英语写作技巧培训课件.ppt

1、Part One Sentence WritingChapter One:Basic Structures of Simple Sentences1Chapter Two:Basic Structures of Compound SentencesChapter Three:Basic Structures of Complex Sentences3Chapter Four:InversionChapter Five:Sentence ProblemsChapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles4562I.串句串句II.溶合句溶合句III.残缺句残缺句IV.不

2、一致句不一致句V.垂悬修饰垂悬修饰VI.汉语式表达汉语式表达Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsChildren of poor families can not go to college they have no financial support.应为：应为：Children of poor families can not go to college because they have no financial support.这是一种最常见的错误。它是指两个以这是一种最常见的错误。它是指两个以上的句子，连写在一起，中间即不见标点也上的句子，连写在一起，中间即不

3、见标点也不见表示关系的连词等，造成结构层次不清，不见表示关系的连词等，造成结构层次不清，逻辑意义混乱。如：逻辑意义混乱。如：Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsI.Run-on Sentences（串句，或译：连写句）（串句，或译：连写句）I think there are still some students havent known the assignment.应为应为：I think there are still some students who havent known the assignment.应为应为：There are many student

4、s who study in the classroom everyday.There are many students study in the classroom everyday.Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsI.Run-on Sentences（串句，或译：连写句）（串句，或译：连写句）Everybody thinks a king can do he wants to do.应为应为：Everybody thinks that a king can do what he wants to do.应为：应为：Feeling hungry,I decide

5、d to walk to the village to buy some food.Feeling hungry,I decided to walk to the village buy some food.Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsI.Run-on Sentences（串句，或译：连写句）（串句，或译：连写句）应为：应为：The phone in the kitchen rang.Since it was not answered,he picked the extension.The phone in the kitchen rang and it was

6、 not answered he picked the extension.Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsI.Run-on Sentences（串句，或译：连写句）（串句，或译：连写句）A foreign student faces many problems,for example,he has to cope with a new culture.2.Getting married is easy,staying married is a different matter.3.There are three people in my family,my mot

7、her,my father and I,my mother has a small store,and the business is not bad,my father has a very good social position,is a manager in a power plant.这种错误与上述错误相似。它是指把多个意思独立，这种错误与上述错误相似。它是指把多个意思独立，结构完整的句子仅用逗号连接。如：结构完整的句子仅用逗号连接。如：Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsII.Run-Together Sentences(溶合句，或译：溶合句，或译：逗号滥用

8、逗号滥用)A foreign student faces many problems.For example,he has to cope with a new culture.2.Getting married is easy;however,staying married is a different matter.3.There are three people in my family,my mother,my father and I.My mother has a small store,and the business is not bad.My father,who has a

9、 very good social position,is a manager in a power plant.（主从（主从关系）关系）改正办法有三种：改正办法有三种：1)句子间用句号切分。句子间用句号切分。(2)句子间用分句子间用分号或分号加上连接副词连接。号或分号加上连接副词连接。(3)句子间用并列连词、从属连句子间用并列连词、从属连词或关系代词等连接，形成并列复合句或主从复合句。如：词或关系代词等连接，形成并列复合句或主从复合句。如：Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsThe wish of mankind to live in peace.(缺谓语缺谓语is)

10、1.Fragments without verbs（缺谓语（缺谓语）The spring here the most beautiful,and the people here the most industrious He like one of my friends.(缺谓语缺谓语looks)Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsIII.Sentence Fragments(残缺句残缺句)Many people who get married before they are mature enough.（缺主句谓语）（缺主句谓语）应为：应为：For example,t

11、he cost of renting an apartment has increased.For example,the increase in the cost of renting an apartment.应为：应为：Many people who get married before they are mature enough generally are poor.或：或：Many people get married before they are mature enough.Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsIn this city have buil

12、t many new buildings.(缺缺主语主语 they)He is an independent person.Think for himself.（缺主语（缺主语 he）2.Fragments without subjects (缺主语缺主语)For one thing,through this can broaden their horizon,and improve their ability.(误误把介词短语把介词短语 through this 当作主语当作主语)Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsThey cant afford to go to

13、school.Because they are living in poor families.e.g.He sat in the living room alone.Unbothered and dreaming about future.3.Fragments without main clauses(缺主句缺主句)Actually,we can learn a lot of things.Besides what we have learnt in school.Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsThey cant to go to school because

14、 they are living in poor families.He sat in the living room alone，unbothered and dreaming about future.以上三例错把本应从属于某一主句的短语或从句，以上三例错把本应从属于某一主句的短语或从句，用句号分开，从而形成一个单独的部分，而这一部分用句号分开，从而形成一个单独的部分，而这一部分并非一个完整的句子。应改正为：并非一个完整的句子。应改正为：Actually,we can learn a lot of things besides what we have learnt in school.C

