1、脑疝的影像学表现脑疝n是指在颅内压增高的情况下,脑组织通过某些脑池向压力相对较低的部位移位的结果,即脑组织由其原来正常的位置而进入了一个异常的位置。n n 脑疝分几类?脑疝的类型na.大脑镰疝 一侧大脑半球占位病变可使同侧扣带回经大脑镰下缘疝入对侧,胼胝体受压下移。nb小脑幕切迹疝.前疝也称颞叶沟回疝,是颞叶沟回疝于脚间池及环池的前部;后疝颞叶内侧部疝于四叠体池及环池的后部;f.小脑幕切迹上疝后颅凹占位病变时,小脑上蚓部可向上疝入小脑幕切迹的四叠体池。nc.中心疝幕上压力增高,致使大脑深部结构及脑干纵轴牵张移位。nd.颅外疝 脑组织通过颅外缺损疝出。ne.枕骨大孔疝 后颅凹占位病变时,可致小脑
2、扁桃体疝入枕骨大孔。ng.蝶骨嵴疝颅前凹和颅中凹的占位病变,由于病变部压力相对高一些,则额眶回可越过蝶骨嵴进入颅中凹,可颞叶前部挤向颅前凹。各家对脑疝的分类大同小异,也有专家将其分为以下五类n天幕裂孔疝脑组织通过天幕裂孔向下疝入天幕下或向上疝至天幕上,又可分为颞疝,包括颞前疝、颞后疝和颞全疝;间脑疝;天幕裂孔上疝。其中以颞疝较常见和具有较重要的临床意义。枕大孔疝一侧或双侧小脑扁桃体向下疝至上颈段蛛网膜下腔。大脑镰下疝一侧大脑半球近中线结构,主要为扣带回通过大脑镰下缘移位至对侧天幕上颅腔。翼后疝额叶底部通过蝶骨嵴后缘向下移位达颅中窝。外疝脑组织通过先天性或后天性颅骨缺损突至颅外。n小脑幕切迹(天
3、幕裂孔)小脑幕前内侧缘游离呈“U”形,向前附着于后床突,与鞍背之间围成一孔即小脑幕切迹(裂孔)。中间有中脑通过,幕切迹与中脑之间的空隙为幕切迹间隙。内有脑池环绕,中脑前方有鞍上池及脚间池,两侧为环池,后方四叠体池。当幕上占位病变致颅内压力增高,超过幕下腔一定程度时今近颞钩回、海马等组织结构随之疝入幕切迹。使其内紧邻及通过的结构如动眼神经,大脑后动脉,中脑及其供应血管受挤压和移位,造成直接机械损伤或血供受阻而受损,出现一系列症症状、体征。示意图na)subfalcial(cingulate)herniation;镰下疝nb)uncal herniation;钩疝nc)downward(centr
4、al,transtentorial)herniation;下行性小脑幕疝nd)external herniation;颅外疝ne)tonsillar herniation.扁桃体疝nf)ascending transtentorial herniation(reversed tentorial)上行性小脑幕疝ng)sphenoid herniation蝶骨嵴疝类型示意图解剖关系镰下疝n有学者研究脑中线结构移位危险系数与脑疝之间相关关系显示当中脑移位大于3.15mm,大脑镰移位大于6.21mm,三脑室移位大于9.32mm,透明隔移位大于12.25mm时与脑疝高度相关。n 在实际工作中为便于记忆,
5、危险系数可取整数,分别为中脑3mm,大脑镰6mm,三脑室9mm,透明隔12mm。枕骨大孔疝 后颅凹占位病变时,可致小脑扁桃体疝入枕骨大孔。They may have nystagmus,pupillary dilatation,bradycardia,hypertension and respiratory depression.Conscious patients complain of neck pain and vomiting.Uncal herniationa)subfalcial(cingulate)herniation;镰下疝b)uncal herniation;钩疝Durett
6、e hemorrhage小脑后下动脉的走行也颇多变异,其尾曲如达枕大孔平面或枕大孔平面之下,则较易发生受压之情况。中心疝幕上压力增高,致使大脑深部结构及脑干纵轴牵张移位。b)uncal herniation;钩疝Early tonsillar herniation is difficult to recognize in an unconscious patient.e)tonsillar herniation.有学者研究脑中线结构移位危险系数与脑疝之间相关关系显示当中脑移位大于3.Subfalcine herniation(cingulate herniation)Transtentoria
7、l herniation如时钙化松果体出现在较低层面,面钙化脉络丛出现于较高层面时,提示可能有间脑疝。c)downward(central,transtentorial)herniation;下行性小脑幕疝小脑后下动脉的走行也颇多变异,其尾曲如达枕大孔平面或枕大孔平面之下,则较易发生受压之情况。同时伴有枕大孔疝者并不少见。小脑上蚓部和双侧小脑前叶均上疝时,可见典型表现,即双侧中脑后外缘挤向前内,四叠体变狭,呈现为陀螺状。导水管变狭、变扁,以致闭塞,四脑室常闭塞而未能显示。Subfalcine herniation(cingulate herniation)Transtentorial hern
8、iation nThe suprasellar cistern(left image)is obliterated.The quadrigeminal cistern is very compressed and pushed posteriorly(center image).nA subdural hematoma with a midline shift is noted.There is central transtentorial and subfalcine herniation.ACA供血区梗塞Uncal herniation(钩回疝)鞍上池缺角冠状位CT与MRI海马旁回褶皱对侧
