1、 大学英语教学大纲对对写作的基本要求是写作的基本要求是:能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记、回答问题和写提纲,能就一定的话题或提纲在30分钟内写出120-150词的短文,能写通知或便条,表达意思清楚,无重大语言错误。对写作的较高要求是对写作的较高要求是:能就一定的话题、提纲、表格或图表在能就一定的话题、提纲、表格或图表在30分钟分钟内写出内写出150-180词的短文,能写日常应用文(如信函、简历等),内容词的短文,能写日常应用文(如信函、简历等),内容完整,条理清楚,文理通顺。完整,条理清楚,文理通顺。英语四六级写作考试的目的:英语四六级写作考试的目的:测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力。
2、六级考试作文的出题方式有:六级考试作文的出题方式有:命题作文,看图画或图表作文,根据所给文章(英文或中文)写出文章摘要或大意,给出关键词作文等。考试的作文内容为社会、文化、科技或日常生活的一般常识,不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。近10年的大学英语四六级考试,作文内容偏重工作、学习、交通及社会文化等方面的问题。考试形式中,给出英文题目和中文提纲式作文占68.4%,图表作文21%,给出英文题目及中文提示作文占5.3%,其中应用文占20%(2001.6;2002.1;2004.1;2004.6,2005.1)。对作文的具体要求是:切题,文理通顺,表达正确,意思对作文的具体要求是:切题,文理通顺
3、,表达正确,意思连贯,无重大语言错误。连贯,无重大语言错误。六级考试作文的出题方式六级考试作文的出题方式uCET作文题采用总体评分方法采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。u从内容内容和语言语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体,作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题是否切题,是否充分表达思想是否充分表达思想,也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想,也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。u避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分,包括满分包括满分;该给低分的给低分,包括包括0分分,一名阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文
4、卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。u本题满分为15分。u阅卷标准共分五等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷1至2份。u阅卷人员根据阅卷标准,对照样卷评分,若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似,即定为该分数(即8分);若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数,即可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分),但不得加或减半分。u评分标准:2分条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或者部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚,连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚,文字勉强连贯;语言错误相当多,其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误。1
5、4分切题。表达思想清楚,文字通顺,连贯性好。基本上无语言错误,仅有个别小错误。注意:白卷,作文与题目毫不相关,或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。1.如题目中给出英文主题句,起始句,结束句,均不得计入所写字数 2.规定的内容未写全者,按比例扣分。只写一段者:04分;只写两段 者:09分(指规定三段的作文)3.长度计分标准:140-149词:扣1分 130-139:扣2分 120-129:扣3分 110-119词:扣5分 100-109扣7分 99字以下扣8分。首先要了解六级写作考试大纲的内容,评分标准、原则,历年真题范围,首先要了解六级写作考试大纲的内容,评分标准、原则,历年真题范围,
6、从而掌握出题原则及规律。从而掌握出题原则及规律。打好基本功。打好基本功。熟悉各种文体的结构特点,写作技巧及常用句型、套话等。熟悉各种文体的结构特点,写作技巧及常用句型、套话等。如论说文的常用开头法有谚语法、定义法、引用法、提问法、直接法、间接法、故事法、概括法及综合法;中间段的扩展法有时间、空间、定义、分类、过程、例证、比较与对比及因果法;结尾段常用方法有重述法、总结法、提问法、预测法、建议法及名言法等。背诵一些常用于论说文中的起、承、转、合结构的词(组),句型。背诵一些常用于论说文中的起、承、转、合结构的词(组),句型。勤学多练,熟能生巧。在阅读范文前可根据所给作文题目及要求按自己的思路试写
