医学英语写作写作课件.ppt

1、contentsl人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述l人体各器官位置的描述方式人体各器官位置的描述方式l人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞结构的描述人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞结构的描述l医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式l投稿信投稿信(cover letter)(cover letter)的写作的写作人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述 l1 1表示形状的句型：表示形状的句型：1 1）名词）名词+be+shaped like+be+shaped like+名词名词表示某器官或物体的形状表示某

2、器官或物体的形状“象象，”或或“呈呈形形”。例：例：The heart is shaped like a cone.The heart is shaped like a cone.心脏呈圆锥形。心脏呈圆锥形。l2 2）名词）名词+be+be+名词名词-shaped+-shaped+名词名词表示某个器官或物体表示某个器官或物体“是个是个形状的器官（或物体）形状的器官（或物体）”。例：例：The diaphragm is a dome-shaped organ.The diaphragm is a dome-shaped organ.膈是一个圆顶状的器官。膈是一个圆顶状的器官。l3 3）名词）名词

3、+be+a,an+be+a,an+形容词形容词+organ+organ也表示某器官或某物体也表示某器官或某物体“是是形状的器官或物体形状的器官或物体”。例：例：The small intestine is a long,tubular organ.The small intestine is a long,tubular organ.小肠是长管形器官。小肠是长管形器官。l2 2表示特征的句型：表示特征的句型：名词名词+be+be+形容词形容词表示某器官或某物体表示某器官或某物体“具有具有特征（或作用）特征（或作用）”。例：例：Monocytes are phagocytic.Monocytes

4、 are phagocytic.单核细胞具有吞噬作用。单核细胞具有吞噬作用。Some tissues are elastic.Some tissues are elastic.一些组织具有弹性。一些组织具有弹性。l3 3用于比较和对照的连接词：用于比较和对照的连接词：1 1）bothandbothand例：例：Both erythrocytes and leucocytes are flexible.Both erythrocytes and leucocytes are flexible.红细胞和白细胞都具有伸红细胞和白细胞都具有伸缩性。缩性。2 2）neithernorneithernor

5、例：例：Neither erythrocytes nor leucocytes are adhesive.Neither erythrocytes nor leucocytes are adhesive.红细胞和白细胞没有红细胞和白细胞没有粘着性。粘着性。l3 3）but;whereasbut;whereas例：例：Platelets are adhesive but/whereas erythrocytes are not.Platelets are adhesive but/whereas erythrocytes are not.血小板具有粘血小板具有粘着性而红细胞则没有。着性而红细胞则

6、没有。4 4）however;on the other handhowever;on the other hand例：例：Leucocytes are phagocytic,erythrocytes,however/on the other hand,Leucocytes are phagocytic,erythrocytes,however/on the other hand,are not.are not.白细胞具有吞噬作用，而红细胞则没有。白细胞具有吞噬作用，而红细胞则没有。l4 4用于进一步说明同一事物的短语及略语：用于进一步说明同一事物的短语及略语：In other words;i.

7、e.In other words;i.e.例：例：Some cells and molecules can pass through capillary walls,in other Some cells and molecules can pass through capillary walls,in other words,capillaries are permeable.words,capillaries are permeable.有些细胞和分子能通过毛细血管壁，换句话说，有些细胞和分子能通过毛细血管壁，换句话说，毛细血管具有通透性。毛细血管具有通透性。Arteries are lo

8、ng,tubular blood vessels which can bend and stretch,i.e.they Arteries are long,tubular blood vessels which can bend and stretch,i.e.they are flexible and elastic.are flexible and elastic.动脉是长管形血管，能弯曲，能伸展，也就是说，既柔韧又动脉是长管形血管，能弯曲，能伸展，也就是说，既柔韧又有弹性。有弹性。l5 5用于例证的短语和略语：用于例证的短语和略语：for example;e.g.for example

9、;e.g.例：例：The white cells include a number of various types.Some of them,for The white cells include a number of various types.Some of them,for example,have nuclei which are irregular in shape.example,have nuclei which are irregular in shape.白细胞包括许多类型，如，白细胞包括许多类型，如，某些白细胞具有不规则的核。某些白细胞具有不规则的核。The gonoc

