英国历史与文化英文课件.ppt

1、 Prehistoric England Roman Britain(43-410)The Anglo-Saxons and Vikings(450-1066)Normans and Plantagenets(1066-1272)Lancaster and York(1272-1485)The Tudors(1485-1603)The Stuarts(1603-1714)Order and Disorder(1714-1837)Victoria and Empire(1837-1910)Peace and War(1910-1945)Contemporary Britain(1945-)Cha

2、pter 1 Early England Old Stone Age,70,0008000 BCMiddle Stone Age,83003500 BC New Stone Age,35002500 BC Bronze Age,2500700 BC(Iberians)Iron Age,700100 BC(Celts)1.The Dawning of English History 150 BC50 Official title United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland British Isles including Great B

3、ritain,the whole of Ireland,all the offshore islands1.1 Geography:Some Terminology isolated from Europe by the English Channel and the North Sea once perceived as being on the edge of the world The seas around Britain also acted as barriers against attempted invasions:The Armada,1588;the French,1805

4、,Nazi Germany,1940 1.1 Geography:Geography and History Generally mild and temperate weatherallows farming to flourish across the country North:less fertile land,wetterSouth:fertile land,drier 1.1 Geography:Weather Hunters and gatherers Old Stone Age(Paleolithic),70,0008000 BC Middle Stone Age(Mesoli

5、thic),83003500 BC New Stone Age(Neolithic),35002500 BC1.2 Early Settlers New Stone Age,35002500 BCStonehenge 史前巨石阵史前巨石阵 a monumental circular setting of large standing stones surrounded by an earthwork1.2 Early Settlers StonehengeIn Search of History 00:20 01:38 The Celts(Iron Age,700100 BC)from nor

6、th-western Europe,ancestors of the highland Scots,the Irish and Welsh Gaelic 盖尔语盖尔语:language of Celtic origin1.2 Early Settlers Roman Invasion(55BC-410AD)British recorded history begins with Roman invasion.first landing in 55 B.C.led by Julius Caesarcomplete control over the land in 43 A.D.leaving i

7、n around 410 A.D.What is the meaning of B.C.and A.D.?BC stands for before Christ AD stands for the Latin phrase“anno domini”means in the year of our Lord The purpose of the BC/AD dating system to make the birth of Jesus Christ the dividing point of world historyGaius Julius Caesar (July 13,100 BC Ma

8、rch 15,44 BC)a Roman military and political leaderplayed a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman EmpireRoman Invasion(55 BC-410 AD)First landing in 55 B.C.led by Julius CaesarReasons the lure of treasures to punish the Celts because of the help they rendered their

9、fellow tribesmen in GaulResults failed because of weatherwithdraw with hostages and prisonersRoman Invasion(55 BC-410 AD)2.Complete control over the land in 43 A.D.Leaderheaded by the Emperor ClaudiusReasonscame as imperialists to exploit and govern by right of being the superiorRoman Invasion(55BC-

10、410 AD)3.Leaving in around 410 A.D.The Roman Empire disintegrated in 476 A.D.left behind a well established Celtic-Roman cultureRoman Soldiers Resistance to Roman Occupation For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation,but it was never a total occupation.Roman troops often withdrew.Re

11、sistance:the PictsTwo great walls to keep the Picts:Hadrians Wall Antonine WallRoman Influence:The Romanisation of Britannia Roman laws,taxes,engineering skillsArchitectureRoman social system The Latin LanguageSystem of writing and numberingIntroduced a system of organized government in towns Brough

12、t the new religion Christianity to Britain Roman Influence:The Romanisation of Britannia Roman towns:London,York,Bathbaths,temples,amphitheatres 竞技场竞技场,Roman aqueducts 高架渠高架渠 Roman roads:more than 5000 roads,a network of roads to connect large towns Roman civilization was based on city life in hundr

13、eds of walled town linked by military roads.Roman town:BathBath Abbey Roman amphitheatre Roman aqueduct Roman Road The Impact of Christianity The Celts Religion Polytheism(多神论)Animals,rivers,and lakes were also treated as gods.Celtic gods and goddesses Roman Britain.Christian merchants and traders a

14、rrived in England in the 1st century A.D,but made little impact.In the 2nd century,Christianity slowly spread.In the late 6th century,Christianity was introduced widely in England.Christianity:belief in one godhead,The Celts Religion:belief in several gods After Constantines conversion to Christiani

15、ty,Polytheism(多神论)monotheism(一神论)BritanniaAnglo-Saxon periodIn the middle of the 5th century,Anglo-Saxons settled here.English people owe much of their tradition,language,physical heritage to them(tall,fair-haired).Viking invasion:by the 8th,the Danish began to invade England in a successful way unt

