1、第一章第一章 肥料的概念分类和定义肥料的概念分类和定义 Chapter 1.General Concepts,Classification,Terminology and Definitions内容内容 Contents1 1肥料与植物的养分肥料与植物的养分2 2肥料的品位肥料的品位3 3肥料的法规肥料的法规4 4肥料的定义和相关名词肥料的定义和相关名词1.1.肥料与植物的养分肥料与植物的养分 植物必需的营养元素植物必需的营养元素1.能量能量a.光合作用需要阳光(如合成糖等)光合作用需要阳光(如合成糖等)b.需要适当的温度以完成代谢过程需要适当的温度以完成代谢过程2.空气空气a.二氧化碳二氧化
2、碳(CO2)是植物碳素的基是植物碳素的基本来源本来源b.氧气供给植物呼吸氧气供给植物呼吸是植物体的主要组成部分是植物体的主要组成部分、溶剂等溶剂等4.养分养分3.水水阳光、雨露、肥料阳光、雨露、肥料1.1.肥料与植物的养分肥料与植物的养分植物必需的营养元素有植物必需的营养元素有17 17 种种大量元素:碳氧氢氮磷钾钙镁硫大量元素:碳氧氢氮磷钾钙镁硫微量元素:微量元素:氯铁锰硼锌铜镍钼氯铁锰硼锌铜镍钼肥料三要素肥料三要素氮磷钾氮磷钾并非并非1717种营养元素种营养元素都要以肥料的形式都要以肥料的形式补充补充肥料的概念和定义(肥料的概念和定义(Fertilizer):):能给作物提供养分;能给作物
3、提供养分;或能改善作物品质;或能改善作物品质;或能维持与增进地力;或能维持与增进地力;或能改良土壤性质;或能改良土壤性质;而由人工补给土壤的物质均称为肥料。而由人工补给土壤的物质均称为肥料。狭义的概念狭义的概念 以提供植物养分为其主要功效的物料以提供植物养分为其主要功效的物料广义的概念广义的概念国外的肥料概念和定义(国外的肥料概念和定义(Fertilizer):A fertilizer is a material that furnishes(supplies)one or more chemical elements(nutrients)necessary for the proper de
4、velopment and growth of plants.Most important fertilizers:1)fertilizer products(chemical fertilizers)2)manure 3)plant residuesInorganic(Mineral)Fertilizer:A term used by International Organization for Standardization(ISO)for fertilizer in which the declared nutrients are in the form of inorganic sal
5、ts obtained by extraction and/or by physical and/or chemical industrial processes.Fertilizer manual(ed)by UNIDO and IFDC,1998Chemical Fertilizer:In Thailand a fertilizer derived from inorganic substances or synthetic organic substances,including single fertilizer,mixed fertilizer,and compound fertil
6、izer as well as organic fertilizer mixed with chemical fertilizer but excluding white lime,marl(泥泥灰灰),plaster(灰泥)(灰泥),or gypsum.Fertilizer manual(ed)by UNIDO and IFDC,1998化肥化肥:根据化学反应原理,用化学方法根据化学反应原理,用化学方法制造的肥料(樊小林,制造的肥料(樊小林,19951995).土壤肥料学,樊小林和史俊通主编,世界图书出版社,19951995化肥化肥:人工应用化学方法所制得的肥人工应用化学方法所制得的肥料,其
7、中含要素一种或二种亦或三种料,其中含要素一种或二种亦或三种(包伯度和郑双福,(包伯度和郑双福,19791979).肥料学,包伯度和郑双福编,国立编译馆出版,民国六十八年八月化肥化肥:化肥是不赖于农田自身循环的现化肥是不赖于农田自身循环的现代工业产品(奚振邦,代工业产品(奚振邦,20032003).现代化学肥料学,奚振邦编著,农业出版社,20032003化肥的定义化肥的定义:应用化学方法制造的包括植物营应用化学方法制造的包括植物营养要素之的化工产品。除尿素外,养养要素之的化工产品。除尿素外,养分以无机盐形态存在。分以无机盐形态存在。樊小林,20042004肥料的种类肥料的种类按照肥料的按照肥料的
8、制造和来源制造和来源 肥料肥料化学肥料化学肥料有机肥料有机肥料肥料肥料氮肥:尿素氮肥:尿素 磷肥:过磷酸钙磷肥:过磷酸钙钾肥:氯化钾钾肥:氯化钾单质肥料单质肥料复合肥料复合肥料氮磷复合肥氮磷复合肥磷钾复合肥磷钾复合肥氮磷钾复合肥氮磷钾复合肥按照施肥法按照施肥法 肥料肥料基肥基肥播种、移栽之前施用的肥料播种、移栽之前施用的肥料 种肥种肥播种时施用的肥料播种时施用的肥料 追肥追肥作物生育期中施用的肥料作物生育期中施用的肥料 混合混合肥料肥料土壤土壤向各层根系向各层根系供应养分供应养分正确的施正确的施肥方法肥方法肥料应施在在植物肥料应施在在植物或种子的两侧或种子的两侧肥料肥料定义定义只含氮只含氮磷钾
