托福阅读专题插入题课件.ppt

1、InsertTextQuestion byMaxine 1 2 3 Introduction Tips Clue 1指代关系 4 Clue 2逻辑关系 5 Clue 3结构关系 Introduction 1.设置在文章的倒数第二题 2.出题会确保不会因为这个缺失的句子而影响到全文的大意，缺少的这个句子是可有可无的 3.出题原理：指代线索/逻辑线索/组织结构和语义线索 Tips?做句子插入题必须先读句子而非先读段落?找线索词并积极对插入句上下文做预测?从第一个小黑方块前一句话开始读，逐一代入进行验证?插入句必须满足前后两条线索，先前再后。（先用前线索再看后线索）?Some companies i

2、n the power industry are aware of this wider possibility and are planning sizable wind-farm projects in states other than California.?有些能源行业的公司意识到了这个更大的可能性，正在计划在美国除了加州以外的州建立大型的风力发电站项目。?Since 1980,the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly.In 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind tu

3、rbines worldwide,most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000 megawatts of electricity.Most were in Denmark(which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind turbines)and California(where 17,000 machines produced 1 percent of the state s electricity,enough to meet the r

4、esidential needs of a city as large as San Francisco).In principle,all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three statesNorth Dakota,South Dakota,and Texas.Clue 1指代关系?指代词（the,this,these,their，such,another,other,they,it）必然有所指代?指代词后边若有名词短语，则向前

5、寻找名词短语的同义改写，指代词必然有所指代?小黑方块附近出现指代词，则注意是否有所指代，若无指代，插入句往往放在代词前的方块?插入句中出现插入语或从句，重点读主干?定冠词the 用于重复上文提到的事物?What do you remember about your life before you were three?Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early yearsAdults memories of the next few years also tend to be scantyMost

6、people remember only a few events-usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive，such as being hospitalized or a sibling s birth.?Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.?Other important occasions are school graduations and weddings.?Cases

7、 in which many species become extinct within a geologically short interval of time are called mass extinctions.There was one such event at the end of the Cretaceous period(around 70 million years ago).There was another,even larger,mass extinction at the end of the Permian period(around 250 million y

8、ears ago).The Permian event has attracted much less attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time.?Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.?In general,it is believed that these two extinctions r

9、esulted from drastic environmental changes that followed meteorite impacts or massive volcanic eruptions.?Accordingly,France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow to Lisbon,from Jutland to Calabria.All of this entailed tremendous risk,because France did not hav

10、e the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy.This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain s superior sea skills

11、 and technology,and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war,allowing it to win with fewer forces.?Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain.?Several factors affect tidal ranges,including abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure or prolonged periods of extreme

12、high or low pressure.They are also influenced by the density and volume of seawater,variations in ocean-current velocities,earthquakes,and the growing or shrinking of the world s glaciers.In fact,any of these factors alone can alter sea level.The greater and more rapid the change of water level,the

13、greater the erosive effect of the tidal action,and thus in the amount of material transported and deposited on the shore.?Storm surges,such as the heaping up of ocean water by hurricane winds,are yet another factor.?We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed.Can one tr

14、ace this same pattern far back in prehistory?Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere,and in many Ice Age caves in France,Spain,and Tasmania.When a left hand has been stenciled,this implies that

15、the artist was right-handed,and vice versa.Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth,one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation.One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downwarda left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it we

16、re a right hand.Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas,136 have been identified as left,and only 22 as right;right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.?The stencils of hands found in these shelters and caves allow us to draw conclusions about which hand was dominant.Clue 2逻辑关系?常见逻辑关系：

17、并列、递进、转折、因果、比较?并列递进：furthermore,also,as well,too,in addition,moreover,besides,even,additionally,first,second,third.,not only.but also?转折：although,conversely,however,instead,nevertheless,on the other hand,unlike,whereas,while?因果：therefore,so,as a result,consequently,accordingly,thus,hence?比较：in contr

18、ast,on the contrary Clue 2逻辑关系?插入句或黑方块附近出现转折对比标识词时：转折句中的主语前边可能提到过?插入句或黑方块附近出现表示原因结果/总结结论标识词时：排除段首位置，注意因果逻辑关系/总结结论句中的元素，必与上一句有所对应?The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies.Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to cro

19、ps that require less water.Other,however,have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton.The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that ma

20、ny of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water,and in the process are drawing down the entire region s water supplies.In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis,a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from

21、 the Mississippi,the Missouri,or the Arkansas rivers.Unfortunately,the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold,making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets.?But eve

22、n if uncooperative farmers were to join in the conservation efforts,this would only delay the depletion of the aquifer.?The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals.The paintings rest on bare walls,with no backdrops or environmental trappings.Perhaps,like many contemporary peoples,Upper Paleolit

23、hic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death of injury,and if that were indeed their belief,it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hun

24、ting.This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures,perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings,it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared.Perhaps the paintings wer

25、e inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals.Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period,when the herds of game were decreasing.?Therefore,if the paintings were connected with hunting,some other explanation is needed.Clue 3结构关系?西方人的思维?总分结构来论证观点?总分

26、结构本质：先论点，后论证?Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience.Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults.In a content analysis of Canadian television,the author Stephen Kline o

27、bserved that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play.Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life,but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal.Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to

28、 attract childrens attention,particularly in food advertising.Advertisements for breakfast cereals have,for many years,been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques,with almost nine out of ten including such content.Generally,there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distin

29、guish between fantasy and reality in advertising.Certainly,rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited,as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.?Another aspect of advertising that may especially influence children is fantasy.

30、Clue 3结构关系?分类列举式段落概述部分作为插入句：概述一般位于段首位置?采用分类列举式的段落/文章通常以（数词+名词复数）的形式出现?概述的标示词：reasons,groups,parts,types,sorts,ways,approaches,features?分类列举式段落列举部分作为插入句（插入句中出现furthermore,moreover,in addition,besides,also）：引出段落中一个新的方面，放在对应语句之前；插入句中的主语前边可能提到过。?The chief problem was technological:How were the Europeans

31、 to reach the East?Europes maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seasthe Mediterranean,the Baltic,and.to a lesser extent,the North Sea between England and the Continentnot of vast oceans.New types of ships were needed,new methods of finding ones way,new techniques for f

32、inancing so vast a scheme.The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create.Spices were the most sought-after commodities.Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but

33、 also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines.But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.?They were highly valued for a couple of r

34、easons.?The evolution of flight required radical alteration in body form,but flight provides many benefits.It enhances hunting and scavenging:many birds exploit flying insects,an abundant,highly nutritious food resource.Flight also provides ready escape from earthbound predators and enables some bir

35、ds to migrate great distances to utilize different food resources and seasonal breeding areas.The bird that travels farthest in its annual migration is the arctic tern,which flies round-trip between the North Pole and South Pole each year.?Analyses of fossilized skeletons support the hypothesis that the closest reptilian relatives of birds were the theropods,a group of relatively small,bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs.?Furthermore,migration allows birds to avoid climates that are too hot or too cold during certain season.Thank you for your attention!