10、occus and meningococcus,for example,are coffee-bean shaped.The gonococcus and meningococcus,for example,are coffee-bean shaped.例如，淋球菌和脑膜炎球菌都呈咖啡豆形。例如，淋球菌和脑膜炎球菌都呈咖啡豆形。l6 6用于表述事物名称的短语：用于表述事物名称的短语：be called;be known asbe called;be known as例：例：The red cells,which are called erythrocytes,are rather small

11、and The red cells,which are called erythrocytes,are rather small and have no nuclei.have no nuclei.红细胞，也叫做红血球，很小而无核。红细胞，也叫做红血球，很小而无核。The cylindrical bacteria are known as bacilli.The cylindrical bacteria are known as bacilli.圆柱形细菌被称为杆菌。圆柱形细菌被称为杆菌。人体各器官位置的描述方式人体各器官位置的描述方式l 1 1）be+be+介词短语介词短语表示某器官或物体在

12、什么地方。表示某器官或物体在什么地方。例：例：The gallbladder is below the liver.The gallbladder is below the liver.胆囊在肝脏下面。胆囊在肝脏下面。2 2）lie+lie+介词短语介词短语表示某器官或物体在什么地方。表示某器官或物体在什么地方。例：例：The stomach lies between the liver and the spleen.The stomach lies between the liver and the spleen.胃位于肝和脾之间。胃位于肝和脾之间。l3 3）be+located(be+lo

13、cated(或或situated)situated)也表示某器官或物体位于什么地方。也表示某器官或物体位于什么地方。例：例：The cervical vertebrae are located at the top end of the vertebral The cervical vertebrae are located at the top end of the vertebral column.column.颈椎位于脊柱的顶端。颈椎位于脊柱的顶端。The heart is situated immediately behind the sternum.The heart is situ

14、ated immediately behind the sternum.心脏紧靠在胸骨之后。心脏紧靠在胸骨之后。l4 4）be related to+be related to+名词；名词；be in contact with+be in contact with+名词名词表示某器官与另一器官相接触或相邻。表示某器官与另一器官相接触或相邻。例：例：The transverse colon is related anterosuperiorly to the liver.The transverse colon is related anterosuperiorly to the liver.横

15、结肠的横结肠的前上方与肝脏相接触。前上方与肝脏相接触。l5 5）extend+from+extend+from+名词名词+to+to+名词名词表示某器官从某处开始一直延伸到另一个器官。表示某器官从某处开始一直延伸到另一个器官。例：例：The small intestine extends from the stomach to the colon.The small intestine extends from the stomach to the colon.小肠从胃小肠从胃延伸到结肠。延伸到结肠。l6 6）be+inferior/superior+to+be+inferior/superi

16、or+to+名词名词表示某器官在另一个器官的下表示某器官在另一个器官的下/上面。上面。例：例：The rectum is inferior to the small intestine.The rectum is inferior to the small intestine.直肠位于小肠之下方。直肠位于小肠之下方。The stomach is superior to the transverse colon.The stomach is superior to the transverse colon.胃在横结肠的上面。胃在横结肠的上面。l7 7）be+anterior/posterior+

17、to+be+anterior/posterior+to+名词名词表示某器官在另一个器官的前表示某器官在另一个器官的前/后面。后面。例：例：The heart is anterior to the esophagus.The heart is anterior to the esophagus.心脏在食管的前面。心脏在食管的前面。The heart is posterior to the sternum.The heart is posterior to the sternum.心脏在胸骨的后面。心脏在胸骨的后面。l8 8）be+proximal/distal+to+be+proximal/di

18、stal+to+名词名词表示某器官离另一器官近表示某器官离另一器官近/远。远。例：例：The shin is distal to the thigh.The shin is distal to the thigh.胫骨在大腿的远侧。胫骨在大腿的远侧。The ankle is proximal to the foot.The ankle is proximal to the foot.踝在脚的近侧。踝在脚的近侧。l9 9）be+medial/lateral+to+be+medial/lateral+to+名词名词表示某器官在另一器官的中间表示某器官在另一器官的中间/侧面。侧面。例：例：The h