9、其中任意一磷钾其中任意一种养分的肥料。种养分的肥料。单质肥料单质肥料含氮磷钾其中任意两种或含氮磷钾三含氮磷钾其中任意两种或含氮磷钾三种养分的肥料。种养分的肥料。1 1、化成复合肥、化成复合肥 (如如SACFSACF复合肥复合肥)通过肥料中不同通过肥料中不同成分的化学反应过程生产的肥料每粒肥料都含有相成分的化学反应过程生产的肥料每粒肥料都含有相同比例的养分。同比例的养分。复合肥料复合肥料含氮磷钾其中任意两种或含氮磷钾三种含氮磷钾其中任意两种或含氮磷钾三种养分的肥料。养分的肥料。2 2、混合造粒肥混合造粒肥采用单质肥料经过二次采用单质肥料经过二次造粒过程生产的肥料。每粒肥料所含养造粒过程生产的肥料
10、。每粒肥料所含养分比例不完全相同分比例不完全相同复合肥料复合肥料复合肥料复合肥料 含氮磷钾其中任意两种或含氮磷含氮磷钾其中任意两种或含氮磷钾三种养分的肥料。钾三种养分的肥料。3 3、掺混肥料掺混肥料 (bulk blends)(bulk blends)采用几种单质肥料简单混采用几种单质肥料简单混合生产的肥料,肥料成分合生产的肥料,肥料成分非常不均一,容易在装卸非常不均一,容易在装卸,运输和施用过程中产生,运输和施用过程中产生分离现象。分离现象。u缓效肥料slowrelease fertilizer养分所呈的化合物或物理状态,能在一段时间内缓慢释放供植物持续吸收利用的肥料。u包膜肥料coated
11、 fertilizer为改善肥料功效和(或)性能,在其颗粒表面涂以其他物质薄层制成的肥料。内容内容 Contents1 1肥料与植物的养分肥料与植物的养分2 2肥料的品位肥料的品位3 3肥料的法规肥料的法规4 4肥料的定义和相关肥料的定义和相关名词名词肥料的品位肥料的品位(Fertilizer Grade)以百分数表现的肥料养分含量通常用:共同式共同式formula 按N-P2O5-K20(总氮-有效五氧化二磷-氧化钾)序次,用阿拉伯数字分别表示其在复混肥料中所占百分比含量的一种方式。肥料的品位肥料的品位(Fertilizer Grade)It is customary to refer to
12、 a given fertilizer product by a series of numbers separated by dashes.Fertilizer GradeThis set of numbers is called the“grade”of the fertilizer products.1515151515151313101021211111 6 623231010202020202020101010102222 6 61212 Each of the number indicates the amount of a nutrient that manufacturer g
13、uarantees is contained in the fertilizer products.肥料的品位 Fertilizer Grade1010202020 20 NNP P2 2OO5 5 KK2 2OO 1010 2020 2020 Each of the number is always expressed by Each of the number is always expressed by percentage.percentage.These percentages are guaranteed minimum These percentages are guarante
14、ed minimum rather than actual content.rather than actual content.使用肥料品位的价值使用肥料品位的价值Value of using Fertilizer GradeThe value of using fertilizer grades in identifying a fertilizer product cannot be over-emphasized.This is a constant reminder to the consumer that he is purchasing plant nutrients,not a
15、 named fertilizer product.For example:SSP is Single superphosphate (14%20%)内容内容 Contents1 1肥料与植物的养分肥料与植物的养分2 2肥料的品位肥料的品位3 3肥料的法规肥料的法规4 4肥料的定义和相关名词肥料的定义和相关名词 许多物质均可以作为肥料许多物质均可以作为肥料 如果没有肥料的规定和法规,那么肥料市场就会失去控制,如果没有肥料的规定和法规,那么肥料市场就会失去控制,就会出现以下两种问题:就会出现以下两种问题:1 1)名曰同一肥料,实际上可能效果不一,给用户带来)名曰同一肥料,实际上可能效果不一,给用
16、户带来不便。用户无法合理施肥。不便。用户无法合理施肥。2 2)肥料市场价格缺乏合理的基础。)肥料市场价格缺乏合理的基础。例如例如1 1吨低含量(吨低含量(2525的复合肥)的肥料的价值远小于的复合肥)的肥料的价值远小于1 1吨高含量(吨高含量(4545的复合肥)的肥料。的复合肥)的肥料。因此农民需要一种最简单的方法决定在现有肥料市场,因此农民需要一种最简单的方法决定在现有肥料市场,在众多的肥料中选择什么肥料在众多的肥料中选择什么肥料为什么要有肥料的规定和法规为什么要有肥料的规定和法规在肥料市场中,在零售市场控制商品肥在肥料市场中,在零售市场控制商品肥的标识和运营。的标识和运营。作为肥料生产者对
