1、2023-1-13王云岭 1Chapter Three The history of Medical Ethicsthe origins of medical ethical thoughts山东大学医学院医学伦理学研究所王云岭ContentsSection One Medical Ethics in ancient timesSection Two Modern Medical Ethics Section Three Contemporary Medical Ethics 2023-1-13王云岭 22023-1-13王云岭 3Section OneSection One Medical
2、Medical Ethics in ancient timesEthics in ancient timesforefathers thoughts2023-1-13王云岭 4Medical Ethics in Ancient ChinaThe laud of Physicians(杏林颂)2023-1-13王云岭 5 The summarization of Medical Ethics in ancient society()The summarization of Medical Ethics in ancient China1、古代医学伦理的萌芽时期神农尝百草巫医一体“医师,掌医之政令
3、,聚毒药以共医事,凡邦之有疾者则使医分而治之,岁终则稽其医事,以制其食,十全为上,十失一次之,十失二次之,十失三次之,十失四为下。”周礼天官医师2、古代医学伦理的初步发展时期黄帝内经之“征四失、疏五过”思想扁鹊之“六不治”思想2023-1-13王云岭 6()The summarization of Medical Ethics in ancient China3、古代医学伦理的完善时期东汉:张仲景、华佗、董奉等人的思想魏晋南北朝:“拯救夭亡”隋唐:孙思邈大医精诚两宋:宋慈洗冤集录金元:金元四大家刘完素、张从正、李皋、朱震亨明:陈实功外科正宗医家五戒十要及李时珍、龚廷贤等人的思想清;喻昌医门法律
4、2023-1-13王云岭 7()The summarization of Medical Ethics in ancient overseas1、Medical Ethics in ancient GreeceHipppocrates,460377 B.C.)The oath of Hipppocrates:“prescribe regimens for the good of my patients”。(1)About doctor-patient relationship,“never do harmto anyone”、(2)About teacher-student relations
5、hip,“To consider dear to me as my parents.”and“to live in common with him”.2、Medical Ethics in ancient Rome Galen,约130200年:“作为医师,不可能一方面赚钱,一方面从事伟大的艺术医学”。2023-1-13王云岭 83、Medical Ethics in ancient India印度外科鼻祖:妙闻印度内科鼻祖:阇罗迦4、Medical Ethics in ancient Arabia 犹太人迈蒙尼提斯(Maimonides,11351204年):迈蒙尼提斯祷文“愿吾视病人如受难
6、之同胞”。()The summarization of Medical Ethics in ancient overseas2023-1-13王云岭 9 The basal contents of Medical Moral in ancient China(一)忠于医业、仁爱救人(二)视患犹亲、平等待患(三)博及医源、精勤不倦(四)宽和端庄、不贪财色(五)尊重同道、互帮互学 2023-1-13王云岭 10III Evaluation on medical ethics in ancient China()The characteristics of medical ethics in anc
7、ient China1、It was deeply influenced by Confucian culture.(1)“仁爱救人”的行医准则。“人而不仁,如礼何?人而不仁,如乐何?”论语八佾 子曰:“苟志于仁矣,无恶也。”论语 里仁“医以活人为心。故曰,医乃仁术。”(明王绍隆医灯续焰潘辑赠注)“医,仁术也。仁人君子必笃于情,笃于情,则视人犹己,问其所苦,自无不到之处。”喻昌(2)孝是许多人学医行医的目的皇甫谧:“夫爱先人之体,有八尺之躯,而不知医事,此所谓游魂耳。”许道幼:“为人子者尝膳视药,不知方术,岂谓孝乎?2023-1-13王云岭 11(3)内省、慎独的医学道德修养方法。曾子:“吾日
8、三省吾身。”“莫见乎隐,莫显乎微,故君子慎其独也。”中庸 喻昌:“医,仁术也。仁人君子必笃于情,笃于情,则视人犹己,问其所苦,自无不到之处。”(4)“推己及人”与“易地以观”的医学道德情感。孔子:“己所不欲,勿施于人”清代名医费伯雄说,“我欲有疾,望医之相救者何如?我之父母妻子有疾,望医之相救者何如?易地以观,则利心自淡矣。”III Evaluation on medical ethics in ancient China2023-1-13王云岭 122、It was influenced by Taoism老、庄认为,顺物必无己,忘怀一切,乃得天道。故应以“无仁义而修,无功名而治”,这样就可
9、以“无不忘也,无不有也。淡然无极而众美从之。”3、It was influenced by Buddhism 孙思邈:“医人不得恃己所长,专心经略财物,但作救苦之心,于冥运道中,自感多福者耳。”III Evaluation on medical ethics in ancient China2023-1-13王云岭 13()The limitation of traditional Chinese medical moral 1、It was influenced by feudal ethical dross.III Evaluation on medical ethics in ancie