19、eart is medial to the lungs.The heart is medial to the lungs.心脏在两肺的中间。心脏在两肺的中间。The kidneys are lateral to the vertebral column.The kidneys are lateral to the vertebral column.肾脏位于脊柱的两侧。肾脏位于脊柱的两侧。1010）限制性定语从句也可用来描述某个器官的位置。）限制性定语从句也可用来描述某个器官的位置。例：例：The heart is an organ which lies in front of the esop

20、hagus.The heart is an organ which lies in front of the esophagus.心脏是位于心脏是位于食道前面的一个器官。食道前面的一个器官。人体各系统、器官、组织人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞结构的描述和细胞结构的描述 l1 1表达人体结构的常用动词句型：表达人体结构的常用动词句型：1 1）consist of,be made up of,be composed of consist of,be made up of,be composed of 这三个动词短语，虽然都表示这三个动词短语，虽然都表示“由由构成构成”的意思，但的意思，但 consi

21、st of consist of 多用于提到所有参与构成的成分时；而多用于提到所有参与构成的成分时；而 be be made up of made up of 则多用于细分一种结构或该结构的某一部分时；则多用于细分一种结构或该结构的某一部分时；be composed of be composed of 常常用于提到构成某一结构的材料时，或用于参与构成的部分没有数量限制时。用于提到构成某一结构的材料时，或用于参与构成的部分没有数量限制时。l例：例：The respiratory tract consists of the mouth,nose,pharynx,trachea The respir

22、atory tract consists of the mouth,nose,pharynx,trachea and lung./and lung./呼吸道由口、鼻、咽、气管和肺构成。呼吸道由口、鼻、咽、气管和肺构成。The intestines are made up of the small intestine and the large intestineThe intestines are made up of the small intestine and the large intestine。/肠道由小肠和大肠组成。肠道由小肠和大肠组成。Tissue is composed of

23、 cellsTissue is composed of cells/组织是由细胞组成的。组织是由细胞组成的。l2 2）make up;compose make up;compose 表示哪些部分组成了某个结构。表示哪些部分组成了某个结构。例：例：The forebrain,the midbrain and the hindbrain make up of the brain.The forebrain,the midbrain and the hindbrain make up of the brain./前脑、中脑和后脑组成了大脑。前脑、中脑和后脑组成了大脑。The pons,the cer

24、ebellum and the medulla oblongata composed the The pons,the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata composed the hindbrain./hindbrain./脑桥、小脑和延髓组成了后脑。脑桥、小脑和延髓组成了后脑。l3 3）be filled with be filled with 和和 contain contain都表示某结构内含有什么或充满了什么。但，前者都表示某结构内含有什么或充满了什么。但，前者与不可数名词（物质名词）连用，而后者则与可数名词连用。与不可数名词（物质名词）连用，而

25、后者则与可数名词连用。例：例：The tissue space is filled with tissue fluidThe tissue space is filled with tissue fluid/组织间隙充满了组织液组织间隙充满了组织液The mediastinum contains the heart,esophagus,trachea,etcThe mediastinum contains the heart,esophagus,trachea,etc/纵隔包含纵隔包含有心脏、食管、气管。有心脏、食管、气管。l4 4）be covered with be covered wit

26、h 表示某器官或结构为表示某器官或结构为所覆盖。所覆盖。例：例：The body is covered with skin and hairThe body is covered with skin and hair/人体表面覆盖着皮肤和毛发。人体表面覆盖着皮肤和毛发。5 5）be attached to be attached to 表示某器官连接在或附着在另一器官上。表示某器官连接在或附着在另一器官上。例：例：The skin is attached to the subcutaneous tissue./The skin is attached to the subcutaneous t

27、issue./皮肤连接在皮下组织皮肤连接在皮下组织上。上。l6 6）be lined with be lined with 表示某器官由表示某器官由衬贴。衬贴。例：例：The mediastinum is lined with the pericardiumThe mediastinum is lined with the pericardium/纵膈由心包所衬贴。纵膈由心包所衬贴。7 7）be divided into be divided into 表示某结构可分为表示某结构可分为。例：例：The thorax is divided into three compartmentsThe t

28、horax is divided into three compartments/胸腔分为三个部分。胸腔分为三个部分。8 8）be surrounded bybe surrounded by表示某器官为另一器官所围绕。表示某器官为另一器官所围绕。例：例：The heart is surrounded by the lungsThe heart is surrounded by the lungs/心脏由两肺遮盖。心脏由两肺遮盖。l9 9）be separated from by be separated from by 表示某器官与另一器官为第三者所隔开。表示某器官与另一器官为第三者所隔开。例

