1、译员的跨文化交际意识和能力Interpreters awareness of and competence for cross-cultural communication1.Warm-up Part I English-Chinese Interpretation Good morning.This past week I traveled to Austria and Hungary,where I had productive meetings with our European allies./We discussed the challenges and opportunities
2、we share,including the importance of spreading prosperity at home and around the world./Its good to be back to America,and Im pleased to report that our economy is strong,growing,and delivering prosperity to more of our people.Reference Reference 上午好。上周我访问了奥地利和匈牙利,与我们的欧洲盟友进行了卓有成效的会谈。我们讨论了共同面对的挑战和机遇,
3、其中包括实现国家和世界繁荣的重要性。很高兴能回到美国,而且我也高兴地告诉大家,美国经济依然繁荣,不断增长,并让更多的人民过上富裕的生活。1.Warm-up Part II Chinese-English Interpretation 在过去的两届年会上,我们分别以“中国因素”和“中国因素:机遇与挑战”为主题,/探讨了中国经济贸易的发展为全球海运市场和海运业界所带来的重要影响。/特别是在去年的年会上,我们对“中国因素”将在未来一段时期继续推动国际航运业的发展形成了普遍的共识。/ReferenceReferenceIn the past two annual conferences,on the
4、themes of“China Factor”and“China Factor:Opportunities and Challenges”,we discussed the major impacts brought by Chinese economic and trade development on global shipping market and industry.In particular,during last years conference,we reached consensus on the facilitating role played by the China f
5、actor on international shipping industry in the near future.口译中的跨文化因素Language is the principle means whereby we conduct our social live.When it is used in contexts of communication,it is bound up culture in multiple and complex ways”。-Kramsch什么是跨文化交际?我国学者胡文仲指出,跨文化交际时人们在不自觉中经常进行的一种活动,它大到政治人物与外国领导人的谈判
6、,小到观看和欣赏外国电影、小说等。简言之,跨文化交际就是具有 不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程。在口译工作中,影响译员工作质量的文化因素,主要有以下几个方面:在口译工作中,影响译员工作质量的文化因素,主要有以下几个方面:一、语用原则 二、思维模式三、社会习俗四、跨文化交际中的非语言交际一、语用原则口译不同于笔译,它是一种口头交际活动。在交际过程中,除了遵循由语音、语法词汇等因素构成的语言规则外,还需要遵循一套严格的语用规则。语用就是语言的实际应用。语言的实际应用主要是进行交际对话,就是用语言进行信息交流和交换。语用失误(pragmatic failure)是由英国著名语用学家JennyThoma
7、s 于20 世纪80 年代初提出的。语用失误是指“不能理解话语的含义”(The inability to understand what is meant by what is said.)(Thomas,J,1983)语用失误语用失误1.语用语言失误(pragmatic-linguistic)2.社交语用失误(sociopragmatic failure)1.1.语用语言失误(pragmatic-pragmatic-linguisticlinguistic)语用语言失误指的是当说话人在某一表述中使用的语用方式系统性地不同于将语言作为母语使用的说话人在这一表述中经常使用的语用方式时,而产生的失
8、误。(1)汉英词语一一对应,忽视了两者间的差别(2)套用汉语的表达结构(1)(1)汉英词语一一对应,忽视了两者间的差别例1.外方:Will the goods be shipped to our country by the end of this year?中方:当然。译员:Of course.“What a stupid question!”或“Only an idiotic foreigner would ask!”Yes/Exactly.例2.中方:进一步简化手续,及时地积极地从国外引进技术,并且认真组织科学技术人员和广大职工做好消化和推广工作。译员:We should further
9、 simplify procedures and take prompt and vigorous actions to import urgently needed technologies and earnestly organize scientists,technicians and the mass of workers to assimilate and popularize imported technologies.例3.“胜利召开”successfully convened This meeting must have gone through a lot of troubl
