1、Demographic groupPrevalence(pretest probability)OddsCircumcised boys 1 yr1 percent.01(1 in 100)Circumcised boys 1 yr2 percent.02(1 in 50)Black girls4 percent.04(1 in 25)Uncircumcised boys 2 yr8 percent.09(1 in 12)White girls 2 yr16 percent.19(1 in 5)Data from:Hoberman,A,Chao,HP,Keller,DM,et al.Preva
2、lence of urinary tract infection in febrile infants.J Pediatr 1993;123:17.Shaw,KN,Gorelick,M,McGowan,KL,et al.Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department.Pediatrics 1998;102:e16.Method of urine collectionDiagnostic thresholdClean-catch in voiding girls
3、100,000 CFU per mL10,000 100,000 repeat cultureClean-catch in voiding boys10,000 CFU per mLCatheter10,000 CFU1,000 10,000 repeat cultureSuprapubic aspirationAny colonies of GNRsMore than a few thousand GPCsHillerstein S.Recurrent urinary tract infections in children.Pediatr Infect Dis 1982;1:275.Hob
4、erman A,Wald ER,Hickey RW,Baskin M,Charron M,Majd M,et al.Oral versus initial intravenous therapy for urinary tract infections in young febrile children.Pediatrics 1999;104:79-86.Baker PC,Nelson DS,Schunk JE.The addition of ceftriaxone to oral therapy does not improve outcome in febrile children wit
5、h urinary tract infections.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:135-9.Committee on Quality Improvement,Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection.Practice parameter:the diagnosis,treatment,and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children.published corrections app
6、ear in Pediatrics 2000;105:141,1999;103:1052,and 1999;104:118.Pediatrics 1999;103:843-52.Zamir G,Sakran W,Horowitz Y,Koren A,Miron D.Urinary tract infection:is there a need for routine renal ultrasonography?Arch Dis Child 2004;89:466-8Dick PT.Annual Meeting of Canadian Pediatric Society,June 12-16,2
7、002.Pediatric Notes 2002;26(27):105Nuutinen M,Uhari M.Recurrence and follow-up after urinary tract infection under the age of 1 year.Pediatr Nephrol 2001;16:69-72Cooper CS,et al.The outcome of stopping prophylactic antibiotics in older children with vesicoureteral reflux.J Urol 2000 Jan;163(1):269-72;discussion 272-3.Up To Date accessed September 12,2007Elder JS,et al.Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Guidelines Panel summary report on the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children,J Urol 1997 May;157(5):1846-51.
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