医学论文摘要撰写和英语表达课件.ppt

1、医学论文摘要撰写和英语表达医学论文摘要撰写和英语表达暨南方医科大学学报简介暨南方医科大学学报简介南方医科大学学报编辑部 王征爱一、论文摘要概述一、论文摘要概述 从论文内容中摘出来的要点，是概括而不加注释或评论的简短陈述，应简炼、准确、完整而能独立成文，可以作为独立的资料来使用和保存。1）类型类型评论；提示评论；提示/指示；资料；指示指示；资料；指示-资料；结构资料；结构 2）形式形式内容决定形式内容决定形式 3）内容内容摘摘/提取要点，故又称摘要或提要：主要方法提取要点，故又称摘要或提要：主要方法（含分组）、重要数据、本质现象，核心论点，结论建议（含分组）、重要数据、本质现象，核心论点，结论建

2、议 4）特点特点短；精；完整：全文浓缩，同等价值短；精；完整：全文浓缩，同等价值 摘要特点 短短因容量限制、储存需要；精精全文的高度浓缩，集中体现文章的精华；完整完整反映全文的信息量，能独立成章，相当于一篇完整的短文，具有与文章同等的阅读、储存、评价和使用价值。摘要中不用图、表、公式、化学结构式和非公知非公用的符号或术语，一般不分段，不标引参考文献，避免直接使用略语，但可直接用公认的缩略词。摘要的写作 如果作者对所写的内容胸中有数，可以先写好摘要，再以摘要为基础铺开来写全文，但一般是先写完全文，再从文中抽提要点，即所谓“提要”。写好以后要回过头来再对照正文核对几次，看看内容浓缩得如何。然后再看

3、看结构是否符合IM（M）RD要求。写成以后要反复加工、润色文字。防止摘而不要、要而不全、全而不简、摘而不要、要而不全、全而不简、简而不明简而不明对摘要的要求对摘要的要求（1 1）内容完整；内容完整；（2 2）分组明了分组明了;（3 3）数据一致；数据一致；（4 4）结论新颖，与目的对应。结论新颖，与目的对应。二、英文摘要与中文摘要的区别二、英文摘要与中文摘要的区别 主体内容、基本数据和结论应一致，但细节可略有差异：中文摘要详细介绍国外新知（如新技术、新方法）；英文摘要重点描述国内特色（如中医名词解释、某些国内公知简略术语的细化）。英文摘要是给外国人看的，外国人不懂中文，也就是说看不懂正文，对他

4、们而言，无论在何种场合，摘要都具有独立性，因此就要求英文摘要比中文摘要更全面地反映全文主旨。三、英文摘要 国家标准国家标准19971997年版年版5.7.25.7.2 “报告、论文一般均应有报告、论文一般均应有摘要，为了国际交流，还应有外文（多用英文）摘摘要，为了国际交流，还应有外文（多用英文）摘要。要。”现实现实:一般学术期刊都有英文摘要，数量各异，但一般学术期刊都有英文摘要，数量各异，但付出付出与目的并非一致（对外而未达外）。副功：锻炼写作与目的并非一致（对外而未达外）。副功：锻炼写作能力、增长知识；供人模仿学习，但常误人子弟。能力、增长知识；供人模仿学习，但常误人子弟。难度难度:3000

5、300050005000词汇基本语感英语思维词汇基本语感英语思维修改修改基础；基础；非易事非易事,但非不能，只要有但非不能，只要有追求追求精神精神。终审 之一 洋洋洒洒二十万，字字句句过我筛。洋洋洒洒二十万，字字句句过我筛。正体斜体需审定，大写小写亦仲裁。正体斜体需审定，大写小写亦仲裁。之二 常遇新语需释义，遍翻辞书哪有迹？常遇新语需释义，遍翻辞书哪有迹？光盘检索千百次，头脑析分定无歧！光盘检索千百次，头脑析分定无歧！成都会议 蓉城十月是金秋，百万客房一无留，蓉城十月是金秋，百万客房一无留，车水马龙奔九寨，孤家寡人回广州。车水马龙奔九寨，孤家寡人回广州。国庆长假赋 长假又七天，人皆议景点；友人