7、一下,然后与范文对照找出差距,并有意识地背诵一些涉及科技、社会、文化等各个侧面的代表性文章,储存多种信息,写作时才有话可说。平时在阅读英语文章、报纸以及做模拟题时,要注意积累常用词汇、表达法及句型,分析文章的构思、组织方法,以便在写作考试时能做到有条不紊,顺理成章。熟悉各种应试技巧:熟悉各种应试技巧:如何识别提纲中的关键词;如何将提纲转化为各段的主题句;如何描述图表内容,提出相关问题并加以分析、说明;如何开头;如何结尾等。如何进行准备如何进行准备六级英语写作类型u体裁体裁:1)记叙文 2)应用文 3)说明文 4)议论文最近几年的六级作文的体裁以夹叙夹议的议论文为主。偶尔六级作文有书信。u段落类
8、型:段落类型:议论文所采用的文章扩展模式一般以比较/对照,举例、列举、因果、引用等居多。u出题方式:出题方式:可能是标题作文、主题句作文或情景、图表作文等等,一般是命题一般是命题+提纲提纲式写作,中文提纲,一般为三句或两句。式写作,中文提纲,一般为三句或两句。如如1:topic:The Popularity of Blog outline:1)近年来“博客”越来越流行,许多人利用“博客”来表达心声、交流想法。2)博客流行的原因。3)目前的博客中可能存在的问题。【思路点拨】本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出一种现象,提纲第2点要求说明导致该现象的原因,提纲第3点要求分析该现象中可能存在的问题
9、,由此可判断本文应为现象解释型作文。如如2:topic:My Choice for Job outline:1)有些人会选择收入高但工作时间长的工作;有些人则宁愿选择收入低但工作时间却相对较短的工作。2)如果让你选择,你会选择哪种工作?理由是 【思路点拨思路点拨】本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出两种不同的工作选择,提纲第2点要求表明“我”的倾向,由此可判断本文应为对比选择型作文。考试时答题卡会提前发放,应迅速看一下答题卡一上的作文题目和提纲,让其在大脑中留有一席之地,这样我们就可以充分利用考前时间来把握作文。认真审题,弄清文章及各段主题,实现由提纲到主题句的转换。打腹稿:摆事实,理清思路
10、,从易于表达,且论证丰富的观点入手,不局限于一种看法,一种表达法或一种句式。具体写作时要分段来写,字迹要工整,卷面要保持清洁,给阅卷人一个好印象。写完后仔细检查作文中用词、句法方面有无不准确的地方;句式有无变化;句与句之间,段与段之间有无合适的连接及过渡等。临场注意事项临场注意事项 从评分标准上可以看到,只要做到内容切题且有适当篇幅内容切题且有适当篇幅,文文字连贯(主要指句子和句子之间是否连贯),然后条理清楚,字连贯(主要指句子和句子之间是否连贯),然后条理清楚,达到这三点,及格分应当是没有问题的。如何能达到内容切题?内容切题主要包括主题句的切题如何能达到内容切题?内容切题主要包括主题句的切题
11、。首先每一段的主题句要切题,可怎样保证主题句切题?建议直接把汉语提纲编译成主题句,或直接译成主题句就可以了。四、六级的作文一般是三段式,其实写作文没有必要那么长,写12句话就可以了,即12句作文。第二个大点叫条理清楚,要保证条理清楚,就要有框架意识。保证条理清楚,就要有框架意识。高分作文标志高分作文标志 篇幅:篇幅:围绕给定的题目围绕给定的题目四级四级120-150120-150字;六级字;六级150-180150-180字;字;句式:是否长短句交叉句式:是否长短句交叉,即是否有句式变换;即是否有句式变换;选词:用词是否恰当、准确、形象,要有几个能够抓人眼球的闪光词;选词:用词是否恰当、准确、
12、形象,要有几个能够抓人眼球的闪光词;关键词:是否换用,切勿老用重复词;关键词:是否换用,切勿老用重复词;连贯性:是否善于使用标志词和过渡词实现文章层次间的衔接。连贯性:是否善于使用标志词和过渡词实现文章层次间的衔接。书写卷面工整。(作文没有草稿纸,也没有打草稿时间,要训练一次写成功。)书写卷面工整。(作文没有草稿纸,也没有打草稿时间,要训练一次写成功。)无重大语言错误。无重大语言错误。考生最常犯的语言错误有三类:语法、拼写、标点最常犯的语言错误有三类:语法、拼写、标点。最常犯的语法错误包括:时态、冠词、主谓一致、名词单复数等。要避免拼写错误;避免语法错误;避免中文式英语。如:避免中文式英语。如
13、:Some people are begin;There are some people want;Why happen these things。要想让分数上一个档次,文章中还需要多几个闪光点。闪光点体现在闪光点体现在用词上、用的句子结构上。用词上、用的句子结构上。在用词时尽量不要用中学时“小儿科”的词汇,多用四六级词汇表中的“新词”。避免重复使用诸如象”think,believe,important”之类的词汇和诸如:”Some people think,I think,Do you think so?”。这样的文章,如果去掉相同的词汇就剩不了几个词汇了。象这样的作文又怎么能够拿到高分呢?
