1、 營養評估與營養需求營養評估與營養需求 靜脈營養支持注意要點靜脈營養支持注意要點 靜脈營養的適應症靜脈營養的適應症v 全靜脈營養全靜脈營養TPNTPNv 周邊靜脈營養周邊靜脈營養PPNPPN 癌症與營養癌症與營養 静脉营养的临床应用1Clinical Decision Algorithm消化道功能消化道功能YesNo腸道營養腸道營養短期短期長期或須限水時長期或須限水時標準配方標準配方特殊配方特殊配方(Obstruction,peritonitis,intractable vomiting,acute pancreatitis,short-bowel syndrome,ileus)短期短期 Na
2、sogastric Nasoduodenal Nasojejunal長期長期 Gastrostomy JejunostomyNutrient ToleranceAdequateProgress toOral FeedingsInadequatePN SupplementationAdequateProgress to MoreComplex Diet andOral FeedingsAs ToleratedProgress to Total Enteral FeedingsNormalCompromisedNoYesDecision to Initiate Specialized Nutrit
3、ion SupportRef:JPEN 17(Suppl 4):):7 SA,1993静脉营养的临床应用2150-50-30150/200-40-30g/kg/d1-1.50.8 1.0mg/kg/min2-3.54-5g/kg/d11-2kcal/kg/d25 3030-35mL/kg/dMin.needed30-40ASPENnutritionsupportpracticemanual9-2,1998nMaintenance levels of electrolytesnStandard doses of multivitamins and trace elements静脉营养的临床应用3
4、ProteinRequirements(for Adult Patients)1.15 25 ofTotalCalories2.Non-proteinCalorietoNitrogenRatio 80-100kcal:1/gm.NSevereStress 150-200kcal:1/gm.NModerateStress3.Nutritional vs.Metabolic Support 22ndClinicalCongress,ASPEN 1998静脉营养的临床应用4Glucose RequirementnInitial TPN:100-150 gm(or 200gm)nCan be incr
5、eased by 50-75 gm/d (blood glucose levels are stable but less than 200 mg/dl)n the maximum glucose infusion rate be4 mg/kg/min(22-25Kcal/kg/day)Ref:1.TheASPENNutritionSupportPracticeManual.19982.ContemporaryNutritionSupportPractice.19983.ClinicalNutritionParenteralNutrition3Edition;2001静脉营养的临床应用5Fat
6、 Requirementsn Maximum capacity:1.0-2.0 gm/kg/dayn Critically ill the maximum recommended infusion rate:1.0 gm/kg/dayn 10-25of total caloriesn Run fat initially at 1 ml/min 15-30 minn 2-4of total calories must be from EFA22ndClinicalCongress,ASPEN 1998静脉营养的临床应用6 ElectrolytesRequirements for Adult Pa
7、tients 1.1.Sodium 30 55 mEq/liter 2.Potassium6090mEq/day 3.Chloride 30 55 mEq/liter 4.Calcium612mEq/day 5.Magnesium1620mEq/day 6.Acetate4570mEq/day 7.Phosphorus1828mM/dayRef:a.MaxwellKleeman,sClinicalDisordersofFluidandElectrolyteMetabolism,5th,1994.b.AllinI.Arieff,M.D.Fluid,Electrolyte,andAcid-Base
8、Disorders.2ndEd1995.静脉营养的临床应用74000-50004000-5000400400330033002002002500 100002500 1000040040012-1512-15454510.010.0100.0100.04004001000100040040012-2012-20400.0400.040.040.0200020002002001.1 1.81.1 1.81.0 1.51.0 1.53.63.63.03.0101010101.6 2.01.6 2.03 34.04.05.05.0202020 20 mg5 105 10150-300150-3001