6、频来电，问可长假又七天，人皆议景点；友人频来电，问可来游园？来游园？“学报十期在编，写作课次层迭，保先学报十期在编，写作课次层迭，保先自评三千，交稿近在眼前。自评三千，交稿近在眼前。”科技日新月异，新科技日新月异，新语屡见不鲜，英文修改何其难，长词短句须慎选。语屡见不鲜，英文修改何其难，长词短句须慎选。终日埋头电脑前，常为一词觅三天。鼠标手，职业终日埋头电脑前，常为一词觅三天。鼠标手，职业颈，荧屏眼。颈，荧屏眼。蚁影游动，字里行间，蚁影游动，字里行间，困睡沙发，饥困睡沙发，饥餐素面。餐素面。一旦模棱定一可，喝口凉水嘴也甜。诸君一旦模棱定一可，喝口凉水嘴也甜。诸君疑问何所求？我为名刊当总编！疑问

7、何所求？我为名刊当总编！（虽苦尤荣，乐在其中，成果初现）（虽苦尤荣，乐在其中，成果初现）20051006 垂钓 忙里偷闲应郊游，临置渔具钓花都。人在池旁心系刊，一叠文稿不离手。【注释】郊游非本意，盛情难却，应邀出游。不是钓鱼人，不备钓鱼竿，既然应邀去了，只好临时购买钓鱼工具；花都，地名，广州市郊。邀请推不掉，付印又在即，只好带着稿件去。虽在鱼塘边，却是钓竿插地，稿件在手，愿者上钩吧。出于职业习惯，常常是在办公室外看稿效率反倒更高。2004121120041211于花都台湾花果园于花都台湾花果园 英文摘要撰写授课提纲1.1.摘要的类型摘要的类型 2.2.摘要常用词和句型摘要常用词和句型3.3.摘

8、要的语态和人称摘要的语态和人称4.4.摘要的时态摘要的时态5.5.摘要常用表达和几个摘要常用表达和几个/组高频词辨析组高频词辨析6.6.虚词的用法虚词的用法7.7.副词的用法副词的用法8.8.关于关于ChinglishChinglish9.9.修辞修辞10.10.分词、合成词有关问题分词、合成词有关问题11.11.名词的特殊用法及名词的数名词的特殊用法及名词的数12.12.字体与标点符号字体与标点符号1、摘要的类型、摘要的类型 1.1 评论性摘要评论性摘要(Critical abstract)1.2 说明性摘要说明性摘要(Descriptive abstract)1.3 资料性摘要资料性摘要(

9、Informative abstract)1.4 资料资料-指示性摘要指示性摘要(Informative-indicative abstract)1.5 结构式摘要结构式摘要(Structured abstract)1.1 Critical abstract 不常用，可见于综述，内容上侧重于评价不常用，可见于综述，内容上侧重于评价/论理。论理。Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis(ATIN)is a common disorder characterized by a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging fro

10、m asymptomatic urinary abnormalities to acute oliguric renal failure.Tubular dysfunction out of proportion to the degree of renal failure is an important clue to the diagnosis.This review describes its pathogenesis,pathophysiology,diagnosis,differential diagnosis and therapy,emphasizing the drug-ind

11、uced form of ATIN.1.2 Descriptive abstract 又称指示性或通报性摘要又称指示性或通报性摘要(Indicative abstract)：说明文章的内容范围，只是简单地报道研究主题，泛说明文章的内容范围，只是简单地报道研究主题，泛泛而谈，不涉及具体内容。一般只一到三句话，多见泛而谈，不涉及具体内容。一般只一到三句话，多见于临床医学论文。于临床医学论文。Example The survival rates of a series of patients with unstable angina treated surgically and medically

12、are compared.1.3 Informative abstract 详细、具体，重要观点和数据详细、具体，重要观点和数据 Postoperative bleeding is usually attributed to stress ulcer;however,occult preoperative lesions could also be responsible.To determine their frequency and nature,we prospectively examined 72 patients endoscopically prior to major elec

13、tive operations.Entry criteria included a planned stay in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit,2 days,and a negative history,physical examination,and stool guaiac.Gastric and duodenal mucosae were scored separately,using a 0-to 7-point scale.Scores were graded negative(0),hyperemia(1),gastroduodenitis(2

