1、眼 睑 与 泪 器 病眼 睑 病Disease of the eyelids目的与要求 了解眼睑的解剖特点及其与临床的关系 掌握睑腺病的分类、鉴别诊断及治疗原则 熟悉睑缘炎的分类、体征和治疗 掌握眼睑位置异常的病因及处理办法 内容 眼睑的组织解剖及功能 睑腺疾病 Chalazion Hordeolum Blepharitis 眼睑肿瘤 眼睑及睫毛位置异常 Entropion Trichiasis Ectropion Ptosis Lagophthalmos眼睑的组织解剖及功能 保护眼球 睑裂高度平视时约8mm,上睑遮盖角膜上部12mm。内眦、外眦、泪湖、泪阜 睑缘、前唇、后唇、灰线 皮脂腺、M
2、oll腺、睑板腺 泪小点 眼睑分五层 皮肤层:最薄 皮下组织层:易水肿 肌层:眼轮匝肌:面神经 提上睑肌:动眼神经 Mller 肌:交感神经 纤维层:睑板和眶隔 睑结膜层 眼睑感觉神经:三叉神经睑板腺囊肿 Chalazion 睑板腺开口阻塞分泌物潴留慢性炎症性肉芽肿形成外有纤维结缔组织包裹的囊肿 临床表现 无痛性硬结 可继发感染 治疗 小的无需治疗 大的手术切除 鉴别诊断 老年人复发性chalazion需除外睑板腺癌睑腺炎 Hordeolum眼睑腺体急性感染性炎症病原体:金葡菌多见分类 内睑腺炎:睑板腺-长在结膜面,被睑板腺局限,疼痛明显 外睑腺炎:Zeiss or Molls 腺-长在皮肤面
3、,肿明显,疼痛较内睑腺炎轻临床表现 红肿痛治疗 抗生素 热敷 切开引流(内睑腺炎做垂直于睑缘的切口以减少对睑板腺的破坏,外睑腺炎做平行于睑缘的切口以减少瘢痕形成)睑缘炎 Blepharitis 鳞屑性睑缘炎 Squamous Blepharitis 溃疡性睑缘炎 Ulcerative Blepharitis 眦部睑缘炎 Angular Blepharitis鳞屑性睑缘炎 Squamous Blepharitis Seborrheic Blepharitis Fungus infection 临床表现 Irritation Burning Itching Red-rimmed Scales 治疗
4、 Clean Antibiotics and steroid drops溃疡性睑缘炎 Ulcerative Blepharitis 金葡菌感染 临床表现 Irritation Ulcer Scar Less lashes 治疗 Clean Antibiotics眦部睑缘炎 Angular blepharitis 莫-阿双杆菌 临床表现 Itching Irritation Red-rimmed 治疗 0.3%硫酸锌?睑内翻 Entropion&倒睫 Trichiasis Involutional entropion Spastic entropion Senile entropion Cica
5、tricial entropion Congenital entropion Impingement of eyelashes on the cornea Caused by entropion,blepharitis,epiblepharon,simple misdirected growth,etc.Symptoms:Irritation Treatment:Entropion:surgery Trichiasis:plucking睑外翻 Ectropion Involutional ectropion Cicatricial ectropion Paralytic ectropion S
6、ymptoms Tearing and irritation Exposure keratitis Treatment Surgery上睑下垂 Ptosis 上睑部分或全部不能提起 Classification Levator maldevelopment Other types of myogenic ptosis Aponeurotic ptosis Neurogenic ptosis Mechanical ptosis Apparent ptosis 影响 外观 功能:弱视 治疗:手术眼睑闭合不全 Lagophthalmos 眼睑不能完全闭合 继发于眼睑疾病或眼球突出 Bell现象 Ex
7、posure keratitis 治疗 对因:治疗原发病 对症:大量眼药膏眼睑肿瘤 Tumors of the eyelids Benign Hemangioma Nevus Xanthelasma Malignant Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Carcinoma of meibomian glands泪器病Disease of the lacrimal apparatus目的与要求 了解泪器的解剖及泪液的生理功能 熟悉泪道阻塞的检察法 掌握急慢性泪囊炎的诊断及处理内容 泪器的解剖 泪道病 泪道阻塞 泪囊炎 新生儿泪囊炎 泪腺病泪
8、器的解剖 泪液分泌系统 睑板腺 泪腺 副泪腺 结膜杯状细胞 泪液排出系统 泪小点 泪小管 泪总管 泪囊 鼻泪管泪膜 Tear film 含量7ul,厚度7um 分3层 脂质层:睑板腺、Zeiss腺 水样层:泪腺、副泪腺 粘液层:结膜杯状细胞 功能:润滑眼表,提供光滑的光学面 湿润及保护角膜及结膜上皮 抑制微生物生长 机械冲刷 抗菌成分 向角膜提供营养物质眼轮匝肌的“泪液泵”作用 闭眼眼轮匝肌压迫泪小管和泪囊泪囊中泪液进入鼻腔睁眼眼轮匝肌松弛泪小管和泪囊弹性扩张腔内形成负压泪液通过泪小点被吸入泪小管和泪囊 正确的点眼药水方法?泪膜破裂时间 BUTSchirmers test泪道阻塞 主要症状:T
