（2010-2019）十年高考英语真题分类汇编专题22 科普类说明文阅读理解 （解析版）.doc

1、 十年高考真题分类汇编（十年高考真题分类汇编（2010-2019） 英语英语 专题专题 22 科普类说明文阅读理解科普类说明文阅读理解 (2010安徽安徽阅读理解阅读理解 B) Have you ever wondered? 1. Why do airplanes take longer to fly west than east? It can take five hours to go west-east from New York(NY) to London bur seven hours to travel east-west from London to NY. The reason

2、 for the difference is an atmospheric phenomenon known as the jet(喷射) stream. The jet stream is a very high altitude wind which always blows from the west to the east across the Atlantic. The planes moving at a constant air speed thus go faster in the west-east direction when they are moving with th

3、e wind than in the opposite direction. 2. What would happen if the gravity on Earth was suddenly turned off? Supposing we could magically turn off gravity. Would buildings and other structures(建筑物) float away? What happened would depend on how strongly the things were attached to the Earth. The Eart

4、h is moving at quite a speed, moving at over a thousand miles per hours. If you turn something around your head on a string（细绳）, it goes around in a circle until you let go of the string. Then it flies off in a straight line. Switching off gravity would be like letting go of the string. Things not a

5、ttached to the Earth would fly off in a straight line. People in buildings would suddenly shoot upwards at a great speed until they hit the ceiling. Most things outside would fly off into space. 60.What information can we get from the first passage? A.It is jet stream that affects how fast airplanes

6、 fly B.Planes go slower when they are moving with the wind C.It takes more time to fly from NY to London than from London to NY D.The yet stream always blows from the east to the west across the Atlantic 61.The word”shoot”underline in the 2nd passage probably means “ ” A.send for B.move quickly C.co

7、me out D.grrow quickly 62.It can be inferred that without gravity . A.buildings and other structures would float away B.trees and buildings would not easily fly off C.something around your head would not fly away D.everything outside buildings would fly off into space 63.Where can we most probably r

8、ead in the text A.In a reseach paper B.In a short story C.In a travel magazine D.In a students book 【解析】本文是科普说明文，主要介绍了飞机为什么向西面飞比向东面飞花的时间更长的原因是气流的方本文是科普说明文，主要介绍了飞机为什么向西面飞比向东面飞花的时间更长的原因是气流的方 向从纽约飞往伦敦要花向从纽约飞往伦敦要花 5 个小时，而从伦敦飞往纽约则要花个小时，而从伦敦飞往纽约则要花 7 小时花费时间不同的原因大气现象，小时花费时间不同的原因大气现象，喷喷 射气流是一个高空风，这种喷射气流总是穿过

9、太平洋上空从西往东吹还介绍了没有了地球引力会发生什射气流是一个高空风，这种喷射气流总是穿过太平洋上空从西往东吹还介绍了没有了地球引力会发生什 么地球以一种极快的速度移动，一个小时会移动超过么地球以一种极快的速度移动，一个小时会移动超过 1000 英里，地球引力消失就会像松开甩动的细绳英里，地球引力消失就会像松开甩动的细绳 一样，在建筑里的人们将会突然以一种极快的速度被发射出去，直到撞到天花板许多外面的东西都将飞一样，在建筑里的人们将会突然以一种极快的速度被发射出去，直到撞到天花板许多外面的东西都将飞 进太空进太空 60A 归纳总结题根据短文第一段归纳总结题根据短文第一段“The planes

10、moving at a constant air speed thus go faster in the west-east direction when they are moving with the wind than in the opposite direction“主要讲述了飞机为什主要讲述了飞机为什 么向西面飞比向东面飞花的时间更长的原因是气流的方向，故选么向西面飞比向东面飞花的时间更长的原因是气流的方向，故选 A 61B 词意猜测题根据第二段词意猜测题根据第二段“People in buildings would suddenly shootupwards at a great

11、 speed until they hit the ceiling （=“top“surface of a room） ） Most things outside would fly off into space“描述在建筑描述在建筑 里的人会突然以一个巨大的速度向上移动直到他们撞上天花板很多东西会飞到外太空故选里的人会突然以一个巨大的速度向上移动直到他们撞上天花板很多东西会飞到外太空故选 B 62 B 推理判断题 根据第三段推理判断题 根据第三段“What happened would depend on （依靠）（依靠） how strongly the things were attac