10、es before it finally convened.”例4.-我们需要团结一心,争取按期完成该项目。-We need to work hard together to finish the project on time.”例5.-中方:请提宝贵意见。-译员:Please give us your valuable opinions.how could I know if its valuable or not?Your opinions will be appreciated(2)(2)套用汉语的表达结构例1:中方:我方会尽量克服公司管理过程中的种种困难。译员:We will try
11、 our best to over come various difficulties in the management of the company.尽量-留有余地,委婉拒绝try=try ones best 例2:外方:Thank you very much.中方:没关系,这是我应该做的。译员:Never mind.Its my duty to do so.never mind sorryduty not voluntarily With pleasure.Its my pleasure.例3:导游先生每到一个地方,都向客人叮嘱You must come back here at 5oc
12、lock.You must get together at the lobby at 7一个外国客人调侃导游说-What must we do when we check out the hotel,Mr.Must?”(“必须先生”,我们退房时必须做什么?)“Would you please meet at the lobby at 7?”“The bus will continue the trip at 5 P.M.”你们不得在此 You must not,()Its imperative to ensure that there 或“You are kindly requested to
13、”你最好You had better ()I wonder if you could,或Would you please Chinglish VS.EnglishChinglish VS.English 欢迎你到.welcome you to.welcome to.永远记住你 remember you forever always remember you(没有人能活到forever)祝你有个.wish you have a.I wish you a.给你 give you here you are 很喜欢.very like.like.very much 黄头发 yellow hair bl
14、ond/blonde(西方人没有yellow hair的说法)厕所 WC mens room/womens room/restroom 真遗憾 its a pity thats too bad/its a shame(its a pity说法太老)裤子 trousers pants/slacks/jeans 修理 mend fix/repair 入口 way in entrance 出口 way out exit 勤奋 diligent hardworking/studious/conscientious 应该 should must/shall 火锅 chafing dish hot pot
15、 大厦 mansion center/plaza 马马虎虎 so-so average/fair/all right/not too bad/OK(西方人很少使用so-so)好吃 delicious good/nice/tasty/appetizing/yummy(delicious在中国被滥用)尽我最大努力 try my best try/strive(try的本意就是try my best)有名 famous well-known/renowned/legendary/popular(famous在中国被滥用)滑稽 humorous funny/witty/amusing/entertai
16、ning 欺骗 to cheat to trick/to play a joke on/to con/to deceive/to rip off 车门 the door of the car the cars door/car door 怎么拼?how to spell?how do you spell?再见 bye-bye bye/see you/see you later/later(bye-bye有些孩子气)玩 play go to/do(play在中国被滥用)面条 noodles pasta(noodles有些孩子气)据说 it is said I heard/I read/I was
17、 told 等等 and so on etc.直到现在 till now recently/lately/thus far 农民 peasant farmer 宣传 propaganda information 2.2.社交语用失误(sociopragmatic(sociopragmatic failure)failure)社交语用失误就是指因不了解或忽视交际双方的社会文化背景差异而出现的失误。(1)“套话”翻译忽视文化差异(2)文化渊源不同而产生误会(3)混淆同义结构的不同使用场合(1)“(1)“套话”翻译忽视文化差异例1:中方:最后我祝愿此次的“经济论坛”取得圆满成功,并祝与会代表身体健康