14、-5),mucosal erosions(6),and ulcers(7).Erosions or ulcers were found in 14%of patients and gastroduodenitis was an additional 10%.We found that none of the 27 risk factors or any combination of factors tested correlated with ulcers,erosions,or gastroduodenitis.Thus,patients with asymptomatic gastrodu

15、odenal erosions or ulcerations could not be identified preoperatively,except by endoscopy.Until the significance of these lesions as cause of postoperative bleeding is determined,we recommend routine postoperative gastric pH titration with antacids for patients undergoing major elective operations.1

16、.4 Informative-indicative abstract 内容更完整内容更完整,多了一条提示多了一条提示（概括或提示性语言，相当于目的）The relationship between depression and stressors and the relationship between depression in children and depression in their parents were investigated.研究了抑郁症与应激因子和儿童抑郁与父母抑郁研究了抑郁症与应激因子和儿童抑郁与父母抑郁之间的关系之间的关系资料性摘要的资料性内容Depressed c

17、hildren aged 7-11 years(n=20)were compared with clinical non-depressed children(n=88)and normal children(n=55).Children,mothers and fathers in the three groups were tested.Measures included the Childrens Depression Inventory(调查表),Recent Life Events Scale(量表),Stressor Scale and Beck Depression Invent

18、ory.The findings showed that children and mothers in the depressed group reported more stressors than other children and other mothers while fathers of children in the depressed group did not report more stressors.The findings also showed that mothers of depressed children were more depressed than m

19、others of normal children while there were no differences between the scores of fathers in the three groups.1.5 structured abstract 近年来产生和发展起来的一种新型摘要。优点：内容完整，从目的、设计到结果、结论，一应俱全；形式特别，层次清楚，一目了然，便于阅读时选择性查找；提供了固定的格式，便于作者书写，免于费时构思，易于成文，也不致遗漏重要内容；另外，也利于计算机系统的贮存和检索。缺点是文字多，占篇幅。BACKGROUND:Hypothyroidism is a

20、common condition that is frequently irreversible and requires lifelong thyroid replacement therapy.OBJECTIVE:To assess the incidence and factors that can predict reversibility of hypothyroidism caused by Hashimotos thyroiditis.METHODS:We studied 79 patients in whom Hashimotos thyroiditis was diagnos

21、ed according to suggestive cytologic features and/or the presence of thyroid antibodies(antimicrosomal antibody titer,or=1:1600;antiglobulin antibody titer,or=1:400).RESULTS:After withdrawal of levothyroxine treatment,thyroid blood tests showed that the degree of hypothyroidism worsened in 20 patien

22、ts,remained unchanged in 40,and improved in 19.Nine patients(11.4%)did show normalization of the thyroid blood test.CONCLUSIONS:Our results confirm that hypothyroidism caused by Hashimotos thyroiditis is not always permanent.The presence of a larger goiter and high thyrotropin levels at the time of

23、diagnosis,associated with a familial incidence of thyroid disease,may be related to an increased incidence of hypothyroidism remission.2、摘要常用词和句型、摘要常用词和句型 31 表达表达目的目的的常用词的常用词 、句型或结构、句型或结构 32 表达表达方法方法的句型的句型 33 表达表达结果结果的句型的句型 34 表达表达结论结论的句型的句型 2 21 1 表达目的的常用词和句型或结构表达目的的常用词和句型或结构2.1.1 2.1.1 摘要中表示摘要中表示“

24、目的目的”常用词的用常用词的用法法(1)常用名词（字顺）常用名词（字顺）aim A 名词用法：名词用法：目的目的The aim of this investigation/study/the present study was to.Our aim is to determine whether a clinically relevant positive inotropic effect（增强收缩力作用）can be demonstrated in humans./establish an objective,easy-to-use technique to evaluate.The aim

25、s of this study were:1)to.；and 2)to.B 动词用法：动词用法：目的是，旨在目的是，旨在 a.主动态后接动词不定式主动态后接动词不定式 This study aimed to./We aimed to./This article aims to.b.主主动态后接介词动态后接介词at动名词动名词 This research aimed at identifying.c.被 动 态 后 接 介 词被 动 态 后 接 介 词 a t 动 名 词 动 名 词 This study was aimed at document-ing.Attempt 尝试 A 名词用法名词

26、用法 An attempt was made to./An attempt has been made to./An attempt was undertaken to.The present study is an attempt to replicate earlier evidence that.For this reason,an attempt was undertaken for.尝试干.In an attempt to extend this finding,three experiments were conducted.In a first attempt to elucid