12、hed （吸附）（吸附） to the earth“描述发生了什么将取决于东西连接到地球上有多结实再根据后面描述描述发生了什么将取决于东西连接到地球上有多结实再根据后面描述 “Then it flies off in a straight line Switching offgravity would be like letting go of the stringThings not attached to the Earth would fly off in a straight line“可知，树以及建筑不像其他物品那样容易飞出故选可知，树以及建筑不像其他物品那样容易飞出故选 B 63D

13、 文章出处根据四个选项，文章出处根据四个选项，A 项，研究论文，项，研究论文，B 项小故事，项小故事，C 项旅游杂志，项旅游杂志，D 项学生课本，这项学生课本，这 是一篇科普短文，有可能来自学生课本，故选是一篇科普短文，有可能来自学生课本，故选 D (2010江苏江苏阅读理解阅读理解 D) Imagine，one day，getting out of bed in Beijing and being at your office in Shanghai in only a couple of hours，and then，after a full day of work，going back

14、home to Beijing and having dinner there Sounds unusual，doesnt it? But its not that unrealistic，with the development of Chinas highspeed railway system And thats not a11 China has an even greater highspeed railway planto connect the country with Southeast Asia，and eventually Eastern Europe China is n

15、egotiating to extend its own high -speed railway network to up to 17 countries in 1 0 to 15 years， eventually reaching London and Singapore China has proposed three such projectsThe first would possibly connect Kunming with Singapore via Vietnam and Malaysia Another could start in Urumqi and go thro

16、ugh Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan， and possibly to GermanyThe third would start in the northeast and go north through Russia and then into Western Europe If Chinas plan for the high-speed railway goes forward，people could zip over from London to Beiling in under two days The new system would still follo

17、w Chinas highspeed railway standardAnd the trains would be able to go 346 kilometers an hour，almost as fast as some airplanes Chinas bullet train(高速客车)， the one connecting Wuhan to Guangzhou， already has the Worlds fastest average speedIt covers 1,069 kilometers in about three hours Of course，there

18、are some technical challenges to overcomeThere are so many issues that need to be settled，such as safety，rail gauge(轨距)，maintenance of railway tracksSo，its important to pay attention to every detail But the key issue is really moneyChina is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic r

19、ailway expansion China prefers that the other countries pay in natural resources rather than with capital investmentResources from those countries could stream into China to sustain development It11 be a win-win project. For other countries， the railway network will definitely create more opportunit

20、ies for business，tourism and so on，not to mention the better communication among those countnes For China，such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources，but would also help develop Chinas far westWe foresee that in the coming decades，millions of p

21、eople will migrate to the western regions，where the land is empty and resources unusedWith high-speed trains，people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for a11And they11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries 67Chinas new high-speed railway plan will be a

22、 win-win project because AChina will get much-needed resources and develop its western regions BChina and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways CChina will develop its railway system and communication with other countries D the foreign countries involved will develop t

23、heir railway transportation，business and tourism 【解析】选 B 在文章倒数第二段中有明确答案 68According to the passage，the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is Atechnical issues Bsafety of the systemCfinancial problems Dmaintenance of railway tracks 【解析】选 C . 在文章第 8 段看到 There are so many issues that

24、 need to be settled.及第 9 节中 But the key issue is really money 69 Which of the following words best describes the authors attitude towards Chinas high-speed railway plan? ACritical BReserved CDoubtful D. Positive 【解析】选 D . 尽管在文章第 8，9 段中 提到存在的问题，但从最后两段中不难看出作者是持支持的态度 70Which of the following might be t

25、he best title for the passage? ANew Railway Standards BBig Railway Dreams CHighspeed Bullet Trains DInternational Railway Network 【解析】选 B. 贯穿全文须知这只是一个梦想 (2010全国卷全国卷阅读理解阅读理解 C) Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly, flies like a fat chicke

26、n, eats green leaves, has the stomach of a cow and has claws(爪)on its wings when young .They build their homes about 4.6m above the river ,an important feature(特征)for the safety of the young. It is called the hoatzin. In appearance，the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back

27、and cream and red on the underside .The head is small, with a large set of feathers on the top, bright red eyes, and blue skin. Its nearest relatives are the common birds, cuckoos. Its most striking feature ,though, is only found in the young. Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wi