9、5.015.060.060.01001005 5 mg1.1 10 1.1 10 mg/wk2.Antibiotics 10 mg/3-4days静脉营养的临床应用8ElementStableAcute CatabolicGI LossesZn2.5 4.0 mgAdditional2 mgAdd 12.2 mg/L small Bowel fluid lost;17.1 mg/kg of stool or ileostomy outputCu0.5 1.5 mg-Cr10 15 mcg-20 mcgMn1.150.8 mg-静脉营养的临床应用9Metabolic Complications
10、of PNSteatosisCholestasis,Gallbladder Stasis,and CholelithiasisGastrointestinal AtrophyGastric Hypersecretion and HyperacidityMacronutrientrelatedComplicationsOverfeedingRefeedingsyndrome静脉营养的临床应用10Metabolic Complications of PN Steatosis Within 1-2 weeks after initiation of PNElevations of Serum ami
11、notransferases,alkaline phosphatase and bilirubinFatty infiltration of liver cells Continuous glucose and/or excessive calorie loadsResolves in 10-15 days静脉营养的临床应用11Metabolic Complications of PNCholestasis,Gallbladder Stasis,and CholelithiasisMay occur 2-6 wks after initiation PNProgressive increase
12、 total bilirubin and serum alkaline phosphataseminimize the riskCyclic PNRestrictin of carbohydrate,Avoidance of overfeeding Early enteral stimulation 静脉营养的临床应用12Metabolic Complications of PNGastrointestinal AtrophyLack of enteral stimulation cause villus hypoplasiaColonic mucosal atropyDecrease gas
13、tric functionImpaired GI immunityBacterial overgrowthBacterial translocationInitiate enteral feedings as soon as possible静脉营养的临床应用13Metabolic Complications of PNGastric Hypersecretion and HyperacidityGastric secretions directly related to the amount of small bowel resectedPeptic ulcerations and hemo
14、rrhagic gastritisHistamine H2 receptor antagonists are used to decrease gastric outputAdded directly to the PN solution静脉营养的临床应用14適當靜脈營養支持注意要點適當靜脈營養支持注意要點v 預防高血糖症預防高血糖症 血糖的穩定血糖的穩定v 電解質的平衡電解質的平衡 鉀鉀、鎂、磷、鎂、磷 的監測的監測v 酸鹼平衡酸鹼平衡Nutrition Support Overfeeding Respiratory AcidosisParenteral Nutrition Acidosis
15、 Metabolic Acidosisv 避免靜脈營養停止時的低血糖症避免靜脈營養停止時的低血糖症J.Nutrition 1999:129.290S-294S静脉营养的临床应用15Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 1999,2:69-78246810 12 14 16 18 20Postoperative DayRelative insulin sensitivity(%)10080604020静脉营养的临床应用16Anesthesiology 40:4,400-404,1974RL GLASSRL PVCD5RL
16、 GLASSD5RL PVC静脉营养的临床应用17n a.Hyperosmolar state b.Osmotic diuresis c.Dehydration d.Immunosuppressionn n n Ref:1.NutritionSupportTheoryandTherapeutics1stEd,P471;19972.TheMetabolicHazardsofOverfeedingCriticallyIllPatients,ASPEN,1997.静脉营养的临床应用18nTG 250mg/dl 4 hrs after lipid infusion for piggybacked li