9、earing Epiphora or lacrimation 辅助诊断方法:泪道冲洗试验 不同部位阻塞的特点泪囊炎 Dacryocystitis 鼻泪管阻塞继发感染 金葡多见 急性泪囊炎 红肿热痛 Epiphora 脓性分泌物 慢性泪囊炎 Epiphora 粘液或脓性分泌物 治疗:急性期:antibiotics 慢性期:手术,目的?术式选择?新生儿泪囊炎 Neonatal dacryocystitis 鼻泪管下端膜状物残留先天性鼻泪管阻塞新生儿泪囊炎 临床表现:Epiphora Purulent secretion Redness 治疗:按摩 探通急性泪腺炎Acute dacryoadenit
10、is 少见 多为金葡感染 症状 上睑外侧红肿疼痛 分泌物增多 可伴随全身症状 治疗 抗生素 脓肿形成:切开排脓谢谢ChalazionHordeolumChalazionSquamous blepharitisSeborrheic blepharitisSquamous blepharitisUlcerative blepharitisInvolution entropion&TrichiasisInvolutional entropion&TrichiasisCicatricial entropionEpiblepharon&TrichiasisCicatricial ectropionInv
11、olutional ectropionParalytic ectropionPtosisTrichiasis LagophthalmosTear filmDacryocystitisNeonatal dacryocystitis结 膜 疾 病Disease of the conjunctiva目的与要求 了解结膜的解剖 熟悉各种充血的特点及其临床意义 掌握细菌及病毒引起的急性结膜炎,并了解春季结膜炎 认识沙眼的危害及其传播途径,掌握沙眼的诊断和鉴别诊断、并发症及防治办法 了解结膜干燥症、翼状胬肉的分类及处理原则内容 结膜的解剖 结膜炎总论 细菌性结膜炎 急性卡他性结膜炎 慢性卡他性结膜炎 淋菌
12、性结膜炎 衣原体性结膜炎 变态反应性结膜炎 泡性眼炎 春季卡他性结膜炎 病毒性结膜炎 流行性角结膜炎 流行性出血性结膜炎 结膜干燥症 结膜变性及其他结膜病结膜的解剖 半透明粘膜组织 分三部分 睑结膜 球结膜 穹隆结膜 血管 眼睑动脉弓结膜后动脉 眼动脉肌支睫状前动脉角膜缘血管网结膜上穹窿结膜上穹窿结膜囊结膜囊结膜下穹窿结膜下穹窿结膜充血和睫状充血的鉴别结膜充血睫状充血鲜红色深红色近穹隆明显近角膜缘明显可随结膜移动不随结膜移动滴0.1%肾上腺素消失滴0.1%肾上腺素不消失结膜炎,干眼症,睑缘炎等角膜炎,前葡萄膜炎炎,青光眼等The Red Eye混合充血睫状充血结膜充血General descr
13、iption of conjunctivitis The most common ocular disorder Etiology Infection of microorganism Physical injuries Chemical injuries Allergic disorder Immunological disorder Nutritional deficiencyGeneral description of conjunctivitis classification According to the cause Bacterial,chlamydial,viral,funga
14、l,allergic conjunctivitis According to the course Acute,subacute and chronicGeneral description of conjunctivitisClinical manifestation 症状 异物感、烧灼感、痒 如果累及角膜会出现流泪、眼痛、畏光 体征 结膜充血和水肿 分泌物增多 细菌性:脓性、粘液性 病毒性:水性、浆液性 过敏性:拉丝状General description of conjunctivitisClinical manifestation 体征 结膜下出血 睑结膜上皮细胞的乳头样增生 淋巴滤泡
15、形成 结膜下淋巴细胞聚集,多见于衣原体性结膜炎或药物性结膜炎General description of conjunctivitisClinical manifestation 体征 睑结膜伪膜或白膜的形成 睑结膜纤维蛋白大量渗出 伪膜:婴幼儿,腺病毒、新生儿、链球菌性结膜 真性白膜:白喉性结膜炎 耳前淋巴结肿大 病毒性结膜炎General description of conjunctivitisExamination and diagnosis Clinical examination Cytologic examination Smear of conjunctiva and scal
16、ing smear of conjunctiva Bacteriological examination Bacterial culture and drug sensitive test Virus isolation and its antigenic detectionGeneral description of conjunctivitisPrinciple treatment General principles Remove pathogenic cause Take local phamacotherapy as major Systemic treatment as suppl