28、ng and another at the end of each wing tip .Using these four claws ,together with the beak(喙),they can climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive birds must have done. When the young hoatzins have learned to fly ,they lose their claws. During the drier months between December and Ma

29、rch hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds, but in April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes. 63What is the text mainly about? AHoatzins in dry and rainy seasons. BThe relatives and enemies of ho

30、atzins. CPrimitive birds and hoatzins of the Amazon. DThe appearance and living habits of hoatzins. 64Young hoatzins are different from their parents in that Athey look like young cuckoos Bthey have claws on the wings Cthey eat a lot like a cow Dthey live on river banks 65What can we infer about pri

31、mitive birds from the text? AThey had claws to help them climb. BThey could fly long distances. CThey had four wings like hoatzins. DThey had a head with long feathers on the top. 66Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes? ATo find more food. BTo protect themse

32、lves better. CTo keep themselves warm. DTo produce their young. 【解析】 63.选 D。考查文章主题大意。纵观全文，文章主要讲的是 hoatzin 麝雉，这种鸟类的外貌以及生活习性。 64.选 B。根据第一段 has claws(爪)on its wings when young,和第三段可知，hoatzin 在幼年期是有爪子的，而长大学会 飞之后就没有了。 65.选 A。关键是 primitive“原始的，早期的”的意思。第三段第二句话。 66.选 D。最后一段最后一句话。 (2010湖南湖南阅读理解阅读理解 C) People

33、 from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why. Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly(均匀的) across a face as Westerners do, Easte

34、rners fix their attention on the eyes. “We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions,“ Jack said. “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth.“ According to Jack and her

35、 colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations. The researchers studied cultural di

36、fferences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accuratel

37、y participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies. It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflect

38、ion of cultural difference in facial expressions,“ Jack said. “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.“ In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examin

39、ing how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation. 66. The discovery shows that Westerners . A. pay e

40、qual attention to the eyes and the mouth B. consider facial expressions universally reliable C. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways D. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions 67. What were the people asked to do in the study? A. To make a face at each other. B. To get the

41、ir faces impressive. C. To classify some face pictures. D. To observe the researchers faces. 68. What does the underlined word “they“ in Paragraph 6 refer to? A. The participants in the study. B. The researchers of the study. C. The errors made during the study. D. The data collected from the study.

42、 69. In comparison with Westerners, Easterners are likely to . A. do translation more successfully B. study the mouth more frequently C. examine the eyes more attentively D. read facial expressions more correctly 70. What can be the best title for the passage? A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul B.

43、 Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding 【解析】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍了最新的科学研究发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂他人的面部表 情。 66. A 根据第三段 “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neg

44、lect (忽略) the mouth.” 可以得出答案 67. C 根据第五段 “by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral.”可以判断选 C 68. A根据定语从句 “that they show”

45、所修饰的 eye movements 在研究中为the participants 所作 （从the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people”可知）可判断选 A 69. C 根据第六段 “It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners.”可判断选 C 70. B 文章首先指出科学研究的最新发现：东方人比西方

46、人更难于读懂人的面部表情。之后更具体地介绍研 究的结构及其研究过程，最后得出结论：文化差异丰富了理解情感的基本社会技巧，即：不同的文化背景 使人理解他人情感的方式也不尽相同。由此判断最佳标题应为 B (2010江西江西阅读理解阅读理解 D) Modern inventions have speeded up peoples loves amazingly. Motor-cars cover a hundred miles in little more than an hour, aircraft cross the world inside a day, while computers ope

47、rate at lightning speed. Indeed, this love of speed seems never-ending. Every year motor-cars are produced which go even faster and each new computer boats (吹嘘) of saving precious seconds in handling tasks. All this saves time, but at a price. When we lose or gain half a day in speeding across the w

48、orld in an airplane, our bodies tell us so. We get the uncomfortable feeling known as jet-lag; our bodies feel that they have been left behind on another time zone. Again, spending too long at computers results in painful wrists and fingers. Mobile phones also have their dangers, according to some s

49、cientist; too much use may transmit harmful radiation into our brains, a consequence we do not like to think about. However, what do we do with the time we have saved? Certainly not relax, or so it seems. We are so accustomed constant activity that we find it difficult to sit and do nothing or even just one thing at a time. Perhaps the days are