17、肥料中养分含量的保作为肥料生产者对肥料中养分含量的保障和承诺。障和承诺。建立肥料规定和法规建立肥料规定和法规的主要目的的主要目的内容内容 Contents1 1肥料与植物的养分肥料与植物的养分2 2肥料的品位肥料的品位3 3肥料的法规肥料的法规4 4肥料的定义和相关名词肥料的定义和相关名词Fertilizer 肥料肥料 In the simplest terminology,a material,the main function of which is to provide plant nutrients.肥料学中相关的英文名词和定义肥料学中相关的英文名词和定义Terminology and
18、 Definitions Chemical Fertilizer 化肥化肥 In Thailand,a fertilizer derived from inorganic substances or synthetic organic substances,including single fertilizer,mixed fertilizer,and compound fertilizer but excluding white lime(熟石灰)(熟石灰),marl(泥灰)(泥灰),plaster(石膏)(石膏),or gypsum.Terminology and Definitions
19、Inorganic(Mineral)Fertilizer 无机肥无机肥 A term used by the International Organization for Standardization(ISO)for fertilizer in which the declared nutrients are in the form of inorganic salts obtained by extraction and/or by physical and/or chemical industry processes.Terminology and DefinitionsOrganic
20、Fertilizer 有机肥有机肥 Carbonaceous materials mainly of vegetable and/or animal original added to the soil specifically for the nutrition of plants(ISO).Terminology and DefinitionsCompound Fertilizer 复合肥复合肥 A fertilizer that a declarable content of at least two of the plant nutrients nitrogen,phosphorus,
21、and potassium,obtained chemically or by blending or both(ISO).Terminology and DefinitionsBlended Fertilizer 掺混肥掺混肥 A fertilizer,obtained by dry mixing,that has a declarable content of at least two of the plant nutrients nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium(ISO).Terminology and DefinitionsGranular Ferti
22、lizer 颗粒肥颗粒肥 Solid material that is formed into particles of a predetermined mean size(ISO).Terminology and DefinitionsCoated Fertilizer 包膜肥包膜肥 Granular fertilizer that is covered with a thin layer of different material in order to improve the behavior and/or modify the characteristics of the fertil
23、izer(ISO).Terminology and DefinitionsSlow-Release Fertilizer 缓释肥缓释肥 A fertilizer whose nutrients are present as a chemical compound or whose physical state is such that the nutrient availability to plants is spread over time(ISO).Terminology and DefinitionsControlled-Release Fertilizer 控释肥料控释肥料 Fert