17、pids and 400mg/dl for continuous lipid infusion Ref:1.TheMetabolicHazardsofOverfeedingCriticallyIllPatients,ASPEN,1997.静脉营养的临床应用19n Ureagenesisn Hyperchloremic acidosisn Ventilatory alterationsn Increased resting energy expenditure 1.NutritionSupportTheoryandTherapeutics1stEd,P471;19972.TheMetabolic
18、HazardsofOverfeedingCriticallyIllPatients,ASPEN,1997.静脉营养的临床应用20Metabolic Complications and TreatmentHyperglycemian1.Slow infusion raten2.Give insulin 0.1 U of insulin/g of dextrose/litern3.Increase fat emulsion therapy静脉营养的临床应用21Refeeding SyndromenCardiac insuficiency peripheral edema hyertensionnE
19、xcess glucoseHyperglycemia HypokalemiaHypophosphatemiahypomagnesemiaRef:NutritioninCriticalCare.1994静脉营养的临床应用22TPN or PPN?静脉营养的临床应用23全靜脈營養全靜脈營養的適應症的適應症Total Parenteral Nutrition營養有危機的人營養有危機的人體重過輕的病人體重過輕的病人短時間內體重下降超過短時間內體重下降超過10%10%有有1010天以上無法經口進食天以上無法經口進食胃腸道消化吸收有困難胃腸道消化吸收有困難嚴重外傷、燒傷嚴重外傷、燒傷嚴重敗血症嚴重敗血症静
20、脉营养的临床应用24 Hicaliq I TeruAmino 12X Hicaliq II TeruAmino 12XStress-II 一天一天1.51.5袋袋 總總 液液 量量 ml120012001200120018001800 總總 熱熱 量量 Kcal8078071027102715411541 Glucose gm140140206206309309 Xylitol gm 25 25 25 25 37.5 37.5 Amino Acid gm56.856.8 56.8 56.885.285.2 Na mEq7575 75 75 112.5 112.5 K mEq3030 30 30
21、 45 45 Ca mEq8.58.5 8.5 8.512.7512.75 Mg mEq101010101515 Cl mEq 75 757575112.5112.5 Acetate mEq 25 25252537.537.5 P mM 4.85 4.854.854.857.287.28 Zn mg0.70.70.70.71.051.05併併總總 液液 量量 ml1010250 250 ml 14501010250 250 ml 14501010250 250 ml 2050 ml用用總總 熱熱 量量 Kcal108010801302130218161816静脉营养的临床应用25 STD-IS
22、TD-II 總總 液液 量量 ml1900 1900 一日一日 2 2 袋袋1900 1900 一日一日 1 1 袋袋 總總 熱熱 量量 Kcal1287128717271727 Glucose gm282282411411 Xylitol gm25252525 Amino Acid gm56.856.856.856.8 Non-Protein Kcal1060106015001500 Non-Protein K/N117117165165 Na mEq75757575 K mEq60606060 Ca mEq 17 171717 Mg mEq20202020 Cl mEq 75 757575
23、 Acetate mEq50505050 P mM 9.7 9.79.79.7 Zn mg1.41.41.41.4併併總總 液液 量量 ml2020250 250 ml 21501010250 250 ml 2150用用總總 熱熱 量量 Kcal1787178720022002脂脂Non-Protein Kcal1560156017751775肪肪Non-Protein K/N172172195195静脉营养的临床应用26Guidelines for Nutritional Therapy in Liver DiseaseProteingm/kg/dEnergyKcal/kg/dCHOFatN
24、utritional GoalHepatits acute or chronic1.0-1.51.0-1.530-4067-8020-33Prevent malnutritionEnhance regenerationCirrhosis uncomplicated1.0-1.51.0-1.530-4067-8020-33Same as aboveCirrhosis-complicated Malnutrition Cholestasis1.0-1.0-1.81.81.0-1.0-1.51.540-5030-407273-802820-20-2727Restore normal nutritio