18、、家庭幸福!译员:Finally,I wish the“Economic Forum”a great success,and wish you good health and a happy family.“Finally,I wish the Economic Forum a great success and wish you good health and a happy stay here.”.(1)“(1)“套话”翻译忽视文化差异例2:中方:史密斯先生,欢迎来我市。对于接待的不周我们感到非常抱歉,希望您能够谅解。译员:Mr.Smith,welcome to our city.We a
19、pologize for the poor reception and beg for your forgiveness.“If you know the reception is poor,why dont you make it better?We hope you enjoy your stay here.(1)“(1)“套话”翻译忽视文化差异例3:外方:Its really a marvelous present,thank you very much!中方:我们送给你的这个礼物和我们送给你们公司老总的礼物是一样的。译员:This is the same present we give
20、 to the head of your company.Hope you like it.例4:中方:你们慢慢吃啊,后面还有好多菜。译员:Please eat slowly.There are a lot more delicious dishes.?Am I eating too fast?Am I behaving improperly?Enjoy your meal.There are more dishes to come.(2).(2).文化渊源不同而产生误会望子成龙 to hope that ones child will become somebody 五讲、四美、三热爱 Fi
21、ve talks,four beauties,three loves“谈了五次恋爱,其中有四个是美人,爱上了其中的三个”five stresses,four beauties and three loves”,“五个重点、四个美人、三个情人”五讲、四美、三热爱Five stresses,four points of beauty and three aspects of love”或“stress on decorum,manners,hygiene,discipline and morals;beauty of the mind,language,behavior and the envir
22、onment;love of the motherland,socialism and the Communist Party”五讲:“讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德”;四美:“心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美”;三热爱:“热爱祖国、热爱社会主义、热爱中国共产党”(2).(2).文化渊源不同而产生误会中方:我们这个经济区确实是块肥肉啊!译员:This economic development zone is really a piece of fat meat.This economic development zone is very promising.(3)(3)混淆同义结构的不同
23、使用场合例1:中方:我们是商场的老朋友啦,你就直接开个价吧。译员:We are good partners in trade.Could you possibly give us an offer?We are good partners in trade,so just give us an offer.例2:中方:在过去的两年里,我们的合作非常愉快。现在,你就拿些我们合资企业的产品让大家见识见识吧。译员:We have been cooperating very well over the past two years.I wonder if you could show us some
24、latest products of our joint venture.We have been cooperating very well in the past two years.Now,lets have a look at some of our latest products.二、思维模式http:/ context)国家,需要借助语境理解说话人的意图。西方人的思维模式偏向于直线式,西方人喜欢抽象,重客体,即客观自然世界。西方的思维模式强调的是个体意识,崇尚个体思维,习惯从小到大,从特殊到一般。英语则注重分析,追求形式逻辑的合理性,即形合。美国是“低语境”(low context
25、)国家,信息靠语言本身就可以得到阐述。eg.for what can be prettier than an image of Love on his knees before Beauty?.痴情公子向美貌佳人下跪求婚,还不是一副最赏心悦目的画儿吗?The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.我前面的那辆车停住了,我错过了绿灯。The sight of her son brought tears to her eyes.看到儿子,她热泪盈眶。他在家里看书。He reads his book at home.她晚饭后看电视She
26、watched TV after supper.我从株洲经江西来到上海I came to Shanghai from Zhuzhou through Jiangxi.有空的话,我就去帮你。I will help you,if I am free.昨天,复旦校长在3108发表了讲话。The president of Fudan University deliered the speech at 3108 yesterday.It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay t