24、ilizer in which one or more of the nutrients have limited solubility in the soil solution,so that they become available to the growing plant over a controlled period.The idea in such a fertilizer would be the release of nutrients at a rate equal to the needs of the plant.Terminology and Definitions控
25、释肥料(控释肥料(Controlled Release Fertilizer):采用聚合物包膜,可定量控):采用聚合物包膜,可定量控制肥料中养分释放数量和释放期,使养分制肥料中养分释放数量和释放期,使养分供应与作物各生育期需肥规律吻合的包膜供应与作物各生育期需肥规律吻合的包膜复合肥和包膜尿素。复合肥和包膜尿素。缓释肥料(缓释肥料(Slow Release Fertilizer):):采用物理、化学和生物化学方法制造的能采用物理、化学和生物化学方法制造的能使肥料中养分(主要是氮和钾)在土壤中使肥料中养分(主要是氮和钾)在土壤中缓慢释放,使其作物有效性明显延长的肥缓慢释放,使其作物有效性明显延长的
26、肥料。缓释期和缓释量无定量规定。料。缓释期和缓释量无定量规定。Liquid Fertilizer 液体肥液体肥 A term used for fertilizer in suspension or solution and for liquefied ammonia(ISO).Terminology and DefinitionsPlant Food Ratio 养分配比养分配比 The ratio of the number of fertilizer units in a given mass of fertilizer expressed in the order of N-P-K(I
27、SO).e.g.10-20-20 a 1-2-2 ratioTerminology and DefinitionsDose rate;Dose 养分含量养分含量 The mass or volume of a fertilizer or soil conditioner or nutrient applied to unit area of cultivated land or unit mass of growth medium(ISO).Commonly used abbreviationContentsCommonly Used AbbreviationAbbreviationAbbre
28、viationName of productsName of productsANANAmmonium nitrate Ammonium nitrate 硝酸铵硝酸铵APSAPSAmmonium phosphate sulfate Ammonium phosphate sulfate 柳林酸铵柳林酸铵APPAPPAmmonium polyphosphate solution Ammonium polyphosphate solution 聚磷酸铵液聚磷酸铵液ASASAmmonium sulfate Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵硫酸铵CANCANCalcium ammonium ni
29、trate Calcium ammonium nitrate 硝酸铵钙硝酸铵钙CNCNCalcium nitrate Calcium nitrate 硝酸钙硝酸钙DAPDAPDiammoniumDiammonium phosphate phosphate 磷酸二铵磷酸二铵MAPMAPMonoammoniumMonoammonium phosphate phosphate 磷酸一铵磷酸一铵MOPMOPMuriateMuriate of potash(fertilizer-grade of potash(fertilizer-grade KClKCl)氯化钾氯化钾SOPSOPSulfate of
30、potash(fertilizer-grade K2SO4)Sulfate of potash(fertilizer-grade K2SO4)硫酸钾硫酸钾Sul-Po-MagSul-Po-MagSulfate of potash-magnesium Sulfate of potash-magnesium 硫酸钾镁硫酸钾镁SSPSSPSingle superphosphate Single superphosphate 过磷酸钙过磷酸钙TSPTSPTriple superphosphate Triple superphosphate 富过磷酸钙富过磷酸钙UANUANUrea-ammonium nitrate solution Urea-ammonium nitrate solution 硝酸铵尿素溶液硝酸铵尿素溶液Reference UNIDO and IFDC(ed).Fertilizer Manual,Kluwer Academic publishers in cooperation with UNIDO,IFDC,1998,118.大量元素碳氧氢大量元素碳氧氢氮钾钙镁磷硫宏氮钾钙镁磷硫宏微量首推氯铁锰微量首推氯铁锰还有硼锌镍钼铜还有硼锌镍钼铜Go Back
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