14、写议论文、说明文都需要讲理由,就需要排序,考生多用first,second,third等,就不如用新颖些的in the first place效果好。句子结构也要尽量新鲜。比如Everybody knows that.就不如It is well known to everyone that.来得精彩,更能博阅卷老师青睐。I think可以写成:in my eyes;I firmly think;personally,I think.六级写作没有太大的自由发挥空间。阅卷老师在阅卷的过程中更多的是六级写作没有太大的自由发挥空间。阅卷老师在阅卷的过程中更多的是关注同学们的用词和句型的使用。关注同学们
15、的用词和句型的使用。怎样使句子多样化?怎样使句子多样化?同一件事,可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句,文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句,读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础,配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短,通常要加些附属成分,如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语,以及节缩成分。总之,作者可根据情况,使句子多样化,使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样,但是句式不同,内容重点也有些差别:(1)The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approachin
16、g hunter.(并列分句(1)+(2)(2)Grazing peacefully,the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter.(现在分语短语+简单句)(3)In the farm,the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter.(副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2)(4)There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm,unaware of the approaching hun
17、ter.(简单句+形容语短语)(5)As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm,they were unaware of the approaching hunter.(原因副词从句+主句)看看这两个句子要如何多样化呢?(1)The young pilot was on his first overseas training.(2)He felt very uneasy.(a)The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy.(b)The young pilot felt v
18、ery uneasy during his first overseas training.(c)The young pilots first overseas training made him feel very uneasy.(d)Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training.(e)The young pilot was on his first overseas training,feeling very uneasy.(f)It being his first overseas tra
19、ining,the young pilot felt very uneasy.(g)Being on his first overseas training,the young pilot felt very uneasy.(h)The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy.(i)The young pilot,who was on his first overseas training,felt very uneasy.(j)When the young pilot was on his fir
20、st overseas training,he felt very uneasy.(k)As the young pilot was on his first overseas training,he felt very uneasy.(l)The young pilot was on his first overseas training,so that he felt very uneasy.如何使英文句子上下连贯,段落衔接过渡自然?(1)如分段叙述某一个问题或表示顺序时,可用First,Second,Third或Inthefirstplace,Inthesecondplace,Lastb
21、utnottheleast来表示衔接。(2)举例说明时可用for example,for instance,to illustrate,a case in point is 来表示。(3)进一步阐述时可用furthermore,in addition,similarly,moreover来加以提示。(4)强调某一点的重要性时,可用surely,truly,undoubtedly,clearly,indeed,as a matter of fact来加强句子的力度。(5)作结论时可用therefore,in summary,consequently,in conclusion,in short,
22、in a word等来导出。(6)分析因果时可用because,due to,so that,as a result等来表现主从句之间的逻辑关系。(7)转换思路时,可用but,however,nevertheless,otherwise等以示转折,而on the one hand,on the other hand;on one side of the coin,on the other side of the coin 则可用来连接两个相反的事实或观点。(8)It follows that.It can be inferred that.It suggests that.则将读者引入作者的逻
23、辑推理思路。英语写作用词的准确表达要把握选词的准确性,可以从下面三方面入手。一、要有广泛的阅读积累,才能了解词与社会、历史、文化及政治因素的关系,选词时才能符合语言习惯并与社会文化诸多背景一致。例如,英美人对landlord和peasant两词的理解与中国人截然不同。英美人对前者的理解首先是“房东”,然后才是“地主”;而peasant一词对他们来说意味着“粗俗”与“无知”,此词多少带有贬义色彩。再如propaganda一词在中国并不带有西方人所理解的贬意;而First lady(第一夫人)绝不能理解为汉语的原配夫人,因此在写作中应特别注意这类词,否则会导致冒犯和误解。由于东西方社会历史文化的差
24、异,许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭,Phoenix在西方象征“复活”、“再生”,而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞”。Peach在汉语中象征“长寿”而在英语中却用以指代“特别讨人喜爱的人或物”。又比如在表示色彩的词中green是青春的颜色,常表示希望、活力,但在英语中green又与“妒忌”(to be green with envy,green-eyed)和“没有经验的”(a green horn)联系起来。如果没有广泛的阅读积累,单凭想当然地选词,势必会词不达意。即使同一事物,在美国和英国也可能有不同的表达。例如:corn一词在美国指“玉米”而在英国泛指“谷物”;“地铁”在英国用tube或und
25、er-ground美国则用subway。此类的例子还有pavement/sidewalk,Chemists shop/drug store等。二、在英语写作中特别要注意区分同义词,选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景(subject,audience,situation)。由于历史的原因,现代英语除本族语外,还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的词,这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。总的来讲,英语本族语大多是短词,小词,听起来朴素、亲切,大量用于口头表达;法语来源的词庄重文雅,多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰、饮食等有关;拉丁来源的词,书卷味浓。如ask,question,interrogate这三个不同来源的同义词在不同