25、nal statusPrevent malnutritionTreat fat malabsorptionEncephalopathy Grade 1 or 2 Grade 3 or 40.5-0.5-1.21.20.50.525-4025-40757525252525Provide nutritional needs without precipitating encephalopathy静脉营养的临床应用27Recommended macronutrient intake for patients with ARFCRF requiring N S ARF or CRF Patients(
26、HD treatments about three times/week)CVVH/CVVHD(in hypercatabolic ARF or CRF patients)Protein or Amino acidAbout 1.2 g/kg/d of mixed essential and nonessential amino acids or protein1.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 g/kg/d of mixed essential and nonessential amino acids or proteinEnergy30 45 30 45 kcal/kg/d30 45 kcal
27、/kg/dFat(of total energy)20-30 if not septic20-30 if not septicWaterAs toleratedAs tolerated静脉营养的临床应用28 病人預期病人預期NPO 5-7NPO 5-7天天 不適當的胃腸功能維持在不適當的胃腸功能維持在5-75-7天天 轉移至口服管灌期轉移至口服管灌期 中央靜脈輸入是禁忌時中央靜脈輸入是禁忌時 營養不良病患營養不良病患 預期須給予數日的預期須給予數日的NPONPO 高新陳代謝性病患高新陳代謝性病患 使用使用PPNPPN即可符合病患熱量及蛋白質的須求時即可符合病患熱量及蛋白質的須求時静脉营养的临床
28、应用29全靜脈營養與周邊靜脈營養全靜脈營養與周邊靜脈營養n5.7%嚴重的併發症嚴重的併發症n包括動脈出血及氣胸包括動脈出血及氣胸n9%導管性併發症導管性併發症n包括導管移除的未注意及中央靜脈栓塞包括導管移除的未注意及中央靜脈栓塞n6.5%與中央靜脈導管有關的菌血與中央靜脈導管有關的菌血症症Payne-James,JPEN 1993;17:468-478TPN的問題的問題全靜脈營養的第一選擇:周邊靜脈營養路徑全靜脈營養的第一選擇:周邊靜脈營養路徑静脉营养的临床应用30g 無法或不必要用下腔頸靜脈插管無法或不必要用下腔頸靜脈插管 提供高滲透壓溶液時提供高滲透壓溶液時g 因菌血症而須將中心靜脈插管拆
29、除因菌血症而須將中心靜脈插管拆除g 下腔靜脈先前的插管引起靜脈炎下腔靜脈先前的插管引起靜脈炎g 無專業人員無專業人員PPNPPN輕度至中度營養缺乏輕度至中度營養缺乏無法經口服或不易經由中央靜脈輸入無法經口服或不易經由中央靜脈輸入或不需要時的一種有效的營養支持療法或不需要時的一種有效的營養支持療法静脉营养的临床应用31葡萄糖葡萄糖肝醣肝醣胺基酸胺基酸蛋白質蛋白質酮體酮體脂肪酸脂肪酸脂肪脂肪ADP能量ATP 能量代謝氧氣O2升糖激素Epin,Norepin,GH類固醇Blackburn;Am.J Clin Ntutr,1974:27:175-187静脉营养的临床应用32 1.Less negati
30、ve nitrogen balance 2.Improved visceral protein levels 3.Greater total lymphocyte count Protein source contribution at least 1g/kg/dayRef:Tsann-LongHwangetal,JPEN:1993;Vol17,No.3P254-256静脉营养的临床应用33DextroseGlycerin能能量量提提供供3.4kcal/克克4.3kcal/克克胰胰島島素素作作用用須須依依賴賴胰胰島島素素,產產生生葡葡萄萄糖糖不不耐耐性性體體內內代代謝謝不不須須胰胰島島素素,無
31、無血血糖糖昇昇高高問問題題呼呼吸吸係係數數RespiratoryquotionRQ=1 易易產產生生VCO2增增高高,O2耗耗氧氧量量增增加加,引引起起肺肺窘窘迫迫RQ=0.87 較較不不易易引引起起肺肺窘窘迫迫,適適合合肺肺功功能能不不全全患患者者小小靜靜脈脈刺刺激激性性PH=5.0 滲滲透透壓壓高高,易易引引起起靜靜脈脈炎炎PH=6.5 滲滲透透壓壓低低,靜靜脈脈炎炎發發生生機機率率較較低低熱熱安安定定性性不不安安定定,與與胺胺基基酸酸引引起起褐褐化化反反應應(Millard Reaction)安安定定,可可加加熱熱滅滅菌菌,減減少少藥藥局局混混合合時時的的污污染染静脉营养的临床应用34P
32、0.02氮平衡氮平衡/4日日 Glycal-AminGlycal-Amin 一般氨基酸加電解質一般氨基酸加電解質0-55-1010Freeman:Surgery,Gyn&Obs.Vol.156:p625-631,19833%3%Amino Acid and 3%Glycerin injection Amino Acid and 3%Glycerin injection with Electrolyteswith Electrolytes静脉营养的临床应用353211 12 23 34 45 51 12 23 34 45 54080120160200240胰島素胰島素依賴型糖尿病依賴型糖尿病非胰
