1、急性颅脑损伤的急性颅脑损伤的CT和和MRI福建医科大学附属第一医院影像科曹代荣外伤性脑损伤(Traumatic Brain Injury,TBI)o 概念:由外伤导致的颅内损害。o 超过110万人/年美国人因TBI急诊科就诊,23.55万人/年需住院,43%有终身残疾,超过5万人/年死亡。o 临床TBI分类:轻度-15GCS12.中度-12GCS8.重度-8GCS.(GCS-Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)GCS是一种根据患者运动、言语及眼功能评分总和。Canadian Head CT RuleoCT head is required for individuals with m
2、inor head injury and one of the follow criteria:High risk neurosurgical interventionoGCS of less than 15 at 2 hrs after insultoSuspected depressed or open skull fractureoSigns of basiliar skull fracture(CSF leak,hemotympanum,periorbital or mastoid ecchymosis)oAt least two episodes of emesisoAt least
3、 65 years ageMedium risk for imaging finding of brain injuryoAmnesia for events prior to insultoDangerous mechanism(pedestrian vs.auto,motor vehicle ejection,fall from height of at least 3 feet or down at least 5 stairsMinor head injury is defined as definite loss of consciousness,confusion or amnes
4、ia in a patient with a GCS of 13-15.Summary of Modality Usage in Traumatic Brain Injury(TBI)Imaging Modality Indication in TBISkull radiographs .Not recommended in TBIComputed tomography .Triage of acute TBI meeting indications such as the Cnandian head CT Rule.CT angiography(CTA)in suspected vascul
5、ar injury .Evaluation of skull fractureMagnetic resonance .Acute TBI where neurologic finding not explained by CT .Subacute and chronic TBI .MR angiography(MRA)for suspected dissection or other vascular injury .Diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI)sequences for infarct and diffuse axonal injury(DAI).Susce
6、ptibility-weighted imaging (SWI)sequences for DAIAdvanced modalities .Diffusion tensor imaging(DTI),MR spectroscopy,position emission tomography(PET),single-photon emission tomography(SPECT)have not yet demonstrated clinical utility,although they may have long-term prognostic value in subacute and c