10、nt China2023-1-13王云岭 142、It is influenced by the Taoism thought of comeuppance.III Evaluation on medical ethics in ancient China2023-1-13王云岭 153、It was influenced by the negative aspect of Buddhist Ethics.孙思邈认为:“虽日贱畜贵人,至于爱命,人畜一也。损彼利己,物情同患,况于人乎!夫杀生救生,去生更远。”III Evaluation on medical ethics in ancient
11、China2023-1-13王云岭 16Section Two Modern Medical Ethics 前人的思想 2023-1-13王云岭 17 Medical ethics in modern society()Modern society1、Social background“文艺复兴”运动中,资产阶级用“人道”反对封建阶级“神道”;用以人为中心的思想,反对以神为中心的封建思想,孕育和产生了近代资产阶级的文化。Humanitarianism,也被正式引入医学,作为医学伦理原则渗入到医疗活动的各个领域,成为更为广阔范围内的医业行为活动的规范和准则。2023-1-13王云岭 18 Med
12、ical ethics in modern society2、Scientific background比利时医生和解剖学家安德烈维萨里(Andreas Vesaliua)于1543年发表了人体构造一书。17世纪,英国医师哈维(Harvey,15781657年),用实验方法发现了血液循环,于1628 年发表了心血运动论。从此,医学作为一门应用科学,得以飞速的发展和长足的进步,从而由古代经验医学发展到近代实验医学;医学由个体水平,发展到器官、组织、细胞、亚细胞以至生物大分子水平;医学道德由古代医家的个人修养,发展到医疗组织集体遵循的道德原则和行为规范。2023-1-13王云岭 19 Medica
13、l ethics in modern society()Some facts on Medical Ethics in modern society1791年,Percival专为曼彻斯特医院起草了医院及医务人员行动守则并著医学伦理学于1803年出版。这成为医学界制订医学道德教育标准和医学道德守则的基础和依据。医学的职业化,医学行业协会的成立,制定了一系列医学行业内的医学道德规范,使医学伦理又有了较大的进步。2023-1-13王云岭 20 The basal contents of Medical Ethics in modern soceity()Emphasis on medical vi
14、rtue科特郎基强调医师如何避免在医疗中做出不道德的事情。英国爱丁堡大学医学教授格里高利强调应将对医师的道德判断建立在道德哲学(伦理学)的基础上。德国医师胡弗兰德指出:“医师活着不是为了自己,而是为了别人,不要追求名誉和个人利益,而要用忘我的工作来救治别人,救死扶伤,治病救人,不应怀有别的个人目的”。2023-1-13王云岭 21()Pay attention to the regulation of medical interpersonal relationship帕茨瓦尔的医院及医务人员行动守则(三)主张政府的医学责任和医师对国家的义务德国著名卫生学家弗兰克提出,政府在保护和增进公民的健
15、康问题上负有道德责任。(四)健康权利理念的提出18世纪90年代,法国的健康委员会和穷人委员会都声称:法国同胞都有平等权,在及时、免费、稳妥、全面的医疗方面,一视同仁。The basal contents of Medical Ethics in modern soceity2023-1-13王云岭 22III Evaluation on modern medical ethics()Characteristics of modern medical ethics1、Medical humanitarianism to be theoretical and systematic2、Advocat
16、ing science,get rid of the theocracy3、Medical ethics norms,requirements by facing the patients individual practice,extended to the community oriented collective practice requirements2023-1-13王云岭 23()The limitation of modern medical ethics1、The respect for money,played down the medical humanitarianis
17、m“拜金主义、金钱万能”的社会思潮渗入医学领域,使医师也染上了私利金钱观念。2、Part of the medical staff to avoid responsibility,Quack appearedIII Evaluation on modern medical ethics2023-1-13王云岭 24Section Three Contemporary Medical Ethics 今人的思想2023-1-13王云岭 25 Summarization of contemporary medical ethics二战以来,特别是20世纪60年代以来,由于生物医学技术的进一步发展,人
