写作教程第2版-课件.ppt

1、English Writing II1PPT课件Unit 4 Customs The focus in this unit is on the features and organizational patterns of process and the use of relevant linking devices in writings of process analysis.At the end of the unit you are expected to be able to use techniques of process description in paragraph wri

2、ting.2PPT课件Part I Warm-up Activities Look at the pictures on page34,and describe how cookies are made.new words for reference:原料：ingredients 擀（面）：roll 面团：paste 蛋黄：egg yolks 烤箱：oven 烤：bake3PPT课件 Reference to the process description:1.Blend all the ingredients.2.Roll the paste into round cookies.3.Bru

3、sh the paste with egg yolks.4.Then put it in the oven to bake.4PPT课件Part II Process Analysis Process writing organizes its ideas according to the steps of the process.The procedures or steps have to be arranged as they reasonably or objectively(not randomly)occur.The purpose of process description i

4、s usually to inform,teach,or give ideas to the reader about how something new(or interesting or conventional)happens or in what way it can be completed.5PPT课件Organizational Structure Read sample 1&2,finish their following tables,and summarize the features as they show in the paragraphs.Sample 1 Ques

5、tions:1.What is the topic of the paragraph?This paragraph offers a recipe of making chocolate chip cookies.6PPT课件 Complete the table according to the steps in Sample 1:Step 1 Get ready flour,water,sugar,salt,eggs,and chocolate.Step 2 Mix flour and baking soda together with water.Step 3 Add salt and

6、put butter and sugar together in a separate bowl.Step 4 Add two eggs to this mixture.7PPT课件 Step 5 Mix in chocolate chips and nuts after combining all the ingredients Step 6 Place the little cookies formed from the mixture onto a cookie sheet.Step 7 Bake all these pieces for 8 minutes at 375 degrees

7、 Fahrenheit.Step 8(result)Here are the chocolate chip cookies that can be served for afternoon tea.8PPT课件 Summarize the pattern of process description in the paragraph.We have observed that the sample paragraph explains or describes the successive steps of making some cookies for afternoon tea in Br

8、itain.This pattern of organization is called process writing.In this pattern,you may illustrate the process of doing something in detail from beginning to end.And the description of these details has to follow the order of the actual steps.9PPT课件 Sample 2 Questions 1.What is discussed in the text?Th

9、is paragraph tells us about the famous bullfight in Spain.10PPT课件 Now discuss in groups the organization of the paragraph and then fill in the table below:What are the steps involved in the performance?Step 1 Performers are seen walking across the ring to the music(audience waiting for the first bul

10、l to run in from that small wooden door).Step 2 Various performances start(by the assistant bullfighters,the horse-riders,those to throw sticks,and the final bullfighter).11PPT课件 Step 3 The fighting bulls finally get killed.Step 4 The bullfighter receives applause and awards,or abuse,cushions or oth

11、er things.Step 5 The ring place is cleaned up.12PPT课件 Summarize the pattern the sample paragraphs follow:You may have noticed many similarities as well as some slight differences between the organizational patterns of Sample 1 and Sample 2.On the whole,Sample 2 follows a similar pattern of organizat

12、ion to Sample 1 in the way it describes the process from beginning to end.13PPT课件 In such a pattern,the writer may conveniently structure his paragraph by the steps as they actually happen,while effectiveness is also achieved.Within this framework,transitional devices are often used to ensure a smoo

13、th flow from one step to the next.14PPT课件(differences)However,Sample 2 is not as completely a description of a process as Sample 1 in that sentences of explanation or classification are added here and there to further clarify the procedure.This is,in fact,more typical of process writing.15PPT课件Linki

14、ng Devices Read the following two paragraphs and answer the questions:1.What topics do the paragraphs mainly deal with?Both paragraphs deal with a similar topic:buying Christmas cards.2.Which paragraph is easier to understand?Paragraph B is easier to understand.16PPT课件 3.What makes this particular p

15、aragraph easier to understand?It has certain words and phrases that help clarify the relationship between steps of the buying process.17PPT课件 4.What pattern of organization can be identified in Paragraph B?This paragraph combines the characteristics of Samples 1 and 2 in terms of organization.It not

16、 only starts from the preliminary stage to the end of the process,but also contains some sentences which provide supplementary comments or explanations where necessary.18PPT课件 Now work in groups and find out those words and phrases that indicate the order of procedures in paragraph B.The process of

17、buying cards Whenever begin to first then start doing some other finally In this way but anyhow19PPT课件 Can you think of any other expression indicating process analysis?whenever begin to do/start doing at the beginning of first then finally afterwards then comes some other 20PPT课件 after/before this

18、in advance now when all this is done signal the end of 21PPT课件Unit Summary In this unit we have discussed two types of process writing:exclusive description of the procedures in a process and description with supplementary explanations.The exclusive process description allows the writer to cover all

19、 the steps or procedures from beginning to end,whereas the second type requires the writer to clarify certain steps with additional statements.The second type is more frequently seen in practical writing.22PPT课件 Another important point discussed in this unit is concerned with relevant linking device

20、s,i.e.words or phrases that help ensure a smooth flow of steps or clarify steps in writing.We need to make a conscious effort to use these devices in writing paragraphs of process description so that our writing will be effective and coherent.23PPT课件Discussion Discuss in your group,and then draft an outline about the procedures of a wedding ceremony in your hometown,according the customs about what people would do in such a special day.1.2.3.24PPT课件