26、的主题、对象、情景下用法就不一样。同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外,它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。比如“瘦”可以用slender,slim,lean,thin,underweight,gaunt,lanky,skinny等来表达,而slender表示“苗条”是褒义的,skinny却是贬义的,underweight则是中性的词。即使同是褒义词,表达的感情色彩也不同。比如little和small两个同义词都可以表示“小的”,但little更强调“可爱的”或“可怜的”。因此在选词表达思想时,一定要分清主题,对象及情景。另外让中国学生头痛的是一些同义词的习惯搭配。比如large和big都指“大
27、”,但large通常用来修饰诸如number,amount及quantity(a large number of students,a large amount of money,a large quantity of wine,etc)。但象“勇气”,“信心”,”能力”、“智慧”等表示个人素质的名词,人们通常用great而不用big或large来修饰。由此可见,在英语写作实践中,区分同义词的用法是相当重要的。英语写作用词的准确表达三、选择措词应把握好英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分 不是所有的英语词汇都有相应的汉语表达,一些不同的英语词汇也有可能用同样的汉语来表达,这就使我们在用英语来表达思想时
28、面临更多选择上的困难。比如family和home两词都可译成汉语的“家”,但它们却不是同义词。Family主要指家庭成员,与人有关,而home主要指所居住的地点、住宅。Except和besides有时都译成同样的汉语“除了”,但他们的意思却是相反的。因此我们不能依赖于单纯的汉语译意。否则我们可能会被误导。尽管许多英语对应的汉语词汇都能表达它们真正的意思,但往往有些英语词汇没有准确的汉语对应词;所以只有在不同的上下文中才能确定它们真正的意思,比如send一词,如果单把它理解成汉语的“送”的话,象这样的句子“她送信给我”也许会被写成she sent me the letter.而英语准确的表达应是
29、she brought me the letter.再如“他将送朋友去机场”,如果写成He will send his friend to the airport。就又错了。正确的表达应该是He will go to the airport with his friend to see him off.实际上send sth.to a place 应该是请别人送去,自己不去。因此,要确定我们所选的词是否准确、恰当,单凭查词典还不行。英语写作用词的准确表达 A有人认为X 是好事,赞成X,为什么?B有人认为X 是坏事,反对X,为什么?C我的看法。Some people are in favor o
30、f the idea of doing X.They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。However,other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do X.They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。An example can give the details of this argument:一个例子。There is some truth in both argu
31、ments.But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about,X also may X 的又一个坏处。对比选择型或对比论述型作文是六级考试中常见的类型,它的标志十分明显。作文要求较明确,富有针对性,即直接要求考生比较两种观点或做法,进而表明自己对问题或事务的态度或观点,也就是做出选择。Nowadays,there emerge quite a few TV programs of
32、dating,such as“If You Are the One”and“Lets Have a Date”,which attract many young people to take part in.The new form of dating evokes heated debate.Some people believe it has provided an open platform for the young people,giving them a chance to show up and pursue their beloved ones.However,other pe
33、ople consider dating or pursuing love is a private thing,which shouldnt be carried out in public.Whats more,it has bad influence on the young people,because sometimes the guests on TV dating programs show many bad morals,like attaching much importance to appearance or wealth.In my personal opinion,T
34、V dating should not be prohibited.As long as this kind of programs are guided and supervised properly,they will function well in providing chances for the single and entertainment for the audience.Topic:The Moonlight Clan Outline:1)现在很多年轻人每个月都把自己赚的钱花光,他们被称作“月光族”2)有人认为这是一种时尚的消费观念,但很多人反对这样消费3)我对此的看法是
35、本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出一种现象,提纲第2点针对该现象提出两种不同的观点,提纲第3点要求表明“我”的看法,由此可判断本文应为对比选择型作文。根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:描述“月光族”现象,引出对这一现象的不同看法;对比阐述两种看法各自的理由;表明“我”对“月光族”的看法并说明理由。The Moonlight Clan Nowadays,more and more people,especially the young are joining in the army of“the moonlight clan”.These people exhaust their earni
36、ngs every month without any savings.Many people think this is a fashionable life style,while other people object to this kind of consumption style.Those who support“the moonlight clan”think that“the moonlight clan”knows how to enjoy life and have a higher life quality.However,other people criticize“
37、the moonlight clan”.They say that the consumption habit of“the moonlight clan”is unhealthy and sometimes wasteful.In addition,no savings will place“the moonlight clan”in a difficult position in case of unexpected expenses.Weighing these two arguments,I prefer the latter one.In my eyes,though“the moo