18、们对生命科学和卫生保健领域中的伦理思考已突破了医疗领域的范围,生命伦理学的兴起,使人们不得不重新思考医学伦理中的新问题。2023-1-13王云岭 26 The basal contents of contemporary medical ethics()of a series of international medical ethics were born()The socialist medical morality Appeared(III)Bioethics Appeared2023-1-13王云岭 27 Evaluation on contemporary medical ethic
19、s()The characteristic of contemporary medical ethics1、公益论成为医学伦理学的理论基础2、关注医学道德规范的研究和制定3、关注和研究医学高新技术应用中的伦理问题4、道德的多元化与允许原则的引入2023-1-13王云岭 28()The new subject facing modern medical ethics1、医学伦理关系的物化问题 人与任何其他动物不同,有高级是神经活动,有思维能力,所以虽在生物学上说人是基本相同的,但实际上并不存在生物上的人。正是基于这样的事实,医学上才有“身心医学“这样一个概念,即心理状态影响到躯体、影响到生理和病
20、理的改变。病人对医生、治疗措施的信任程度可能影响到治疗效果,这是客观存在。同样的药物来自很信任的医生和信任程度差的医生,服用之后出现疗效上的差异并非奇怪的事。许多医生往往都忽视这样一个事实;即在医生观察病人的同时,病人也在观察医生,观察医生的言谈,形成对医生的印象。病人对医生的一言一行无不影响病人,在某些情况下就可能影响治疗效果。吴阶平中国医学伦理学1995年6月 Evaluation on contemporary medical ethics2023-1-13王云岭 29()The new subject facing modern medical ethics2、大量医学伦理难题的出现生
21、命控制死亡控制行为控制人体实验等 3、医疗危机的出现4、网络医学伦理亟待研究 Evaluation on contemporary medical ethics2023-1-13王云岭 30Thinking and discussion1,from a historical dimension,how about the relationship between medical ethics and medicine?Advances in medical science have bring medical ethical progress?Talk about your own opini
22、on.2,globalization is the inevitable outcome of the development of productive forces,is an irresistible historical process.In this process,product and service,technology and capital,information and ideas flow in the world,between different regional,national,ethnic communication,contact and exchanges
23、 have become increasingly frequent,increasing mutual interaction.Please talk about in the context of globalization,how to inherit our good medical moral tradition and absorption of foreign advanced medical ethics thought.2023-1-13王云岭 31扁鹊之“六不治”思想骄恣不论于理,一不治也;轻身重财,二不治也;衣食不能适,三不治也;阴阳并,藏气不定,四不治也;形羸不能服药,
24、五不治也;信巫不信医,六不治也。(史记扁鹊仓公列传)2023-1-13王云岭 32大医精诚节录(孙思邈)今病有内同而外异,亦有内异而外同。故五脏六腑之盈虚,血脉荣卫之通塞,固非耳目之所察,必先诊候以审之。而寸口关尺,有浮、沉、弦、紧之乱;俞穴流注,有高下浅深之差;肌肤筋骨,有厚薄刚柔之异;唯用心精微者,始可与言于兹矣。今以至精至微之事,求之于至粗至浅之思,其不殆哉!若盈而益之,虚而损之,通而彻之,塞而壅之,寒而冷之,热而温之,是重加其疾,而望其生,吾见其死矣。故医方卜筮,艺能之难精者也。既非神授,何以得其精微?世有愚者,读方三年,便谓天下无病可治;及治病三年,乃知天下无方可用。故学者必须博极医
25、源,精勤不倦,不得道听途说,而言医道已了,深自误哉!2023-1-13王云岭 33大医精诚(节录)(续)凡大医治病,必当安神定志,无欲无求,先发大慈恻隐之心,誓愿普救含灵之苦。若有疾厄来求救者,不得问其贵贱贫富,长幼妍媸,怨亲善友,华夷愚智,普同一等,皆如至亲之想。亦不得瞻前顾后,自虑吉凶,护惜身命。见彼苦恼,若己有之,深心凄怆,勿避崄巇、昼夜、寒暑、饥渴、疲劳,一心赴救,无作工夫形迹之心。如此可为苍生大医,反此则是含灵巨贼。其有患创痍下痢,臭秽不可瞻视,人所恶见者,但发惭愧凄怜忧恤之意,不得起一念蒂芥之心,是吾之志也。2023-1-13王云岭 34大医精诚(节录)(续)夫大医之体,欲得澄神内
26、视,望之俨然,宽裕汪汪,不皎不昧。省病诊疾,至意深心,详察形候,纤毫勿失,处判针药,无得参差。虽曰病宜速救,要须临事不惑,唯当审谛覃(tn)思,不得于性命之上,率而自逞俊快,邀射名誉,甚不仁矣。又到病家,纵绮罗满目,勿左右顾盼,丝竹凑耳,无得似有所娱;珍馐迭荐,食如无味;灵醁兼陈,看有若无。所以尔者,夫一人向隅,满堂不乐,而况病人苦楚,不离斯须,而医者安然欢娱,傲然自得,兹乃人神之所共耻,至人之所不为,斯盖医之本意也。2023-1-13王云岭 35大医精诚(节录)(续)夫为医之法,不得多语调笑,谈谑喧哗,道说是非,议论人物,炫耀声名,訾毁诸医,自矜己德,偶然治瘥(chi)一病,则昂头戴面,而有