27、o China in January.我原打算今年一月份访问中国,后来不得不推迟,这使我非常失望。中文指令和禁语往往表达得直截了当,显得非常严肃,也因此缺乏回旋感。英语则比较注意婉转,避免给人生硬的感觉。请注意Attention!May I have your attention please?此门不通No entry through this door.Please use the other door.三、社会习俗人们的社会交往要遵守约定俗成的社会习俗,这体现在交际过程的方方面面,比如见面时如何打招呼、分手时如何告别、如何迎来送往、如何宴请招待等。中国文化强调群体,注重谦卑和面子,而英语文
28、化强调个体,注重客观实际。“这没什么,是我应该做的。”“哪里哪里!”“我做得不够好,还需要改进。”Its nothing.This is what I should do.There is still a lot to improve.Thank you for your kind words.It is my pleasure.I feel flattered.称谓英文里的称谓比较笼统,比较模糊,而中文里的称谓分的较细,中国人习惯把身份分得一清二楚。如英文cousin一词,就可以对应中文里的“堂兄弟、堂姐妹,表兄弟、表姐妹”等八种称谓。以职业头衔等称呼。哈利法官(Judge Harley)、
29、史密斯参议员(Senator Smith)、克拉克将军(General Clark)、布朗医生(Dr.Brown)、格林教授(Professor Green)、怀特神父(Father White)、科恩老师(Rabbi Cohen,对犹太人的尊敬用语)、格雷主教(Bishop Gray)等。我们的传统文化中还有许多尊称和谦称的词。中国人称自己为“敝人”,称自己的著作为“拙著”,称自己的意见是“浅见”“愚见”,别人的见解是“高见”等等。打招呼中国人见面打招呼常说:“吃了吗?”“干什么去?”“从哪儿来啊?”非实质性提问,表示关切,随和。告别中国人告别时常说:“招待不周,请多包涵。”“有空来玩。”“
30、改天一起吃饭啊。”四、跨文化交际中的非语言交际非语言交际虽说不用语言文字表达,但却是语言交际的重要补充,而且能传递语言行为难以表达的内涵、意念和感情,是整个跨文化交际中不可缺少的组成部分。以英美为代表的西方人在沟通时,通常会直视对方,以表诚实尊重。而在以中日为代表的东方文化中,人们却会避免目光直视,认为是不礼貌的表现,会令对方尴尬。双手插裤兜在土耳其这一行为代表着不尊重,十分的无礼。在中东、印度、非洲等部分国家,人们认为左手非常脏,因为在当地,左手经常在上厕所时用来清洁卫生。因此在这些地方用左手握手、触摸食物、触碰他人、赠送礼物都是不被当地人所接受的。剪刀手在英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚以及新西兰,
31、该手势并不代表和平,而是一侮辱性的动作,相当于竖中指美国男性坐下后经常会翘起二郎腿,对外露出他们的鞋底,但在中东大部分地区这一举动十分无礼。在阿拉伯文化中,鞋底被认为是肮脏的,是不能让其他人看到的。前美国国会议员比尔理查森(Bill Richardson)就汲取了惨痛的教训:1995年理查森前往伊拉克进行外交会晤,在和萨达姆侯赛因(Saddam Hussein)交谈的过程中他翘起了二郎腿。这一举动让伊拉克的领导人觉得遭到了冒犯,当场愤然离席。在美国人们交叉手指以求好运,在越南手指交叉被认为是十分粗俗的。当你看到可爱的孩子时会不自觉地轻轻拍下他的头,但在拥有大量佛教徒的斯里兰卡、泰国和中国等地是
32、一大禁忌。佛教徒们认为头是神圣的,是魂之所在,所以请勿用手触摸。在非洲西部、南美洲、伊朗、撒丁岛、以色列、泰国、阿富汗、意大利以及希腊,竖大拇指都有着不同的负面含义。OK手在美国该手势意味着一切顺利、一切正常。但在巴西和德国,它是骂人的意思。同样在法国、委内瑞拉和土耳其,该动作也有着不好的含义。exercise exercise 中国京剧是中国的“国粹”,已有200多年历史。其剧目之丰富,表演艺术家、剧团、观众之多,影响之深均为全国之冠。自1919年京剧艺术大师梅兰芳先生东渡日本演出后至今,京剧的足迹遍及全球,对促进中西文化交流、人民友好往来,增进团结、友谊作出了卓越的贡献。Beijing O
33、pera of China is a national treasure with a history of 200 years.Its richness of repertoire,great number of performing artists,troupes and audience,and prfound influence are incomparable in China.Since Mei Lanfang,the grand master of Beijing Opera,visited Japan in 1919,Beijing Opera has become known
34、 all over the world,and has made remarkable contributions to cultural exchanges between China and the West,and to the solidarity as well as friendship of the human kind.17.117.1他们曾漫步于中国胡同里和稻田埂上,吃的是馒头和豆腐,与干部长谈过,查阅过档案,体验过单位的日常生活,坐着火车硬座游览了中国,同时能讲相当流利的普通话。在这些新一代的中国问题专家们的著作和文章中,体现了一种现实性和真实感。这在上一代专家中是没有的。胡同 alley Hutong馒头 steamed bun豆腐bean curd Tofu干部cadre office-holder leader 档案 record file单位unit department company普通话 Mandarin standard Chinese
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