15、hapter Five:Sentence Problems 在英语句子写作中要在英语句子写作中要使句子成分在人称、数、使句子成分在人称、数、性等方面保持一致关性等方面保持一致关系在表达相同或相近的系在表达相同或相近的意思时所使用的语法结构意思时所使用的语法结构要保持一致违反了这个要保持一致违反了这个原则就会出现不一致句。原则就会出现不一致句。Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsIV.Non-coherent sentence（不一致句）（不一致句）Non-coherence in person 人称指代人称指代 不一致不一致Non-agreement of subjec

16、t and verb主谓不一致主谓不一致Non-coherence in tense or voice 时态或语态时态或语态不一致不一致Non-balance segments in parallel structures 并列结构并列结构 不一致不一致1234Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsIV.Non-coherent sentence（不一致句）（不一致句）If you are hungry,one can find some snacksin the refrigerator.(one应改为应改为you)When I was in high school,y

17、ou never knewwhat to expect.(you 应改为应改为I)A driver should never race your motor without awarm-up.(your应改为应改为his)Chapter Five:Sentence Problems Non-coherence in person （人称指代不一致）（人称指代不一致）When you live in a big city,you may feel lonely.When one lives in a big city,he may feel lonely.（或（或one may feel lon

18、ely.）在写作中应该特别注意在写作中应该特别注意 one 和和 you 之间的区别。之间的区别。One 常用于泛指，一般与第三人称单数互换，而常用于泛指，一般与第三人称单数互换，而You,常用于第二常用于第二人称，且常用于与某人直接对话中。人称，且常用于与某人直接对话中。Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsThose who wants to go home next week need to get his teachers permission first.(wants 应改为应改为want).Every man,woman,and child are entit

19、led to join in the group.(are应改为应改为is)Chapter Five:Sentence Problems2.Non-agreement of subject and verb(主谓不一致主谓不一致)Jane was trying to keep her balance but finally falls.I thought the university students will graduatesooner or later.（主句与从句时态不一致）（主句与从句时态不一致）3.Non-coherence in tense or voice(时态或语态时态或语态

20、 不一致不一致)Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsShirley won the first prize,while her brother was awarded the second.(主从句语态不一致)最好改为最好改为:Shirley won the first prize,while her brother got the second.Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsShe likes to knit,to sew and crocheting(用钩针编用钩针编织织).(不同类的语法结构并列不同类的语法结构并列)应改为应改为:Mr

21、.Smith is a lawyer,a politician and a teacher.Mr.Smith is a lawyer,a politician,and he teaches.(句子与短语并列句子与短语并列)应改为应改为:She likes to knit,to sew and to crochet.4.Non-balance segments in parallel structures (并列结构不一致并列结构不一致)Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsThe cost of traveling by air is much higher than t

22、raveling by train.(比较级中比较对象不一致比较级中比较对象不一致)应改为：应改为：The cost of traveling by air is much higher than that of traveling by train.Chapter Five:Sentence Problems 在句中做状语的分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语在句中做状语的分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语必须是一致的必须是一致的,否则就会造成逻辑上的不合理否则就会造成逻辑上的不合理,从而造成从而造成逻辑主语不一致的情况。这是一种常见的语法错误逻辑主语不一致的情况。这是一种常见的语法错误,称称为垂悬结

23、构。为垂悬结构。V.Dangling modifiers（垂悬修饰）（垂悬修饰）Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsDanglingInfinitiveModifiers不定式不定式悬垂悬垂 Dangling Participle Modifiers 分词短语分词短语垂悬垂悬Dangling prepositional phrases介词短语介词短语垂悬垂悬Danglingabbreviatedclauses省略性从省略性从垂悬垂悬1234Chapter Five:Sentence Problems V.Dangling modifiers（垂悬修饰）（垂悬修饰）To

24、conclude this meeting,three major points were restated by the monitor.可改为：可改为：To pass this exam,you must do this exercise.（修改主句部分，使主句具备合适的主语。（修改主句部分，使主句具备合适的主语。)To pass this exam,this exercise must be done.可改为：可改为：To conclude this meeting,the monitor restated three major points.1.Dangling Infinitive

25、 Modifiers（不定式悬垂）（不定式悬垂）Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsRunning down the street,my nose felt frozen.可改为：可改为：Having missed lessons for a week,we need a written excuse.(修改主句部分修改主句部分.）Having missed lessons for a week,a written excuse should be needed.可改为：可改为：When I was running down the street,my nose fel

26、t frozen.(将悬垂部分改为从句将悬垂部分改为从句.)2.Dangling Participle Modifiers(分词短语垂悬分词短语垂悬)Chapter Five:Sentence Problems或者：或者：After I had heard the news,my heart sank down.可改为：可改为：On hearing the news,I felt my heart sank down.On hearing the news,my heart sank down.After hiking all day,the mountain seemed no nearer