17、ement if necessary Instillation of eyedrops Instillation of ointment Washing of conjunctival sac Systemic treatment Prevention Bacterial conjunctivitis Acute catarrhal conjunctivitis Chronic catarrhal conjunctivitis Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis急性卡他性结膜炎 俗称:红眼病,好发于春秋季节,散发或流行 临床特点 急性发作(潜伏期1-3天)双
18、眼发病 流泪、异物感、烧灼感等 结膜充血,脓性分泌物,眼睑肿胀,结膜下点状出血 病程:2周 治疗 预防慢性卡他性结膜炎 Etiology Bacterial infection Acute-chronic or infection of bacterial with weak toxicity Non-infectious(多见)Environment factors Dust Chemical smoke or gas Irritating eye drugs刺激性的眼部用药 Complicated from other disordersChronic catarrhal conjunct
19、ivitis 临床特点 慢性起病,双眼发病 痒、异物感、视疲劳或无症状 结膜水肿 粘液性分泌物 乳头和滤泡增生 Treatment Give management according to different causes 淋球菌性结膜炎 感染力强、破坏性大的超急性化脓性结膜炎 Etiology:淋病双球菌 成人:自体感染 儿童:接触感染 新生儿:产道感染Gonococcal conjunctivitis Clinical findings 潜伏期:10h-2,3d,acute onset 眼刺痛、畏光、流泪 眼睑肿胀 睑结膜和球结膜水肿 Secretion:serous-bloody-pur
20、ulent 浓漏眼 假膜形成 耳前淋巴结肿大及压痛 角膜溃疡和穿孔Gonococcal conjunctivitis Diagnosis Clinical findings Lab examination(Gram stain,G-diplococcus)Treatment topical and systemic one is the same important Prevention Be isolated to avoid infection and epidemic衣原体性结膜炎沙眼 衣原体是介于细菌和病毒之间的一种病原体 沙眼衣原体:抗原型:ABCBa DEFGHIJK 沙眼 泌尿生
21、殖系统感染 包涵体结膜炎 衣原体对四环素和红霉素敏感Trachoma(沙眼)一类慢性感染性的角膜结膜炎 由于睑结膜粗糙不平呈砂砾状而得名 Our country:before 1950s:致盲的首要病因 1955:separated the pathogen after 1970s:decreased greatly now:remote districts Developing countries of the Asian-African areaTrachoma(clinical findings)好发于儿童和青少年,双眼急性或亚急性发病 潜伏期:5-14d(children),7d(av
22、erage)Acute or subacute stage(1-2mon):畏光、流泪、异物感 睑结膜和球结膜水肿 粘稠丝状分泌物 乳头增生、滤泡形成 角膜上皮炎 治愈后无瘢痕形成Trachoma(clinical findings)Chronic stage:superinfections or concomitant bacterial infections Conjunctival hyperemia Ropy secretion Papillary hyperplasia,follicles in upper fornix and palpebral conjunctiva conju
23、nctival thickening scar white luster like tenden Corneal epithelitis Trachomatous pannusTrachoma(classification)I Stage progressive stage papillae and follicles,upper fornix is blurred,corneal panus II Stage regressive stage scar,a little active lesion III Stage complete scar,no active cicatricial s