27、ate its function,we examined.B 动词用法：动词用法：试图试图 In this study we attempt to.The authors attempt to evaluate the degree.Goal 目的，目标目的，目标 A major goal is prevention of acceleration-induced loss of consciousness.The goal of this investigation was to.Our goal was to describe common strategies in clinical d

28、ata collection.Goal一词的含义、用法及其句式跟名词aim完全一样，例句从略。Intend 想要，旨在想要，旨在(人作主语用主动态，事物作主语用被动态)In this study,we intended to test the hypothesis that,.This report/paper is intended to.In brief the article is intended to.This three-group design/This study was intended to.It is intended to remind the reader.Inten

29、t 意图，目的意图，目的 The intent of the study was to.(相对其他词相对其他词而言，不太常用于文摘中目的句场合而言，不太常用于文摘中目的句场合)It is our intent目的目的 to provide a brief users explanation of these various components and present the commonly used methods.Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate.在结构式摘要里常用作标题或项目词：在结构式摘要里常用作标题或项目词：

30、Objective Methods Results Conclusion(s)Purpose Purpose 的用法同aim。如：The purpose of this study was to inves-tigate the influence of sintering temperature on in vivo and in vitro bioactivities of sintered tricalcium phosphate(TCP)sheets prepared by the tape casting technique.但在for the purpose(of)这一固定结构中，

31、一般不用aim替换其中的purpose。如：.is described for the purpose of.（2 2）目的）目的句句中的常用动词中的常用动词(多用被动态多用被动态)Carry out 执行，实行，进行 The retrospective study/An experimental study/An investigation was carried out to evaluate.We carried out this study to determine.Conduct 引导，实施，进行 A(.)study/survey/An experiment was conducte

32、d to establish/investigate.Perform 做，进行；施行；执行 This study was performed to determine.This analysis was performed to examine Undertake 从事，着手做 Human studies have been undertaken to test this thesis.Design 设计 This study/The present study/Our study was designed to.We also designed an in vitro study to.De

33、velop 研制，创立/建立(establish,construct,create)method(s).was(were)developed to(动词不定式)/for(名词或动名词).Two methods were developed to displace.We have also developed a method for analyzing.formulation/drug/strategy/protocol/recipe/model To establish an appropriate in-vivo model to evaluate new therapeutic stra

34、tegies.To construct a state-transition(Markov)model/To create an animal model 还有一个常用的词execute=carry out,perform,conduct。注意英美人几乎不用它来“处死”动物。2.1.2 2.1.2 结构式摘要中表示目的常见结构式摘要中表示目的常见不定式结构不定式结构 To analyze whether patients with RA have an intrinsic defect（先天性缺陷）in T cell proliferation.To ascertain 确定/assess 评

35、价/characterize 表现、描绘特征，给定性/clarify 澄清，弄清/compare 比较、对比/construct 构建/create 创建/describe 叙述、介绍/determine决定、测定/develop研制、发展/distinguish 区别/elaborate 详尽阐述/elucidate 阐明/establish 建立/Estimate 估计/evaluate 评价/examine 检查/explore 探讨/expose暴露/help帮助/identify 鉴定/investigate 调查/isolate 分离/provide提供/quantify 定量/r

36、eport 报道/study 研究/test 测试/understand 理解、了解.To validate criteria predicting.为了验证预测的标准2.2 2.2 表达方法的句型表达方法的句型 2.2.1 using/by using分句+主动态主句 Using a rabbit model of pneumococcal meningitis,we compared.and.2.2.2 using/by using分句+被动态主句 By using a multivariate risk algorithm,Down syndrome cases were analyze

37、d.（3.2.2不常用）2.2.3 2.2.3 被动态被动态using/by using/by/with引出的状语引出的状语 The diagnoses were established using American College of Rheumatology criteria.The mechanism of.was studied by using a set of.PCR products were detected by gel electrophoresis and dot-blot hybridization.In this prospective study,142 pati

38、ents with early RA were treated actively with.2.2.4 叙述方法最常涉及的几个动词(carry out、conduct、perform、do、make、execute、develop;receive、undergo;had 等)及其句型 Hyperthermia was carried out using a novel water-filtered,infrared-A radiation technique.A prospective study was done in 76 subjects who underwent.Clinical e