27、.（经过一天的跋涉，那座山似乎还是那么远。）（经过一天的跋涉，那座山似乎还是那么远。）3.Dangling prepositional phrases(介词短语垂悬介词短语垂悬)可改为：可改为：After we hiked all day,the mountain seemed nonearer.Chapter Five:Sentence Problems这种错误有两种改正方法：这种错误有两种改正方法：1）改变主句的主语：）改变主句的主语：While absorbed in reading,I heard a knock atthe door.2）将省略性从句恢复为完整的从句：）将省略性从句恢

28、复为完整的从句：When it was full of gas,he found the bike rodeuncomfortably.When full of gas,he found the bike rodeuncomfortably.While absorbed in reading,someone knocked at the door.4.Dangling abbreviated clauses(省略性从句垂悬省略性从句垂悬)Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsMy family have three people,my mother,my father a

29、nd I.应为：应为：Study hard and make progress every day.Good good study,day day up.（好好学习，天天向上）（好好学习，天天向上）应为：应为：There are three people in my family,my mother,my father and I.VI.Chinese English（汉语式表达）（汉语式表达）Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsThis morning has no classes.应为：应为：He answered a phone call.He received

30、a phone call.(他接了一个电话他接了一个电话)VI.Chinese English（汉语式表达）（汉语式表达）应为：应为：There are no classes this morning.Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsThere are many students want to study Japanese.(有很多学生想学日语有很多学生想学日语)应为：应为：My name is XXX,and I came from Xian,Shanxi province.My name is XXX,came from xian of Shanxi.VI.C

31、hinese English（汉语式表达）（汉语式表达）应为：应为：There are many students who want to study Japanese.Chapter Five:Sentence Problems应为：应为：Everybody may make mistakes.Nobody never makes mistakes.（没有人不犯错误。）（没有人不犯错误。）VI.Chinese English（汉语式表达）（汉语式表达）Chapter Five:Sentence Problems Frustration will trouble you or encourag

32、e you depending on your attitude.(挫折对你是困扰还是鼓舞决定于你的态度。挫折对你是困扰还是鼓舞决定于你的态度。)应为：应为：Whether frustration troubles you or encourages you is decided by your attitude.Wu Han is a very hot city in summer.VI.Chinese English（汉语式表达）（汉语式表达）应为：应为：It is very hot in Wuhan in summer.Chapter Five:Sentence Problems The

33、 students used computers study is veryrelaxed.应为：应为：Students study with the help of computers can be very relaxed.He every morning at six gets up VI.Chinese English（汉语式表达）（汉语式表达）应为：应为：He gets up at six every morning.Chapter Five:Sentence ProblemsStation use the computers sold the tickets.应为：应为：Compu

34、ters can be used in railway stations to sell tickets.Chapter Six:Sentence Writing PrinciplesII.The Coherence of a Sentence（句（句子的一致性）子的一致性）.The Unity of a Sentence（句子的统一性）（句子的统一性）Sentence Writing Principles 句子是一组表达一个完句子是一组表达一个完整而独立思想的词。一个句整而独立思想的词。一个句子通常只能表达一个主要思子通常只能表达一个主要思想。当在一个句子中表达两想。当在一个句子中表达两个思

35、想时，句子由两个子句个思想时，句子由两个子句构成，根据两个思想的关系，构成，根据两个思想的关系，决定两个子句的关系，即遵决定两个子句的关系，即遵循句法统一性原则。循句法统一性原则。Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles.The Unity of a Sentence（句子的统一性）（句子的统一性）平行原则平行原则 对等原则对等原则 Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles隔离原则隔离原则主从原则主从原则1.The Unity of a Sentence （句子的统一性）（句子的统一性）Mary has complet

36、ed two math courses,but she must still take calculus（微积分）.Students may live in the dormitories or they may live in off-campus housing.如果一个句子要表达两个同等重要的思想，通常由如果一个句子要表达两个同等重要的思想，通常由 两两 个并列子句分别表达，并列子句之间相互独立，互个并列子句分别表达，并列子句之间相互独立，互 不隶属。不隶属。Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles1.对等原则对等原则George is a pain

37、ter.Anyhow,I want to sleep now.George is a painter and I wantto sleep now.(X)如果两个思想完全不相关，则一定要用句号把 他们隔开。Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles2.隔离原则隔离原则You have to get up earlier if you want to get to school on time.The telephone rang while I washaving lunch.当一个句子表达的两个思想有主次之分时，句子由主要子句（主句）和次要子句（从句）构成