24、tage lesion and infectivityChlamydial conjunctivitisTrachoma(后遗症和并发症)睑内翻和倒睫 睑缘炎 睑球粘连(小穹隆结膜)实质性结膜干燥症 慢性泪囊炎 角膜血管翳Chlamydial conjunctivitisTrachoma(diagnosis)1)上睑结膜和穹隆结膜污秽充血,乳头增生和/或滤泡形成 2)角膜血管翳 3)瘢痕形成 4)沙眼包涵体Diagnosis on the basis of the first plus one of other three antigenic testTrachoma(differential
25、 diagnosis)慢性滤泡性结膜炎 1)滤泡多见于下睑结膜和下穹隆结膜,不融合,透明,结膜不增厚 2)无瘢痕和角膜血管翳形成春季结膜炎 1)滤泡大而扁平,上睑结膜不受累 2)没有角膜血管翳 3)分泌物涂片可见嗜酸性粒细胞包涵体结膜炎 1)下睑结膜和下穹隆结膜的滤泡 2)无角膜血管翳和瘢痕Trachoma(treatment)局部 四环素,红霉素 全身 磺胺嘧啶,利福平 手术:后遗症和并发症 SAFE原则 Surgery Antibiotic Facial cleanliness Environmental improvement过敏性结膜炎(春季结膜炎)Vernal conjunctivi
26、tis(spring catarrh)季节性疾病,也叫春季结膜炎,好发于20岁以下的青少年(男性更多),常于温暖的春季和夏季发生,双侧发病,每年复发 病因不清,与免疫反应相关(一型超敏反应)致敏原:植物花粉、灰尘、动物皮屑、羽毛、阳光、气温、微生物的致敏成分Allergic conjunctivitisVernal conjunctivitis(Clinical findings)Symptom:奇痒 Sign 1)睑结膜型 上睑结膜乳头铺路石样增生,分泌物中可检出嗜酸性粒细胞 2)角结膜缘型常见于黑人,角膜缘有黄褐色或污红色胶样增生,以上方角膜缘明显3)混合型Allergic conjunc
27、tivitisVernal conjunctivitis Treatment:1)self-limited,no vision affected 2)general treatment:keep away proble sensitinogen 3)medical treatment:natrii cromoglycas肥大细胞稳定剂-色甘酸二钠 corticosteroid 其他药物对春季卡他型结膜炎的效果都很差,病程短,激素副作用不明显(激素青光眼)Allergic conjunctivitis Immediated allergic antigen:pollen,contact lens
28、,etc.Delayed one:various drug Clinical findings:immediate type:dermatitis of palpebral skin,blepharitis,mild infiltrative conjunctivitisAllergic conjunctivitis Lab examination(临床不做)degenerative epithelial cell,few polynuclear cells and mononuclear cells in secretion Treatment:1)find out and get rid
29、of sensitinogen 2)corticosteroid 3)3%boric solution 4)anti-allergic agentsAllergic conjunctivitisphlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis泡性角结膜炎 Etiology 微生物蛋白导致的迟发型超敏反应 常见于肺炎杆菌和金葡菌的感染 Clinical findings 球结膜或角膜缘处出现疱疹样结节 Treatment 局部点激素Viral conjunctivitisEpidemic keratoconjunctivitis流行性角膜结膜炎 急性起病,传染性强,可以散发或大
30、流行 Etiology:腺病毒,type 8,19,29 and 37.Viral conjunctivitisEpidemic keratoconjunctivitis(EKC)Clinical findings 潜伏期:5-7d 异物感、痒、痛、畏光、流泪 眼睑水肿,结膜充血,球结膜水肿,少或水样分泌物,睑结膜和穹隆结膜的滤泡形成,耳前淋巴结肿大和压痛 一般1-2周自愈 恶化:点灶状角膜上皮炎 Viral conjunctivitisEpidemic keratoconjunctivitis Diagnosis:急性滤泡性结膜炎 点灶状角膜上皮炎耳前淋巴结肿大及压痛结膜刮片可见大量单核细胞
31、,有假膜形成时,中性粒细胞数量增加。Treatment:no specific drug Antiviral:topical(mainly)and systemic-acyclic AntibioticViral conjunctivitisEpidemic hemorrhagic conjunctivitis流行性出血性结膜炎 暴发流行的自限性眼部传染病,又称“阿波罗11号结膜炎”Etiology 70型肠道病毒 偶由A24型柯萨奇病毒Viral conjunctivitisEpidemic hemorrhagic conjunctivitis Clinical findings Incub
