1、What is Psychology?Definitions?Definitions?Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviourPsychological Concepts Memory and recall Learning Perception and representation Thinking and cognition Creativity Attitudes and behaviour Individual differences and personality IntelligencesSchools of
2、Thought Psychodynamics Nativism(Rationalist/Biological)Behaviourism(S-R)Cognitive Psychology Humanistic Psychology Constructivist theories Social PsychologyA Brief History of Psychology Sigmund Freud(1865-1939):I set myself the task of bringing to light what human beings keep hidden within them the
3、task of making conscious the most hidden recesses of the mind is one which is quite possible to achieve.A Brief History of Psychology Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936):Studied the conditioned and unconditioned responses of animals to stimuli.Concluded that learning occurred as an association(coupling)of one ev
4、ent with another.Stimulus-Response.Classical Conditioning A Brief History of Psychology B.F.Skinner(1904-1990):Behaviourism A behaviour followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behaviour occurring in the future.Operant Conditioning Extinction of behaviourA Brief
5、 History of Psychology Edward Tolman(1886-1959):Cognitive Shift Theory Cognitive Map Challenge to BehaviourismA Brief History of Psychology Leon Festinger(1919-1989):Cognitive Dissonance Theory Describes conflicting thoughts or beliefs(cognitions)that occur at the same time,or when engaged in behavi
6、ours that conflict with ones beliefs.A Brief History of Psychology Carl Rogers(1902-1987):Humanistic approach to learning Unconditional positive regard Student centred learning(Client centred approach)A Brief History of Psychology Abraham Maslow(1902-1987):Hierarchy of Human Needs Self Actualisation
7、 Psychology of Being Peak experiencesA Brief History of Psychology Lev Vygostsky(1896-1934):Zone of Proximal Development(ZPD)Social learning Co-operative learningA Brief History of Psychology Jean Piaget(1896-1980):The child as a solo scientist Discovery learning Assimilation and Accommodation Schem
8、a TheoryA Brief History of Psychology Jerome Bruner(1915-):Scaffolding The spiral curriculum Cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly doA Brief History of Psychology Howard Gardner(1943-):Theory of Multiple Intelligences An important part of that understanding is knowing who we are and what we can do.Ultimately,we must synthesize our understandings for ourselves.
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