38、，主句表达主要思想，从句表达次要思想。Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles3.主从原则主从原则I drove onto a tree because I was blinded（使看不见）by the sun.We felt an earthquake tremor（颤动）while we were eating lunch.注意：意思有主从关系的句子，位置不能颠倒，否则意思错乱、不合逻辑。We were eating lunch while we felt an earthquake tremor.(X)（强调重点转移）I was blinded b

39、y the sun because I drove onto a tree.(X)（逻辑不合常理）Chapter Six:Sentence Writing PrinciplesThe corporation gathers,edits and synthesizes（综合）information.(动词平行)1)单词平行单词平行 平行原则是指用类似的语法形式来表达类似的概念，即在一个句子或一组句子中重复出现的相同或类似概念必须具有相同或类似的语法结构。The doctor suggested plenty of food,rest,and exercise(excising X).（名词平行）

40、Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles4.平行原则平行原则The latest self-correcting typewriter works easily,speedily,and noiselessly.（副词平行）The new personal computer is the most important,useful,and exciting electronic product of today.(形容词平行)The companys buyers sat in the conference roomwith the sales repre

41、sentative,both listening andtalking.（分词平行）Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles They had their choice of watching television,goingshopping,or eating out.(动名词短语平行)2）短语平行）短语平行If you want to learn a foreign language well,you should try to think in the language and to speak the language as much as pos

42、sible.（不定式平行）Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles They searched for the books in the living room,in the bedroom,and in the garage.（介词短语平行）I passed my time in the train compartment,eatingmy lunch and talking with the other passengers.（分词短语平行）Chapter Six:Sentence Writing PrinciplesThey are looking

43、for a house that has four bedroomsand that sits on a hillside lot（地段）（地段）.（定语从句平行）（定语从句平行）3)从句平行从句平行If you leave a note or if you telephone,I willget your message.（状语从句平行）Our instructor suggested that we read severalsupplementary books and that we do researchon the subject.（宾语从句平行）Chapter Six:Senten

44、ce Writing Principles 一致性是英语句子必须遵循的法则之一。一致性是指句子成分或词语之间在人称、数、性等方面保持一致关系。句子的一致性主要表现为：主谓一致主谓一致 代词一致代词一致 主补一致主补一致 宾补一致宾补一致 时态一致时态一致II.The Coherence of a Sentence（句子的一致性）（句子的一致性）Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles时态一致原则时态一致原则 主补一致原则主补一致原则 主谓一致原则主谓一致原则 Chapter Six:Sentence Writing PrinciplesII.The Coh

45、erence of a Sentence（句子的一致性）（句子的一致性）代词一致原则代词一致原则 1)语法一致原则语法一致原则 指句子谓语部分必须与主语中心词在单、复数形式上保持一致。Her job has something to do with computers.注意下面几个句子：More than one student is punished.（不止一个学 生遭处罚。）More students than one are punished.（不止一个学生遭处罚。）More than two hundred people have turned out at the meeting.C

46、hapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles主谓一致原则主谓一致原则 2)就近一致原则就近一致原则 当句子的中主语由or,etheror,netheror,not onlybut also,no one except 连接时时，谓语部分只与最近的主语部分保持一致。Either my grandsons or their father is coming.No one except his daughters agree with him.Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for holidays.

47、Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles 3)意义一致原则意义一致原则 并列名词的谓语一般用复数，但当并列名词在意义上指同一个人（物）时，谓语部分则按意义一致原则采用单数形式。Whisky and soda is always my favorite drink.The secretary and accountant of the company was absent at the meeting.(秘书、会计为同一人)Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles4）集体名词的主谓一致原则）集体名词的主谓一致原则 集体名

48、词如：the police,people,public,crew,cattle,poultry等作主语，谓语用复数。有些集体名词若着眼于整体，谓语用单数；若表示集体中的各个成员谓语则用复数。Poultry are raised everywhere by the farmers.The football team is playing very well.（这个足球队踢得不错。）The football team are having baths.（这个足球队的队员们正在洗澡。）Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles 5）集体中个体的主谓一致原则集体中个

49、体的主谓一致原则 主语若表示集体中的单个人或物，即由no,each,every,many a等修饰时，谓语则用单数形式。Every teacher（and student）agrees with the schoolmaster.Each boy（and each girl）was congratulated.Many a boy and(many a)girl has made the same mistake.Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles 6）主语为并列结构的主谓一致原则主语为并列结构的主谓一致原则 在“the+adj.+and the+a

50、dj.+单数名词”中，省略了第一个形容词后的名词，表示两部分内容；若去掉结构中第二个“the”，则表示同一部分内容，句子的谓语形式取决于结构所表达的单复数意义。The tenth and the last chapter are written by Jack.The tenth and last chapter is written by Jack.Chapter Six:Sentence Writing Principles 7）带从属主语的主谓一致原则带从属主语的主谓一致原则 我们经常用with,as much as,along with,together with,no less th