32、ation period:24hr Ill course:self-limited,10d or shorter 眼红、眼痛、畏光、流泪、异物感 眼睑和结膜红肿,水样分泌物,睑结膜滤泡增殖,球结膜的不均匀出血,耳前淋巴结肿大 点灶状角膜上皮炎l诊断:急性滤泡性结膜炎+显著的结膜下出血+耳前淋巴结肿大l治疗:无特殊治疗,呈自限性病程。Tears,tears film and xerosis泪液 主要由睑板腺、泪腺副泪腺和结膜杯状细胞分泌.Volume:5-9ul Major organic component:protein albumin,globulin,lysozyme溶菌酶 immuno
33、globulin(IgA,IgG,IgE)Main ions:K+Na+Cl-A little Lipin,glucose,urea PH:5.20-8.35(7.35)Isotonic等渗Tears,tears film and xerosis泪膜 Tear film Tears form a thin layer(about 7-10um thick),composed three layers:lipid,watery,mucous layer.Functions Cover and fill in corneal surface,to make the cornea be a smoo
34、th optic interface Moisten and protect corneal and conjunctival epithelium Inhibit the growth of microorganism through mechanical and antimicrobic effect Supply necessary nutrient to the corneaTears,tears film and xerosis原发性泪液分泌功能障碍 泪膜任意成分异常,泪液的分泌减少,泪液的分布及稳定性异常 摩擦感、异物感、眼干、烧灼感 结膜充血,粘液丝状分泌物,乳头增生,纤维素性角
35、膜炎 Schirmer test,rupture time of the tear film,fluorescein staining of corneal epitheliumTears,tears film and xerosis结膜干燥症 上皮干燥 维生素A缺乏,合并有角膜上皮干燥时称为干眼症 结膜实质性干燥 由典型的视觉紊乱导致 1)结膜瘢痕干燥症 2)暴露性角结膜干燥 干燥性角结膜炎 自身免疫病,Sjogren syndromeTears,tears film and xerosisXerosis of conjunctiva Treatment:1)etiological trea
36、tment 2)treatment against deficiency of tear secretionOther common conjunctival disorders翼状胬肉 Etiology:unclear,outdoor work Clinical findings:1)球结膜肥厚,结膜下的纤维血管组织呈三角形向角膜生长 2)由头颈体三部分构成,无明显分界线 3)进展性(胬肉充血肥厚),静止性(胬肉呈灰白色,膜状)4)与假性胬肉鉴别:后者是由于外伤、手术或炎症导致角膜和结膜粘连在一起,其可以发生在结膜的任何部位,没有明显的头颈体结构,既往有明确的外伤、炎症史,且下方可以被探针通
37、过 Treatment:operationOther common conjunctival disorders睑裂斑睑裂斑 紫外线导致的球结膜退行性损害 Clinical findings:靠近角膜缘的黄白色上皮下沉积物 Treatment:no neededOther common conjunctival disorders结膜下出血 系球结膜下血管破裂或血管壁通透性增加 Causes:injury,severe cough,conjunctival inflammation,hypertension,arteriosclerosis,nephritis,hemotopathy,infe
38、ctious diseases Treatment:1)find out the cause 2)good explanationOther common conjunctival disorders结膜结石 睑结膜结石 老年人或有慢性结膜炎者 黄白色沉积物 Treatment:no need be rejected谢谢Acute catarrhal conjunctivitisAcute catarrhal conjunctivitisChronic catarrhal conjunctivitisGonococcal conjunctivitisGonococcal conjunctivitisEpidemic keratoconjunctivitis EKCGram-negative intracellular diplococciTrachoma Stage IITrachoma papillary hyperplasiaTrachoma Stage I Trachoma Stage IIITrachoma-Corneal pannusTrachoma corneal pannusTrachoma ScarEpidemic hemorrhage conjunctivitisPterygiumSubconjunctival hemorrhage
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