29、：例：The thorax separated from the abdomen by the diaphragmThe thorax separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm/胸腔与胸腔与腹腔由膈分开。腹腔由膈分开。1010）be supported by be supported by 表示某器官由表示某器官由所支持。所支持。例：例：The lens is supported by the ciliary muscles./The lens is supported by the ciliary muscles./晶状体由睫状肌支持。晶状体由睫

30、状肌支持。l2 2表达人体结构常见的定语从句和后置定语短语：表达人体结构常见的定语从句和后置定语短语：关系代词关系代词whichwhich引出的定语从句和分词短语常被用来描述人体某器官由引出的定语从句和分词短语常被用来描述人体某器官由 组成。组成。例：例：This is a membrane which is made up of two layersThis is a membrane which is made up of two layers这是由脏层和壁这是由脏层和壁层两个层组成的膜。层两个层组成的膜。The thorax is a large conical cavity consi

31、sting of three The thorax is a large conical cavity consisting of three compartments./compartments./胸腔是一个由三部分组成的大锥形腔。胸腔是一个由三部分组成的大锥形腔。医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式 l1 1计量单位的一般表示方式：计量单位的一般表示方式：l/m2-litres per square metre l/m2-litres per square metre 表示表示“升升/平方米平方米”。l/min-litres per minute l/min-lit

32、res per minute 表示表示“升升/分分”。mm/Hg-millimetres of mercury mm/Hg-millimetres of mercury 表示表示“毫米汞柱毫米汞柱”。g/100ml-grams per hundred milliliters g/100ml-grams per hundred milliliters 表示表示“克克/100/100毫升毫升”。l2 2表达计量差异和变化的词语：表达计量差异和变化的词语：1 1）range betweenand/range fromto/vary fromtorange betweenand/range fromt

33、o/vary fromto表示某数值在什么范围之间。表示某数值在什么范围之间。例：例：The normal diastolic blood pressure ranges between 65 and 85 The normal diastolic blood pressure ranges between 65 and 85 mm/Hg./mm/Hg./正常舒张压在正常舒张压在6565与与8585毫米汞柱之间。毫米汞柱之间。Normal temperature in the rectum ranges from 36.3 to 37.6./Normal temperature in the

34、rectum ranges from 36.3 to 37.6./正常直正常直肠温度在肠温度在36.336.3与与37.637.6摄氏度之间。摄氏度之间。The normal lymphocyte count for a male varies from 1500/cu.mm to The normal lymphocyte count for a male varies from 1500/cu.mm to 3000/cu.mm./3000/cu.mm./男性正常淋巴细胞值在男性正常淋巴细胞值在1500/1500/立方毫米与立方毫米与3000/3000/立方毫米之间。立方毫米之间。l2 2）

35、increase increase 表示某数值上升或增加。表示某数值上升或增加。例：例：Systolic b.p.increases more rapidly than diastolic b.p./Systolic b.p.increases more rapidly than diastolic b.p./收缩压比舒张收缩压比舒张压上升快。压上升快。3 3）decreasedecrease表示某数值的下降或减少。表示某数值的下降或减少。例：例：Between the 10-14 and 20-24 age groups,the average systolic b.p.in Between

36、 the 10-14 and 20-24 age groups,the average systolic b.p.in females decreases from about 119 to about 117 mm/Hg./females decreases from about 119 to about 117 mm/Hg./在在10-1410-14岁和岁和20-2420-24岁年龄组之间，女性的平均收缩压从岁年龄组之间，女性的平均收缩压从119119毫米汞柱下降为大约毫米汞柱下降为大约117117毫米汞柱。毫米汞柱。l3 3表示量的极度与平均的词语：表示量的极度与平均的词语：1 1）ma

37、ximummaximum表示最大值或量。表示最大值或量。例：例：The maximum value for fat in the human body is 26%./The maximum value for fat in the human body is 26%./在人体中，脂肪在人体中，脂肪最多占百分之二十六。最多占百分之二十六。2 2）minimum minimum 表示最小值或量。表示最小值或量。例：例：The minimum amount of water in the human body is 50%./The minimum amount of water in the h