38、nlight clan”may acquire temporary satisfaction from their consumption,in the long term,it is unfavorable to their family and career.Just as a proverb says,one should always prepare for a rainy day.A一个错误观点。B 我不同意。Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that,they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have pr
39、esented is that 一个例子。(According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y,almost 80%of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响)。There might be some element of truth in these peoples belief.But if we consider it in depth,we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind
40、 my belief.。What Attitude Should We Take to MoneyOutline:1.社会上对金钱的错误观念。2.分析批驳其错误所在。3.给出如何正确看待金钱的建议。What Attitude Should We Take to Money With the arrival of market-based economy,money is becoming more and more important in our life.Hit with this trend,many people come to believe that money is above
41、everything else in their life.But their belief could not arouse any echo in my mind.It is true that money is a key ingredient in ones struggle towards happiness,without which,for example,there would be no way to go to college or form a family.If we see it in its true colors,however,money is nothing
42、but a means to an end.Money can buy us food,but not appetite;medicine,but not health;diplomas,but not knowledge;and days of joy,but not the whole life of happiness.And moreover,laying any undue stress on money may lead one to stop at nothing in making it,as can be easily seen in the cases of most co
43、rrupt officials.Therefore,it is necessary to take a correct attitude towards money.Money is vital to our daily life,and it should mean something but should not be everything to our life.Topic:Is Good Appearance More Important than Capability?Outline:1)现在很多漂亮的女孩子尽管没有很强的能力仍能找到很好的工作,因此 一些人得出结论说外貌比能力更重要
44、 2)你是否同意?给出你的理由 本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点提出一种有争议的看法,提纲第2点要求表明“我”的态度,由此可判断本文应为批驳观点型作文。根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:描述目前很多漂亮的女孩子找工作更容易的现象,由此引出争议的观点:外貌比能力重要;表明“我”是否同意该观点并说明理由;针对外貌和能力提出“我”的建议 Old people often tell the young,“Dont judge a person by his appearance”,meaning capability is more important than appearance.However
45、,nowadays,with more interviewers putting emphasis on looks and the appearance of the applicants,a lot of people come to the conclusion that appearance is more important than capability.As for me,I cant agree with this argument.Good appearance is pleasant,but capability is more important,because it d
46、emonstrates ones self-cultivation and practical values.It shows the efforts and the glory of acquiring something through ones hard work whereas good looks bespeak no struggle of the individual.Besides,maybe sometimes a beautiful face can help a girl acquire a good position,but in the long run it is
47、her talent not her look that really works in her career development.Therefore,those without good appearance neednt feel depressed because ones success depends on his capability;those with good appearance have to work hard since good appearance cannot bring a person final success.Is Good Appearance M
48、ore Important than Capability?在六级考试作文中最为常见。命题主要要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释并加以评论,其基本结构是:首先说明现状;其次阐述这种现状产生或存在的原因;最后对这一观点或现象进行解释和论证,提出建议或总结.这种题型常见的结构模式是:1.提出某种观点或现象2.论证该观点或现象的正确性或危害性3.结论,再次强调主题,或表明自己的态度、做法可细化为以下5点A 一个社会问题或者现象。B 产生的原因。C对社会和我们生活的影响。D 如何杜绝。(如果是问题的话)E 前景的预测。Nowadays,there exists an increasingly seriou
49、s social/economic/environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common concern of the public).According to a survey,调查内容说明这种现象的情况。(或者是一个例子)。There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life,which has been articulated
50、in the following aspects A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm Based on the above discussions,I can easily forecast that more and more It is well-known that_.For example,_.And_.Whats more,_.Even _.However,_.First of all,_.Meanwhile,_.And_.Therefore,_.In a w
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