33、島素非胰島素依賴型糖尿病依賴型糖尿病一般氨基酸一般氨基酸+葡萄糖葡萄糖Glycal-AminGlycal-Amindaysdaysdaysdays1 12 23 34 45 51 12 23 34 45 5Plasma Glucose,mg/dlPlasma Glucose,mg/dlDose of insulin I.V.,U/hDose of insulin I.V.,U/hF A.LevRan:JPEN 11:271-274,1987静脉营养的临床应用36N=41P0.001葡萄糖葡萄糖基劑的基劑的PPNPPNEric B.Rypin:The Am.J.of Surg.159,p222-
34、225,19903%3%Amino Acid and 3%Glycerin injection Amino Acid and 3%Glycerin injection with Electrolyteswith Electrolytes静脉营养的临床应用3737%37%的癌症病人的癌症病人血糖不耐性問題血糖不耐性問題CachexiaCachexia不正常葡萄糖耐受性不正常葡萄糖耐受性飢餓狀態下的血糖飢餓狀態下的血糖可以上昇維持至可以上昇維持至110-120 110-120 mg/dlmg/dl控制葡萄糖利用的控制葡萄糖利用的GLUT-4 TransporterGLUT-4 Transporte
35、r受損受損Nutritional Oncology 1999 Chapter 36 p.519-536静脉营养的临床应用38T Ty yp pe e I II Id di i a ab be et t e es s體體重重流流失失的的癌癌症症病病人人飯飯前前g gl l u uc co os se e增增加加正正常常飯飯前前 i i n ns su ul l i i n n增增加加減減少少或或增增加加I In ns su ul l i i n n 分分泌泌減減少少減減少少或或增增加加耐耐糖糖試試驗驗不不正正常常不不正正常常肝肝臟臟葡葡萄萄糖糖製製造造量量增增加加極極極極度度度度增增增增加加加加
36、肌肌肉肉葡葡萄萄糖糖攝攝取取量量減減少少減減少少J.Am,College of Nutrition 445-456,1992静脉营养的临床应用39Cancer type(n)Insulin(%of control)Glucose disposal Reference 頭頭 頸頸 部部(8)290 52%Tayek 1995 720 74%胃胃 腸腸 道道(11)500 65%M cCall 1992 胰胰 臟臟 (16)310 60%Permert 1994 630 81%胃胃 與與 大大 腸腸(15)430 73%Copeland 1987 大大 腸腸-直直 腸腸(10)240 62%Cop
37、eland 1987 淋淋 巴巴 瘤瘤 (6)430 55%M inn 1994 G I,Breast,Lung(12)680 49%Yoshikaw a A.S.P.E.N.23rd Clinical Congress p.244,1999静脉营养的临床应用40腦腦無食慾無食慾?脂肪酸脂肪酸脂肪脂肪脂肪酸脂肪酸 甘油甘油 釋出釋出脂肪儲存脂肪儲存腫瘤腫瘤生長生長乳酸乳酸葡萄糖葡萄糖氨基酸氨基酸三酸甘油脂三酸甘油脂肝臟肝臟葡萄糖生成葡萄糖生成蛋白質合成蛋白質合成肌肉肌肉氨基酸氨基酸脂肪酸脂肪酸氨基酸氨基酸?無氧反應無氧反應(-2(-2 ATP)Cori cycle(-4 ATP)TCA Cyc
38、le(-36 ATP)Loss more 300Kcal/dayKern&Norton:JPEN;1988.12:287静脉营养的临床应用41 静脉营养的临床应用422 2L+500mL10%10%脂肪乳脂肪乳3 3L/+500mL20%20%脂肪乳脂肪乳總熱量總熱量1,0401,0401,7351,735蛋白質蛋白質(克克)58588787脂肪脂肪(克克)5050100100鈉鈉(mEq)7070105105鉀鉀(mEq)48487272鎂鎂(mEq)10101515鈣鈣(mEq)6 69 9氯氯(mEq)8282123123磷磷(mmol)14.514.51818醋酸醋酸(mEq)9494
39、141141Kenneth Waxman:JPEN 16:p374-378,1992静脉营养的临床应用43J.Payne-James:JPEN 1993;17:468-478J.Payne-James:JPEN 1993;17:468-478First Choice for Total Parenteral Nutrition:First Choice for Total Parenteral Nutrition:The Peripheral RouteThe Peripheral Route全靜脈營養的第一選擇:周邊靜脈營養路徑全靜脈營養的第一選擇:周邊靜脈營養路徑静脉营养的临床应用44v已
40、預混合已預混合PPNPPNv減少藥局調製時間減少藥局調製時間v減少汙染的發生減少汙染的發生v容易處方容易處方v醫護人員操作方便醫護人員操作方便v經濟經濟 較較TPNTPN少併發症少併發症 較較TPNTPN價格便宜價格便宜 減低高血糖素症減低高血糖素症 有無有無infusion pumpinfusion pump均均可可 使用使用 不須要不須要taperingtapering安全、方便、經濟安全、方便、經濟静脉营养的临床应用45 糖尿病與癌症病患糖尿病與癌症病患 維持與穩定血糖維持與穩定血糖 COPDCOPD病患病患 避免避免Pulmonary stressPulmonary stress 避免因避免因SIRSSIRS引起的高血糖症引起的高血糖症 避免避免TPNTPN結束時的低血糖症結束時的低血糖症静脉营养的临床应用46藥師藥師 龐振宜龐振宜營養是生命的泉源營養是生命的泉源静脉营养的临床应用47静脉营养的临床应用48
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