7、hronic TBI.急性TBI分类o 原发性损伤o 继发性损伤急性原发性损伤o 闭合性损伤:轻型损伤和弥漫性轴索损伤、脑挫伤和脑干损伤o 颅骨骨折o 轴外血肿:硬膜外血肿、硬膜下血肿、蛛网膜下腔出血和脑室内积血o 轴内损伤:穿透性损伤、脑实质内血肿o 血管损伤:动脉夹层、动脉瘤、假性动脉瘤、颈动脉海绵窦瘘男,34岁,脑外伤14小时,神志模糊,浅昏迷。颅脑外伤MRI检查应常规行SWI序列扫描男,2岁,高处坠落致人事不省8天。CT仅显示双侧额部硬膜下积液。同前病人MRIT1WIT2WISWI脑挫裂伤o 脑挫裂伤是指颅脑外伤所致的脑组织器质性损伤。多发生于着力点及其附近,也可发生于对冲部位,常并发
8、蛛网膜下腔出血。病理改变:局部脑水肿、坏死、液化及多发散在小出血灶。o 临床表现:头痛、恶心、呕吐和意识障得等。脑挫裂伤o CT表现:脑内低密度区,散布斑点状高密度出血灶,伴有占位效应。数目和范围不等,有的表现为广泛性脑水肿或脑内出血。o MRI表现:脑水肿T1W呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈高信号;脑血肿T1WI和T2WI均呈高信号。MR0224017,男,39岁,头部外伤1天CT0491651,男,42岁,外伤致人事不省3小时颅骨骨折o 线样骨折o 凹陷性骨折o 颅底骨折线性骨折凹陷性骨折颅底骨折男,39岁,头部外伤后头晕12小时。MRI能清晰显示颅骨骨折右侧额叶内血肿硬膜外血肿o 颅骨内板与
9、硬膜间血液积聚。o 最常见于颞骨鳞部骨折致脑膜中动脉撕裂。o CT:颅骨内板下双凸透镜高密度影,界清,不跨颅缝,但可跨中线和天幕。o 急性期血肿内低密度意味着活动性动脉溢血。后枕部活动性出血MR0225162,女,46岁,外伤致头晕头痛1天余男,24岁,外伤后人事不省。硬膜外血肿跨中线,但不跨颅缝。CT0492363A,男,44岁,外伤后头痛一天硬膜下血肿o 硬膜内层与蛛网膜间桥静脉撕裂。o 常发生于钝性头部外伤或对冲伤。o CT:颅骨内板下方新月形高信号影,跨颅缝,不跨中线和天幕。o 等密度硬膜下血肿易于漏诊,MRI优于CT。o 双侧对照和占位效应是识别的关键。硬膜下血肿不跨中线但跨颅缝。亚
10、急性和慢性硬膜下血肿MRI优于CTMR0222104,男,65岁,外伤后反复头痛3月CT平扫慢性硬膜下血肿蛛网膜下腔出血和脑室内血肿o 蛛网膜下腔出血是蛛网膜静脉损伤或由邻近的硬膜下或脑实质血肿直接蔓延。o CT:脑池和脑沟高密度。o MRI:FLAIR序列上显示清晰。男,43岁,头部外伤神志朦胧2周蛛网膜下腔出血7天后MRI显示较CT清晰2012-7-8-22:09血肿增大,临床症状加重血肿增大,临床症状加重2012.07.08.21:30出现癫痫发作1次,小便失禁,神志转为浅昏迷状态 急性继发性损伤1、水肿:CT低密度;FLAIR或T2WI高信号o 充血:表现为脑沟、脑池及脑室消失而灰白质
11、分界存在。o 细胞毒性水肿:CT低密度;弥散受限,DWI高信号,灰白质分界消失。o 血管源性水肿:CT低密度;弥散增加,DWI低信号2、疝和梗死o 大脑镰下疝:同侧大脑前动脉梗死o 钩回疝:同侧大脑后动脉梗死o 天幕疝:o 小脑扁桃体下疝:小脑下后动脉梗死 平扫CT能很好地显示脑疝,DWI有助于显示梗死,T2*WI、SWI能显示脑干出血。男,24岁,外伤后人事不省。外伤性血管损伤o 颈内动脉海绵窦瘘o 动脉夹层o 动脉瘤o 假性动脉瘤女,12岁,头部外伤术后人事不省13天。同侧海绵窦扩大伴眼上静脉扩张。CTACTAT2WI(同前病例)右侧颈内动脉海绵窦瘘右侧颞叶挫裂伤,右颞骨缺损伴脑膨出。女,
12、45岁,外伤后左眼球突出一周余男,45岁,头部外伤后反复喷射性鼻出血半月,再发9小时左侧颈内动脉C2-3段假性动脉瘤,突向左侧蝶窦内,动脉瘤开口近眼动脉开口。男,43岁,脑外伤后下睑出血15天男,57岁,外伤后头痛、头晕10小时余 CT0488589,男,42岁,外伤后头痛半天余静脉窦血栓形成CT0495213A,女,4岁,头部外伤后头痛4天上矢状窦后部受压变窄CT平扫男,27,颅脑外伤2个月左侧硬膜下血肿?左额头皮血肿?男,31岁,右侧额部头皮血肿,右侧额顶叶脑挫裂伤?男,31岁,四肢抽搐4小时。病史至关重要-颅内原发病灶继发性外伤,。右额顶叶胶质瘤 个人浅见,仅供参考o 与时俱进,掌握影像技术最新进展及临床应用。o 熟悉和掌握正常解剖和正常解剖影像表现是做好影像科医生的必备条件。o 了解疾病的病理改变和疾病演变过程有助于理解疾病的影像征象和随访过程中影像学变化。o 阅片看申请单再重点阅片书写报告。o 正常报告片比异常报告片更要多看几眼!Thank you for your attention!
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