hearing itKey:a 考点：考点：before引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句The policemen went into action _ they heard

29、 the alarm.a.promptly b.quickly c.presently d.directlyKey:d 考点：考点：directly引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句四、关系分句（定语从句）真题热点及透析（一）关系代词which/that/as引导的定语从句1.关系代词which/that/as引导定语从句的用法1)关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可省略，如：The man(that/whom)you saw just now is our manager.2）先行词是不定代词时(all,much,few,little,some,any,none,anything,somethi

30、ng,nothing,everything),关系代词不能用which,只能用that，作宾语，常省略。如：Thats the only thing(that)we can do now.Please send us any information(that)you have about the subject.3)先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody时，关系代词多用who或whom，不用that。如：Is there anyone here who can speak English?He saw the manager

31、 talking with somebody(whom)he didnt know.4)先行词被形容词最高级及first,last,only,very,no等修饰时，关系代词常用that不用which/who/whom。如：He is the only person that was present at the time.This is the very book(that)you are looking for.No sample(that)we have received is satisfactory.5)有两个或两个以上先行词兼指人或物时，关系代词用that。如：A victim i

32、s a person,animal or thing that suffers pain,death,harm,destruction,etc.6)先行词是集体名词时，若指整体，关系代词用which;若指集体中的各个成员，则用who。如：The basketball team,which is playing very well,will come out first.The basketball team,who are having a rest,will begin another match in twenty minutes.7)whose引导定语从句，即可指人，也可指物。指人指物可

33、分别用of whom/which替代。如：A teacher is a person whose duty is to teach.(=A teacher is a person the duty of whom is to teach)I ran across many words whose meanings I did not know.(=the meanings of which I did not know/of which I did not know the meanings)8)关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,若该介词被提前,则关系代词不能省略,而且只能用which或who

34、m，不能用that或who。This is the girl with whom he worked.(This is the girl(whom)he worked with.)9)介词关系代词的结构问题这些介词大多是定语从句中某个词或短语的习惯搭配，但有些固定短语动词不宜将介词分开前置。如：The author with whom all of us are familiar will visit our school.”介词whom或which不定式短语作后置定语“结构，相当于一个定语从句。此时若将介词还原后置，则必须省略whom或which，即成为不定式短语。如：She is a pl

35、easant girl with whom to work.(She is a pleasant girl to work with.)He has a knife with which to defend himself.(He has a knife to defend himself with).表示部分所属关系的两种结构:“名词(代词或数词)+of whom”和“名词（代词或数词）of which”,如:The committee consists of 20 members,5 of whom are women.The book contains 50 poems,most of

36、which were written in the 1930s.定语从句有时并不紧跟先行词，而是被一个介词短语隔开，此时要注意正确判断先行词。如：I happened to find the book in the drawer which I borrowed from the library last week.The students crowded into the lecture hall of the building where the visiting US president was to make a speech.非限定性定语从句不能用that引导，而要根据情况用who,

37、whom,which,whose,从句的关系代词作宾语时也不能省略。如：There are 30 students in the class,the majority of whom are from the cities.which引导的非限定性定语从句可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，which的意思相当于and this.如：He may have acute appendicitis,in which case he will have to be operated on.注意歧义现象，应根据上下文区分是定语从句还是宾语从句。如：Please tell Professor Wang wh

38、o wrote the book.2.关系代词as引导定语从句的用法1）同such,the same和as(so)连用，引导限制性定语从句。如：Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.The town is about the same distance from Nanjing as Yangzhou is.2)as引导非限定性定语从句时与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别。as引导的从句位置较灵活，可位于主句前面、中间或后面;which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。As即可指前面提到的情况，也可指后面将要提到的情况；whic

39、h只能指前面提到的情况。More American troops are being sent to the Middle East,as(可用which)I have learnt from the newspaper.The telephone,as(不用which)we know,was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell.在某些习惯用法中,多用as,较少用which。如:as we/you know,as often happens,as may be imagined,as is well known,as if often the case

40、,as is usual with sb.,as is the custom with,as is natural,as is reported,as is shown in,as is hoped,as is supposed,as is anticipated,as has been said before,as has been pointed out,ect.如:As a poet points out,life is but a dream.She has gone out for a walk,as may be imagined.as修饰整个主句，而which可修饰整个主句，或主

41、句的一部分，或主句中的某一个名词或代词（先行词）as后若为被动语态，被动语态中的be动词可省略;which后的be动词在同样情况下则不可省略。如：Football and baseball,as(不用which)played in the United States today,are basically modifications of games that originated in England.as作主语时，还可用除be以外的其他系动词作谓语，一般不用行为动词;which则可用各类动词作谓语。如：He didnt say anything at the meeting,as(whic

42、h)seemed strange.He did much but said little,as(which)became his character.从功能上看，as引导的定语从句往往表示一种附加说明;which引导的定语从句则为较重要的评说。真题举例及分析例1 Weve just installed two air-conditioners in our department,_ should make great differences in our life next summer.(02)a.which b.what c.that d.theyKey:a 考点：考点：which引导的非

43、限制性状语从句引导的非限制性状语从句例2 They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time,_ is something we had not expected.(03)a.which b.it c.that d.whatKey:a 考点：考点：which引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句例3 The physicist has made a discovery,_ of great importance to the progress of science an

44、d technology.(97)a.I think which is b.that I think is c.which I think is d.which I think it is Key:c 考点：考点：which引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句 例4 Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff _ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced.(2000)a.whose b.as c.what d.that Key:d 考

45、点：考点：that引导的限制性定语从句引导的限制性定语从句 例5 He is quite worn out from years of hard work.He is not the man _ he was twenty years ago.(03)a.which b.that c.who d.whom Key:b 考点：考点：that引导的限制性定语从句引导的限制性定语从句 关系代词关系代词that可以代指人或物，用作表语，仅限于限制性定语从句中，如：可以代指人或物，用作表语，仅限于限制性定语从句中，如：He is no longer the simple-minded man that

46、he was five years ago.关系代关系代词词which也可以代指人或物，用作表语，指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特也可以代指人或物，用作表语，指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特征、品质或才能的人。如：征、品质或才能的人。如：He will become the man which his father wants him to be.例6 Ive never been to Lhasa,but thats the city _.(99)a.Id most like to visit b.which I like to visit mostlyc.where I lik

47、e to visit d.Id like much to visitKey:a 考点：关系代词省略的限制性定语从句考点：关系代词省略的限制性定语从句例7 Only take such clothes _ really necessary.(94)a.as were b.as they are c.as they were d.as areKey:d 考点：考点：as引导的定语从句引导的定语从句例8 _ is often the case with a new idea,much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no

48、 concrete proposals.(94)a.That b.It c.This d.AsKey:d 考点：考点：as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句例9 They fulfilled the task in _ it took us.(92)a.three-fourths time b.three-fourths timesc.three-fourths the time d.the three-fourths timeKey:c 考点：关系代词省略的限制性定语从句考点：关系代词省略的限制性定语从句例10 Above the trees are the h

49、ills,_ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.(03)a.where b.of whose c.whose d.whichKey:c 考点：关系代词考点：关系代词whose引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句（二）关系副词when/where引导定语从句关系副词when/where引导定语从句的用法：关系副词在定语从句中只作状语，如：The reason why(for which)he missed the train is that he got up late.This is the univer

50、sity where(at which)he studied 20 years ago.This is the second week when(during which)he hasnt come for class.关系副词在定语从句中作状语时，要注意：1.先行词表示“情况”的名词时,(如case,condition,situation,instance等),定语从句用where引导。如：There are some cases where this rule does not hold good.There are many instances where he is cool-head