38、uman body is 50%./在人体中，在人体中，水至少占百分之五十。水至少占百分之五十。l3 3）averageaverage和和 mean mean例：例：The average lymphocyte count is 2100/cu.mm./The average lymphocyte count is 2100/cu.mm./平均淋巴细胞计数是平均淋巴细胞计数是2100/2100/立方毫米。立方毫米。4 4表示计算，测量的方法：表示计算，测量的方法：be measured in+be measured in+量词量词例：例：Blood pressure is measured i

39、n millimetres of mercury./Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury./血压是以毫米血压是以毫米汞柱计算的。汞柱计算的。l5 5用来表示曲线图的句型：用来表示曲线图的句型：1 1）The graph shows“The graph shows“此曲线图表示此曲线图表示”。例：例：The graph shows the effect of age on blood pressure./The graph shows the effect of age on blood pressure./此曲线图表示年此曲线

40、图表示年龄对血压的影响。龄对血压的影响。2 2）The vertical axis represents“The vertical axis represents“垂直轴代表垂直轴代表”。例：例：The vertical axis represents arterial pressure./The vertical axis represents arterial pressure./垂直轴代表动脉压。垂直轴代表动脉压。l3 3）The horizontal axis represents“The horizontal axis represents“水平轴代表水平轴代表”。例：。例：The

41、horizontal The horizontal axis represents age in years./axis represents age in years./水平轴代表年龄。水平轴代表年龄。4 4）The continuous line represents“The continuous line represents“实线代表实线代表”。例：。例：The continuous The continuous line represents blood pressure for females./line represents blood pressure for females.

42、/实线代表女性血压。实线代表女性血压。5 5）The dotted line represents“The dotted line represents“虚线代表虚线代表”。例：。例：The dotted line The dotted line represents b.p.for males./represents b.p.for males./虚线代表男性血压。虚线代表男性血压。Chapter 1lMedical correspondencel1.1 introductionlLetters for diagnostic consultationlLetters for referrin

43、g patientslLetters for applying for a medical post,curriculum vitaelLetters for submitting a paper for publicationl1.2 formatlThe heading:full address of the sender and the date of the letterlThe inside address:name and full address of the addresseelThe salutationlThe bodylThe complimentary closelTh

44、e signaturelThe enclosurelThe full-block type:more formallThe indented-block type:less formall1.3 sample letterslEnclosed please could you find a copy of my resume.随信附上我的简历表。lAwareness trainingl1.4 letters for diagnostic consultationl1.4.1 language featureslPresent tense,present prefect tense or pas

45、t tensel1.4.2 special language strutureslDisagree on lDoubt thatlAppreciate it if you lBe grateful if youl1.4.3 A sample letter of diagnostic consultationlCorpus pancreatislEasy formattingl1.5 letters for referring patientslA recommendation(to a specialist)lA replying letter l1.5.1 language features

46、lPresent tense,present perfect tense,past tenselc/o:complain of l1.5.2 special language structureslDescribing the complain of a patientlExpressing request for further diagnosis and treatmentlDescribing examinations and results of examinationslIVP:intravenous pyelographylPresenting suggestions for tr

47、eatment l1.5.3 sample letters for referring a patientlOn bendinglA five day religiousl1.7 letters for applying for a medical post lIntroductionlQualificationslAcademic record,certain English language examinationslProfessional experiencelPublicationslRequest for an interviewlenclosures l1.8 curriculu

48、m vitael1.8.1 formatlpersonal datalWork experiencelEducationlSpecial skillslScientific researchachievementslHonors and referenceslThe work objective,personal interests,commandof languageslChronological curriculum vitaelFunctional curriculum vitae投稿信投稿信(cover letter)(cover letter)的写作的写作150-5318-8596

49、150-5318-8596 1.How to write a cover letterlkeep it simple and professional and dont worry about redundancy.lYour cover letter should be prepared in a standard business format(block or modified block).462.The information in a Cover Letter l(1)The correspondence information of the correspondent;l(2)T

50、he title of the manuscript,the numbers of tables,figures,charts,and so on;l(3)The statement that this manuscript has never been partly or wholly published in or submitted to any other journals;l(4)The statement that all authors in the manuscript have agreed to submit it to this journal and its bette