Henry-David-Thoreau美国超验主义作家梭罗简介及《瓦尔登湖》赏析英文课件.ppt

1、梭罗与瓦尔登湖梭罗与瓦尔登湖Henry David Thoreau and Walden 2021/7/131梭罗这人有脑子-海子梭罗这人有脑子像鱼有水、鸟有翅云彩有天空梭罗这人有脑子梭罗手头没有别的抓住了一根棒木那木棍揍了我那木棍揍了我狠狠揍了我狠狠揍了我像春天揍了我像春天揍了我梭罗这人有脑子梭罗这人有脑子看见湖泊就高兴看见湖泊就高兴梭罗这人有脑子不言不语让东窗天亮西窗天黑其实他哪有窗子梭罗这人有脑子不言不语做男人又做女人不言不语做男人又做女人其实生下的儿子还是他自己其实生下的儿子还是他自己梭罗这人就是梭罗这人就是我的云彩我的云彩，四方邻国的云彩，安静在豆田之西我的草帽上太阳，我种的豆子，凑

2、上嘴唇我放水过河梭罗这人有脑子梭罗的盔梭罗的盔一卷荷马一卷荷马2021/7/132 海子（19641989），原名査海生，1964年5月生于安徽省农村，在农村长大。1979年15岁时考入北京大学法律系，大学期间开始诗歌创作。1983年自北大毕业后分配至中国政法大学哲学教研室工作。1989年3月26日在山海关上卧轨自杀。自杀时随身携带了四本书：圣经、亨利亨利戴维戴维梭罗的梭罗的瓦尔登湖瓦尔登湖、海涯达尔的孤筏重洋和康拉得小说选。“从明天起，关心粮食和蔬菜 我有一所房子 面朝大海，春暖花开”2021/7/133亨利亨利戴维戴维梭罗梭罗（Henry David Thoreau，1817年7月12日1

3、862年5月6日），美国作家、哲学家、废奴主义者、超验主义者，也曾任职土地勘测员。著名作品有:散文集瓦尔登湖（又译为湖滨散记）和公民不服从(又译为消极抵抗、论公民抗命、公民不服从论）Resistance to Civil Government(also known asCivil Disobedience)。瓦尔登湖记载了他在瓦爾登湖的隐逸生活，而公民不服从则讨论面对政府和强权的不义，为公民主动拒绝遵守若干法律提出辩护。2021/7/134ThelifeIntroduction 1817年7月12日，出生于马萨诸塞州的康科德康科德。1833到1837年间，梭罗在哈佛大学修读修辞学、经典文学、哲

4、学、科学和数学。期间曾聆听了爱默生的著名演讲美国学者（The American Scholar)。曾经步行18英里去听爱默生的演讲。毕业后他回到家乡以教书为业。2021/7/135 1841年起他不再教书而转为写作。在拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson）的支持下，梭罗在康科德住下并开始了他的超验主义实践。他先是在爱默生家里打杂，学习，写作。初步学习了爱默生的超验主义思想。1845年，在爱默生的影响和鼓励下，梭罗开始了他两年又两个月的隐居。2021/7/136超验主义 强调人与上帝间的直接交流和人性中的神性强调人与上帝间的直接交流和人性中的神性。主张人能超越感觉和理性而直

5、接认识真理。主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理。世界的一切都是宇宙的一个缩影“世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水”（爱默生）。强调个人的重要性。强调个人的重要性。“相信你自己相信你自己”（爱默生）2021/7/137为热情奔放，抒发个性的美国式文化奠定了基础。让每一个人找到真实的自己，只要你静心地寻找你自己的灵魂。人是自己的主宰。它对于美国精神和文化摆脱欧洲大陆的母体而形成自己崭新而独特的面貌产生了巨大影响。2021/7/138梭罗的超验主义的实践 梭罗所处的时代：工业革命，城市化，工业化西进运动，印第安人迁移法案美墨战争蓄奴制2021/7/139梭罗自己砍伐树木，建了一间小屋，并且自制了一些家具