27、自许之貌,谓天下无双,此医人之膏肓也。所以医人不得恃己所长,专心经略财务,但作救苦之心。于冥运道中,自感多福者耳。又不得以彼富贵,处以珍贵之药,令彼难求,自衒功能,谅非忠恕之道。志存救济,故亦曲碎论之,学者不可耻言之鄙俚也。唐孙思邈备急千金药方2023-1-13王云岭 36医家五戒十要一、五戒 一戒:凡病家大小贫富人等,请观者便可往之,勿得迟延厌弃,欲往而不往,不为平易。药金毋论轻重有无,当尽力一例施与,自然阴骘日增,无伤分寸。二戒:凡视妇女及孀尼僧人等,必侯侍者在旁,然后入房诊视,倘旁无伴,不可自看。假有不便之患,更宜真诚窥睹,虽对内人不可谈,此因闺阃故也。三戒:不得出脱病家珠珀珍贵等送家合
28、药,以虚存假换,如果该用,令彼自制入之。倘服不效,自无疑谤,亦不得称赞彼家物色之好,凡此等非君子也。四戒:凡救世者,不可行乐登山,携酒游玩,又不可非时离去家中。凡有抱病至者,必当亲视用意发药,又要依经写出药帖,必不可杜撰药方,受人驳问。五戒:凡娼妓及私伙家请看,亦当正己视如良家子女,不可他意见戏,以取不正,视毕便回。贫窘者药金可璧,看回只可与药,不可再去,以希邪淫之报。2023-1-13王云岭 37医家五戒十要(续)二、十要 一要:先知儒理,然后方知医理,或内或外,勤读先古名医确论之书,须旦夕手不释卷,一一参明融化机变,印之在心,慧之于目,凡临证时自无差谬矣。二要:选买药品,必遵雷公炮炙,药有
29、依方侑合者,又有因病随时加减者,汤散宜近备,丸丹须预制,常药愈久愈灵,线药越陈越异,药不吝珍,终久必济。三要:凡乡井同道之士,不可生轻侮傲慢之心,切要谦和谨慎,年尊者恭敬之,有学者师事之,骄傲者逊让之,不及者荐拔之,如此自无谤怨,信和为贵也。四要:治家与治病同,人之不惜元气,斫丧太过,百病生焉,轻则支离身体,重则丧命。治家若不固根本而奢华,费用太过,轻则无积,重则贫窘。五要:人之受命于天,不可负天之命。凡欲进取,当知彼心顺否,体认天道顺逆,凡顺取,人缘相庆,逆取,子孙不吉。为人何不轻利远害,以防还报之业也?2023-1-13王云岭 38医家五戒十要(续)六要:里中亲友人情,除婚丧疾病庆贺外,其
30、余家务,至于馈送往来,不可求奇好胜。凡飨只可一鱼一菜,一则省费,二则惜禄,谓广求不如俭用。七要:贫穷之家及游食僧道衙门差役人等,凡来看病,不可要他药钱,只当奉药。再遇贫难者,当量力微赠,方为仁术,不然有药而无伙食者,命亦难保也。八要:凡有所蓄,随其大小,便当置买产业以为根本,不可买玩器及不紧物件,浪费钱财。又不可做银会酒会,有妨生意,必当一例禁之,自绝谤怨。九要:凡室中所用各种物具,俱要精备齐整,不得临时缺少。又古今前贤书籍,及近时明公新刊医理词说,必寻参看以资学问,此诚为医家之本务也。十要:凡奉官衙所请,必要速去,无得怠缓,要诚意恭敬,告明病源,开具药方。病愈之后,不得图求扁礼,亦不得言说民
31、情,至生罪戾。间不近公,自当守法。明陈实公外科正宗2023-1-13王云岭 39The Oath of HippocratesI swear by Apollo,the healer,Asclepius,Hygieia,and Panacea,and I take to witness all the gods,all the goddesses,to keep according to my ability and my judgment,the following Oath and agreement:To consider dear to me,as my parents,him who
32、 taught me this art;to live in common with him and,if necessary,to share my goods with him;To look upon his children as my own brothers,to teach them this art.I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.I will not give a l
33、ethal drug to anyone if I am asked,nor will I advise such a plan;and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion.But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts.The Oath of Hippocrates I will not cut for stone,even for patients in whom the disease is manifest;I will leave
34、this operation to be performed by practitioners,specialists in this art.In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients,keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men,be they free or slave
35、s.All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men,which ought not to be spread abroad,I will keep secret and will never reveal.If I keep this oath faithfully,may I enjoy my life and practice my art,respected by all men and in all times;but if I swerve from it or violate it,may the reverse be my lot.2023-1-13王云岭 40
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