9、颞角增宽同侧环池增宽Uncal herniationUncal herniationnobliteration of the suprasellar cistern(red arrow)and the quadrigeminal cistern(green arrow)大脑镰下疝一侧大脑半球近中线结构,主要为扣带回通过大脑镰下缘移位至对侧天幕上颅腔。Uncal herniation(钩回疝)c)downward(central,transtentorial)herniation;下行性小脑幕疝c)downward(central,transtentorial)herniation;下行性小脑幕
10、疝外疝脑组织通过先天性或后天性颅骨缺损突至颅外。Ascending transtentorial herniation.如压迫涉及延髓的营养小动脉分支,还可造成延髓后外侧梗死。ascending transtentorial herniationAcute infarctionTonsillar herniation如时钙化松果体出现在较低层面,面钙化脉络丛出现于较高层面时,提示可能有间脑疝。如时钙化松果体出现在较低层面,面钙化脉络丛出现于较高层面时,提示可能有间脑疝。第一天的四叠体池和环池Superior vermian herniation(ascending transtentorial
11、 herniation)A subdural hematoma with a midline shift is noted.obliteration of the suprasellar cistern(s)and quadrigeminal cistern(q)Early tonsillar herniation is difficult to recognize in an unconscious patient.内有脑池环绕,中脑前方有鞍上池及脚间池,两侧为环池,后方四叠体池。中心疝幕上压力增高,致使大脑深部结构及脑干纵轴牵张移位。Uncal herniation小脑扁桃体位置原来就较低
12、者,也较易发生受压。Uncal herniationnThe ipsilateral ventricle,sulci,fissures are compressed and obliterated,isappeared.nobliteration of the suprasellar cistern(s)and quadrigeminal cistern(q)Uncal herniationnAcute infarctionn1st daynAcute infarction n4th daysqUncal herniationnBefore surgery,a big GBM in the l
13、eft temporal lobe with uncal herniation.nAfter surgery,the GBM was removed,the suprasellar cistern and quadrigeminal cisterns are normal.Uncal herniationnAcute infarction of right posterior artery(PCA),this is a complication of uncal/transtentorial herniation,because the PCA was compressed by brain
14、herniation.双侧大脑后动脉梗塞双侧大脑后动脉梗塞Durette hemorrhage Durette hemorrhageearly uncal herniation nThe right uncus is pushing into the suprasellar cistern;early right uncal herniation.中心疝中心疝c)downward(central,transtentorial)herniation;下行性小脑幕疝CT平扫显示钙化的松果体下移时(相对于钙化脉络膜丛而言),可以推测有间脑疝。e)tonsillar herniation.Durett
15、e hemorrhageb)uncal herniation;钩疝e)tonsillar herniation.小脑扁桃体位置原来就较低者,也较易发生受压。b)uncal herniation;钩疝Sagittal and coronal imaging planes are preferred.外疝脑组织通过先天性或后天性颅骨缺损突至颅外。临床上,小脑扁桃体疝压迫延髓之后,早期出现项背强直、间歇性角弓反张、咳嗽反射受抑制等,严重时还可出现呼吸抑制、血压升高和脉搏减慢,所谓的Cushing三联征。c)downward(central,transtentorial)herniation;下行性小