6、。他开荒种地，写作看书，过着非常简朴、原始的生活。来到瓦尔登湖畔之后，他认为找到了一种理想的生活模式。在这两年多的时间里，梭罗自食其力，他在小木屋周围种豆、玉米和马铃薯，然后拿这些到村子里去换大米。完全靠自己的双手过了一段原始简朴的生活。但是，他并没有刻意完全与世隔绝，他偶尔也会去康科德拜访朋友，去村子里换取大米等生活资料。Nature and human existence2021/7/1310“I went to the woods,because I wished to live deliberately,to front only the essential facts of life

7、”“I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living；each should find out his own way,not his neighbors or his parents.”2021/7/13112021/7/1312 梭罗不同于其他隐士。他仅仅是因为喜欢一种生活方式而去实践，并没有什么特别的目的。他从来不懒惰或是任性，他需要钱的时候，情愿做些与他性情相近的体力劳动来赚钱如造一只小船或是一道篱笆，种植、接枝、测量，或是别的短期工作而不愿长期地受雇。梭罗认为，人们一周当中只应工作一天，其余的六天用来思考。2021/7/1313 他父亲制

8、造铅笔，亨利有一个时期也研究这行手艺，他相信他能够造出一种铅笔，比当时通用的更好。他完成他的实验之后，将他的作品展览给波士顿的化学家与艺术家看，取得他们的证书，保证它的优秀品质，此后他就满足地回家去了。他的朋友们向他道贺，因为他辟出了一条致富之道。但是他回答说，他以后再也不制造铅笔了。“我为什么要制造铅笔呢？我已经做过一次的事情我决不再做。”2021/7/1314环保主义 支持达尔文的物种起源。提倡观察自然万物。提倡以素食为主。提倡徒步旅行和划独木舟，后世纷纷效仿。“从实践角度来讲，我因为卫生而反对肉食。况且，在捕捉、清理到吃下肚，一条鱼似乎不能填饱肚子。这是多么微不足道而且多余，实在得不偿失

9、。一点面包和马铃薯就够了，也不那么龌龊，而且省事。“（好懒。）梭罗2021/7/1315 废奴主义反对战争 梭罗生前曾长期活跃于诸如“地下铁路”之类的废奴运动中，1857年他在康科德认识了激进的废奴主义者、革命党人约翰布朗。1859年布朗的哈帕斯渡口起义失败之后，梭罗尊他为废奴运动的烈士。政治思想2021/7/1316 论公民的不服从（Civil Disobedience）在瓦尔登湖生活期间，因为反对黑奴制（Negro Slavery），拒交“人头税”而被捕入狱。虽然他只在狱中蹲了一宿就被友人在未经他本人同意的情况下，替他代交了税款保其出狱，但这一夜却激发他思考了许多问题。“最好的政府一无所治

10、；在人们准备好之前，那将是他们愿意拥有的那种政府。”梭罗2021/7/1317“难道公民必得将良心交给立法者，自己一分也不留？若此，则人有良心何为？我认为我们首先必须是人，然后再谈是不是被统治者。则此法律不值得尊重去违反这样的法律吧。如果一千个人今年拒绝缴税，跟同意缴税相比，前者不算是暴力与血腥的手段，因为缴税将可能使国家使用暴力、且使无辜者流血。事实上，这就是和平革命”（peaceable revolution）。梭罗 这一思想后来被甘地和马丁路德金推崇。2021/7/1318批判近代工厂制 I cannot believe that our factory system is the be

11、st mode by which men may get clothing.The condition of the operatives is becoming every day more like that of the English;and it cannot be wondered at,since,as far as I have heard or observed,the principal object is,not that mankind may be well and honestly clad,but,unquestionably,that corporations

12、may be enriched。2021/7/1319梭罗的一生平平淡淡，他人生的大部分时间都在康科德度过。他几乎没有出过远门，最远的一次仅仅是到邻国加拿大游玩。作为一个哈佛大学毕业的高材生，他完全有能力发家致富，但他选择了一种截然不同的生活方式。从而完美实践了超验主义，并且为人类寻找了一条平静且贴近自然的生活道路。“I have traveled a good deal,”he wrote,“in Concord.”（和谐的）2021/7/1320“美国还没有知道美国还没有知道至少不知道它失去了至少不知道它失去了多么伟大的一个国民多么伟大的一个国民。这似乎是一种罪恶，使他的工作还没有做完就离