16、il Alfred the Great defeated them.King Alfred the Great(r.871-899 阿佛列大阿佛列大帝帝)He is often regarded as the first king of a united England.He defeated the Danes at battles.28Beowulf,the oldest English epic,tells the story of a Scandinavian hero.Probably written in Northumbria in the early eighth centur

17、y,it provides a striking picture of early Germanic life.The earliest surviving manuscript of Beowulf was written in Saxon in the late tenth century.p7329The Manuscript of Beowulf32An evil dragon robbed the holly cup away and guarded the cup in his cave not allowing anyone to touch it.33Beowulf led h

18、is men to sail across the sea to find the holly cup back for his people.The Norman ConquestAfter Edward died,Duke of Normandy-William I,was crowned in London,on Christmas Day 1066.Significance:A.A new dynasty,a new aristocracyB.A strong Norman government,feudal systemC.The upper ranks of the clergy

19、were Normanized and feudalized.封建时代封建时代1)Williams rule(1066-1087)A.strong monarchy was established B.French language was used in the court and upper classes C.Domesday Book:great survey of the realm in 1089 2)Henry s reform(1154-1189)A.Established the Plantagenet Dynasty(1154-1485)B.replaced the feu

20、dal law with royal or common law,the jury of 12 sworn men3)Magna Carta(the Great Charter)in 1215 A.signed by king John B.the basis of modern English constitution C.the upholding of individual rights against arbitrary government 4)the parliament in 1265 A.during Henry,Simon de Montfort called the fir

21、st parliament B.commoners sat for the first time 5)the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)A.between France and England,French won B.introduced the first standing armies in Western Europe C.bourgeoisie was pushed on a higher rang of social ladder D.fall of French language in England E.England and France wa

22、s separate from each other entirely forever 6)The back death in 1348 A.spread by rat fleas B.killed 1.5 million out of the total 4 million people C.grain farming turned to sheep farming 7)Wat Tylers Uprising in 1381 A.in fighting against the Poll Tax in 1380 B.marked the beginning of the end of serf

23、dom in medieval England8)The war of the Roses A.between House of York(white rose)and House of Lancaster(red rose)B.Marked the end of middle ages and beginning of modern worldGreat-great-great-grandson of Edward IIIHenry VIIHenry VIIIEdward VIMary IElisabeth I3.走向现代英国 1）Henry （1509-1547）A.the Church

24、of England separated from Roman Catholicism B.king of England became both the secular and religious world C.king became the real head of England as a nation state Mary ICatholic burning nearly three hundred Protestants at the stakelosing Calais 2)Elizabeth (1558-1603)A.the last Tudor monarch,never g

25、ot married for the good of the nation B.secure the church of England,compromise between RC and P C.destruction of Spanish Armada showed Englands superiority as a naval powerElisabeth IProtestant the Virgin Queen Spanish Armada Neutrality and compromise3)The English Renaissance A.from the beginning o

26、f 16th century to the 17th century B.the greatest English humanist:James I 1603-1625 Charles I 1625-1649 Charles II 1660-1685 James II 1685-1688 William III 1688-1702 and Queen Mary II 1688-1694 Queen Anne 1702-1714 James I Charles II Plague(1665)Great Fire(1666)St.Pauls Cathedral by Sir Christopher

27、 WrenJames II escaped to France in 1648,disguised as a girl Catholic persecution of the Protestants 4)The civil wars(1642-1651)A.parliamentary victory 1651B.execution of Charles I 1649C.Protectorate(1653-1659)Oliver Cromwell and his son5)Restoration(1660)Charles returns with a big welcome and was cr

28、owned in April 1660,as the restoration of Stewart Dynasty 6)Glorious Revolution(1688)A.James was overthrown by parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William of OrangeB.Bill of Rights,autocratic monarchy-constitutional monarchyC.marked the end of feudalism and the beginn

29、ing of capitalismBritain came into being in 1707 with the Act of Union which united England and Scotland.7)Whigs and ToriesWhigs favored reform and Tories are monarchists.William III and Queen Mary IIoffered the English crown invaded England in 1688 8)Enclosure A.a significant rise during the Tudor

30、period B.during 18-19th century,the Enclosure Acts by the parliament C.harms:Peasant Dispossessed of their land D.significance:better farming methods accumulation of capital abundant food cheap and mobile labor19th century:1)The Chartist Movement(18361848)2)Colonial expansionMotivation:A.economical

31、motivation;B.industrial revolution and search for new markets;C.Struggle for mastery;D.Maintaining order in profitable areas;E.The moral guardian.“The sun never sets”Victoria The British Empire the longest reign in English history the grandmother of Europe 20th century:1.The Labor party 2.First world war 3.between the wars 4.Second world war 5.postwar Britain 6.joining the EEC(1973)7.Thatcher and her eraThatcher and her era“The Iron Lady”(tight control of Britains monetary policy)-the first female Prime Minister in the nations history in 1979.Queen Elizabeth II