39、valuations were made in the 14 patients including 4 with pharyngitis,7 with tonsillitis,.All the patients received satis-factory anesthesia for operation.patients underwent opera-tions and there were no operative deaths.Among the 62 survivors,18 had another operation.2.2.5 2.2.5 表达分组的句型表达分组的句型 be(ra

40、ndomly)divided/allocated/assigned categorized/classified/grouped/separated/clust-ered (in)to.groups.be randomized into.groups .be(randomly)into.groups,based on.The groups were as follows.(例句见第一军医大学学报例句见第一军医大学学报2002，11：66970)equally divided=evenly divided=equal groups2 2.2 2.6 6 有关各种检查的句型有关各种检查的句型 Bl

41、ood sugar（项目）（项目）was examined in 50 patients（对象）（对象）.Fifty patients（对象）（对象）were examined for blood sugar （项目）（项目）by（手段）（手段）at 2 and 24 h after admission.写写“检查检查”句的时候，注意句的时候，注意for的用法：检查病人的的用法：检查病人的x可以说：可以说：The x（项目）（项目）was examined in patients by（方法）（方法），也可以说：，也可以说：The patient was examined for x（项目）（

42、项目）by（方法）（方法）“评价”一类词也可如此用：Patients were evaluated for ocular inflammation degree,visual acuity,number of ocular attacks and incidence of adverse events.2 2.2 2.6 6 有关各种检查的句型有关各种检查的句型2 在描述用显微镜观察或检查什么的时候，很多人常常用错microscope和microscopy这两个词，作者来稿中常常见到这样的句子：.was observed with/under electron microscopy 或.was

43、 observed by electron microscope.（后一种不算太错，但不严谨，by换成under或with更好。）正确的用法是：under microscope;by microscopy;with microscope Each tooth was sectioned and examined for dye penetration under a stereomicroscope(60 magnification).2.3 2.3 表达结果的句型表达结果的句型2.3.1 叙述观察或发现了什么叙述观察或发现了什么 (1)主动态句：We found(observed,noted

44、,saw,recorded.)that.(2)被动态句：It was found(observed,noted,seen,recorded.)that.2.3.2 量的量的 或或 (1)泛言泛言 或或 The prevalence increased with age./Cyclic AMP levels were increased by NECA 乙基羧化腺苷.Estrogen replacement therapy reduced excretion of zinc,.levels rapidly declined in HL-60 cells following induction o

45、f apoptosis by,but were transiently elevated by two other apoptosis-inducing agents.levels of greatly declined with a subsequent increase in the concentration of.(2)或或 了多少了多少 一般地说，应该用by引出实际增加或减少的数目：Cell number increased by almost 50%during the first 24-h after the beginning of treatment.Zinc excreti

46、on decreased by 35%after 3 months and 26%after 1 year of treatment.2.3.2 量的量的 或或 (3)(3)从多少从多少 或或 到多少到多少 Urine maximum flow rate and average flow rate increased significantly from.to.and from.to.,respectively.Residual urine volume decreased significantly from.to less than.significantly在这里当在这里当“有意义地有意

47、义地”讲。讲。By 60 min of reperfusion,levels of 6-keto were reduced to those in the IVC.2.3.2 量的量的 或或 (4)跟跟B相比，相比，A 或或 了了 Healing times of the donor sites were significantly decreased(as)compared with patients.showed a significant increase in comparison with previous determinations.In conclusion,during th

48、e first posttransplant year the serum leptin levels decreased significantly in relation to pretransplant period.2.3.2 量的量的 或或 Association与与associated There was a/an.association of A with B/between A and B./.did not demonstrate an association of A with B./.suggest that A appears to have no associatio

49、n with B./A.association was observed*between A and B./Associations between A and B were assessed with/by./A was associated with B.同、与、跟：of A with B；之间：between A and B.2.3.3 表示关系的句型表示关系的句型 A.correlation was found*for A and B/between A and B./No(statistically significant)correlation was found*between

50、A and B./There was a(no).correlation between A and B/among the four./Correlation between concentrations in A and B serum was poor./Correlations were highest between measures with similar response formats.*found可以是noted、seen、observed、obtained 等。Correlation与与correlated A correlated(well*)with/to B./A