13、开，而没有人能替他完成；对于这样高贵的灵魂，又仿佛是一种侮辱。他还没有真正给他的同辈看到他是怎样一个人，就离开了人世。但至少他是满足的。他的灵魂是应该和最高贵的灵魂作他的灵魂是应该和最高贵的灵魂作伴的；他在短短的一生中学完了这世界上的伴的；他在短短的一生中学完了这世界上的一切的才技；无论在什么地方，只要有学问一切的才技；无论在什么地方，只要有学问，有道德的，爱美的人，一定都是他的忠实，有道德的，爱美的人，一定都是他的忠实读者。读者。”-爱默生2021/7/1321Personal Interpretation to Walden 钮跃增2021/7/1322PreviewuPublished

14、in 1854uDetailed description of his life and thoughts during his solitude beside Walden Pond between 1845 and 1847uA journey of nature perception and self-rebuildinguA positive and inspiring bookuEssence of life:when satisfied with fundamental necessities,one can enjoy his or her life leisurely 2021

15、/7/1323Contents Economy Complemental Verses Where I Lived,and What I lived For Reading Sounds Solitude Visitors The Bean-field The Village The ponds Baker Farm Higher Laws Brute Neighbors House-warming Former Inhabitants;and Winter Visitors Winter Animals The Pond in Winter Spring Conclusion2021/7/1

16、324Style of Speech一清新、形象、生动、富有诗意二既平易自然，简洁有力，又新颖别致，典雅蕴藉三不时透露出些许幽默2021/7/1325Theme揭示生态危机及其社会根源，弘扬忧患意识提倡简单生活倡导任何自然和谐共生，表达人类与自然万物和谐相处的思想超验主义：强调人与上帝间的直接交流和人性中的神性，强调人的主观能动性；蔑视外部的权威与传统，依赖自己的直接经验；崇尚自由独立的精神2021/7/1326Comments 瓦尔登湖语语惊人，字字闪光，沁人心肺，动我衷肠。到了夜深人静，万籁无声之时，此书毫不晦涩，清澈见底，吟诵之下不禁为之神往了。-徐迟2021/7/1327Appreci

17、ation2021/7/1328I should not speak so much about myself if there were any body else whom I knew as well.(Economy:2)2021/7/1329I see young men,my townsmen,whose misfortune it is to have inherited farms,houses,barns,cattle,and farming tools;for these are more easily acquired than got rid of.Better if

18、they had been born in the open pasture and suckled by a wolf,that they might have seen with clearer eyes what field they were called to labor in.Who made them serfs of the soil?Why should they eat their sixty acres,when man is condemned to eat only his peck of dirt?Why should they begin digging thei

19、r graves as soon as they are born?They have got to live a mans life,pushing all these things before them,and get on as well as they can.(Economy:4)2021/7/1330But men labor under a mistake.The better part of the man is soon ploughed into the soil for compost.By a seeming fate,commonly called necessit

20、y,they are employed,as it says in an old book,laying up treasures which moth and rust will corrupt and thieves break through and steal.It is a fools life,as they will find when they get to the end of it,if not before.(Economy:5)2021/7/1331Inde genus durum sumus,experiensque laborum,Et documenta damu

21、s qu simus origine nati.From thence our kind hard-hearted is,enduring pain and care,Approving that our bodies of a stony nature are.(Economy:5)从此人类成为坚韧之物，历尽千辛万苦，以证明我们的身体本是岩石。2021/7/1332Public opinion is a weak tyrant compared with our own private opinion.What a man thinks of himself,that it is which

22、 determines,or rather indicates,his fate.(Economy:8)The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation.What is called resignation is confirmed desperation.From the desperate city you go into the desperate country,and have to console yourself with the bravery of minks and muskrats.A stereotyped but unco

23、nscious despair is concealed even under what are called the games and amusements of mankind.There is no play in them,for this comes after work.But it is a characteristic of wisdom not to do desperate things.(Economy:9)2021/7/1333What old people say you cannot do you try and find that you can.Old dee