16、脑幕疝外疝脑组织通过先天性或后天性颅骨缺损突至颅外。小脑幕切迹(天幕裂孔)小脑幕前内侧缘游离呈“U”形,向前附着于后床突,与鞍背之间围成一孔即小脑幕切迹(裂孔)。obliteration of the suprasellar cistern(s)and quadrigeminal cistern(q)Uncal herniationCerebellar tonsillar herniation.e)tonsillar herniation.nCT平扫显示钙化的松果体下移时(相对于钙化脉络膜丛而言),可以推测有间脑疝。一般情况下,钙化松果体和钙化脉络丛位于同一CT扫描层面或松果体位于较高层面;如
17、时钙化松果体出现在较低层面,面钙化脉络丛出现于较高层面时,提示可能有间脑疝。显示间脑疝的最好方法为MR成像,这时不但可以显示间脑和脑干形态及位置的变化,还能显示邻近脑池的变化。横断面和冠状面成像可以显示脑干周围脑池的变化,表现为鞍上池、环池、四叠体池变狭以致闭塞。矢状面成像诊断间脑疝最为有效,中脑下压变短,前后径可显得较厚,加以脑桥受压于斜坡面变扁,以致中脑似与脑桥连成一气,乳头体下移,脚间池、桥池、四叠体池和小脑上池明显变狭。Superior vermian herniation(ascending transtentorial herniation)n由于后颅凹的占位效应,小脑蚓和小脑半球
18、通过小脑幕切迹向上移动n天幕裂孔上疝的CT和MRI表现为四叠体和四叠体池受压和变形,环池和小脑上池也常受压变形,甚至闭塞。小脑上蚓部和双侧小脑前叶均上疝时,可见典型表现,即双侧中脑后外缘挤向前内,四叠体变狭,呈现为陀螺状。导水管变狭、变扁,以致闭塞,四脑室常闭塞而未能显示。三脑室后部也常变形。侧脑室常扩大。同时伴有枕大孔疝者并不少见。n临床上常有四叠体受压症状,表现为双侧眼睑下垂,两眼上视受障,瞳孔等大但光反应迟钝或消失。中脑向上移位可致意识障碍,晚期可能发生去大脑强直和呼吸骤停。陀螺状外观双侧环池变窄四叠体池充满不露齿的微笑皱眉第一天的四叠体池和环池第二天,四叠体池和环池消失脑积水ascen
19、ding transtentorial herniation枕大孔疝枕大孔疝n发生枕大孔疝之后,扁桃体下移至延髓后外侧,小脑延髓池变小甚至闭塞,进而可压迫延髓。扁桃体本身受压可发生坏死,如造成小脑后下动脉受压,还可引起小脑动脉下部缺血性梗死;如压迫涉及延髓的营养小动脉分支,还可造成延髓后外侧梗死。小脑后下动脉的走行也颇多变异,其尾曲如达枕大孔平面或枕大孔平面之下,则较易发生受压之情况。小脑扁桃体位置原来就较低者,也较易发生受压。临床上,小脑扁桃体疝压迫延髓之后,早期出现项背强直、间歇性角弓反张、咳嗽反射受抑制等,严重时还可出现呼吸抑制、血压升高和脉搏减慢,所谓的Cushing三联征。小脑后下动
20、脉受压之后,病人可能会出现一系列同侧小脑功能受损症状。Tonsillar herniation nIn tonsillar herniation(rare),a mass effect in the posterior fossa causes the cerebellar tonsils to herniate inferiorly through the foramen magnum compressing the medulla and upper cervical spinal cord.Conscious patients complain of neck pain and vomi
21、ting.They may have nystagmus,pupillary dilatation,bradycardia,hypertension and respiratory depression.Early tonsillar herniation is difficult to recognize in an unconscious patient.It may not be evident on CT scan since axial views cannot see the pathology well.It is best seen on sagittal MRI.Clinic
22、ally changes in vital signs may be the only clinical clue in an unconscious patient.Tonsillar herniation颅外疝核磁选择n1.Subfalcine herniation.This is best seen on coronal MR images.n2.Descending transtentorial herniation(uncal herniation,hippocampal herniation).best seen on coronal images,but the compression of the brainstem is best observed on axial T2WI.n3.Ascending transtentorial herniation.The sagittal imaging plane is preferred.n4.Cerebellar tonsillar herniation.Sagittal and coronal imaging planes are preferred.小结n占位效应引起的脑组织移位n影像上识别脑疝的关键是看脑池的变化
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