24、ds for old people,and new deeds for new.Old people did not know enough once,perchance,to fetch fresh fuel to keep the fire a-going;new people put a little dry wood under a pot,and are whirled round the globe with the speed of birds.Age is no better,hardly so well,qualified for an instructor as youth

25、,for it has not profited so much as it has lost.One may almost doubt if the wisest man has learned any thing of absolute value by living.Practically,the old have no very important advice to give the young,their own experience has been so partial,and their lives have been such miserable failures.(Eco

26、nomy:10)2021/7/1334But mans capacities have never been measured;nor are we to judge of what he can do by any precedents,so little has been tried“be not afflicted,my child,for who shall assign to thee what thou hast left undone?”(Economy:12)With respect to luxuries and comforts,the wisest have ever l

27、ived a more simple and meagre life than the poor.(Economy:19)The life which men praise and regard as successful is but one kind.Why should we exaggerate any one kind at the expense of the others?(Economy:31)2021/7/1335Let him who has work to do recollect that the object of clothing is,first,to retai

28、n the vital heat,and secondly,in this state of society,to cover nakedness,and he may judge how much of any necessary or important work may be accomplished without adding to his wardrobe.(Economy:35)2021/7/1336What of architectural beauty I now see,I know has gradually grown from within outward,out o

29、f the necessities and character of the indweller,who is the only builder,-out of some unconscious truthfulness,and nobleness,without ever a thought for the appearance;and whatever additional beauty of this kind is destined to be produced will be preceded by a like unconscious beauty of life.(Economy

30、:65)2021/7/1337I think that it would be better than this,for the students,or those who desire to be benefited by it,even to lay the foundation themselves.The student who secures his coveted leisure and retirement by systematically shrinking any labor necessary to man obtains but an ignoble and unpro

31、fitable leisure,defrauding himself of the experience which alone can make leisure fruitfulI mean that they should not play life,or study it merely,while the community supports them at this expensive game,but earnestly live it from beginning to end.How could youths better learn to live than by at onc

32、e trying the experiment of living?(Economy:50)2021/7/1338Little is to be expected of that day,if it can be called a day,to which we are not awakened by our Genius,but by the mechanical nudgings of some servitor,are not awakened by our newly-acquired force and aspirations from within,accompanied by t

33、he undulations of celestial music,instead of factory bells,and a fragrance filling the air-to a higher life than we fell asleep fromThat man who does not believe that each day contains an earlier,more sacred,and auroral hour than he has yet profaned,has despaired of life,and is pursuing a descending

34、 and darkening way.(Where I Lived,and What I Lived for:13)2021/7/1339We must learn to reawaken and keep ourselves awake,not by mechanical aids,but by an infinite expectation of the dawn,which does not forake us in our soundest sleep.I know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestionable ability

35、of man to elevate his life by a conscious endeavor.(Where I Lived,and What I Lived for:14)2021/7/1340Nec bella fuerunt,Faginus astabat dum scyphus ante dapes.(Homa)在所需只是山毛榉的碗碟时，世人不会战争。2021/7/1341Goodness is the only investment that never fails.(Higher Laws:16)善是唯一没有风险的投资。From exertion come wisdom an

36、d purity;from sloth ignorance and sensuality.(Higher Laws:18)智慧和纯洁来自于身体力行，无知和贪欲产生于懒惰。2021/7/1342In the student sensuality is a sluggish habit of mind.An unclean person is universally a slothful one,one who sits by a stove,whom the sun shines on prostrate,who reposes without being fatigued.If you wou

37、ld avoid uncleanness,and all the sins,work earnestly,though it be at cleaning a stable.Nature is hard to be overcome,but she must be overcome.(Higher Laws:18)2021/7/1343However mean your life is,meet it and live it;do not shun it and call it hard names.It is not so bad as you are.It looks poorest when you are richest.The fault-finder will find faults even in paradise.Love your life,poor as it is.(Conclusion:15)The light which put out our eyes is darkness to us.Only that day dawns to which we are awake.There is more day to dawn.The sun is but a morning star.(Conclusion:21)2021/7/1344问题？问题？