大学精品课件：句法分类精讲.doc

1、1 万学教育万学教育海文海文考研考研 2014 年年学员学员 考研考研英语句法分英语句法分类类精讲精讲 在这部分讲义中，我将和同学们一起详细地、具体地、成体系地分类探讨英 语句子的结构，养成正确的理解英语句子的方法。我们不搞投机取巧；坚定不移 地抵制一切侥幸心理；破除一切“ 方法迷信” ，我们的目标是：实实在在的提 高英语水平！我们将会涉及到定语与定语从句、状语与状语从句、主语从句、宾 语从句、比较结构、并列结构、倒装结构、插入结构、否定结构、被动结构和形 式主语的阅读理解。同时，我还将随时帮助同学们突破阅读中碰到的语法难点和 重要考点。 当然，考研英语的学习将是一段艰辛的历程，甚至令人绝望。

2、但是，我相信， 我们的梦想和信念将会支撑着我们不断前行。坚强！坚定！自信！ 就像就像马丁马丁路德路德金金所说所说 With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. 一、定语从句的理解（真题中 60%长难句来自定语从句） 1、前置翻译：将定语从句翻译到其修饰的先行词前面 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all

3、other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. This trend began during the Second World War, when

4、 several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of th

5、e information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 2 2、后置翻译：将定语从句翻译到其所修饰的先行词后面 Actually, it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers

6、around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. “In short”, a leader of the new school contends “the scientific revolution, as well call it, was largely improvement and inv

7、ention and use of series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions”. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassionate manner that natural scientists use

8、 for the study of natural phenomena. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before

9、 people realized how diverse language could be. 3 二、定语的理解 1、分词结构做定语 Additional social stress may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. Astrophysicists working with ground

10、-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique

11、 and distinctly important social science. Tyler defined culture as “. that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.“ 2、不定式作定语 Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn t

12、he newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. 3、介词结构作定语 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be

13、 in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. 4 Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 4、形容词结构作定语 There is no agreement whether methodology re

14、fers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 三、as 的用法 If the small hot spot looked as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of Big Bang called the inflatio

15、nary universe theory. Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 四、基本结构的理解（I） 1、比较结构 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees

16、history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 5 When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds

17、instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. Some o

18、f these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 2、并列结构 They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and theyre essential to practic

19、es in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. T

20、his seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. As well as being used by taking photographs, X-ray can also be used to treat disease. 6 Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a

21、particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 3、否定结构 部分否定 全部否定 双重否定 形式上否定内容上肯定 But never 形式上肯定内容上否定 But if no more than not more than no more+n.+than no less+n.+than but for anything but nothin

22、g but 7 五、状语及状语从句的理解 Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological d

23、isorder-kitchen rage. The target is wrong， for in attacking the tests， critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill informed or incompetent users. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what

24、 is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lay outside the area of moral choice. 六、基本结构的理解（II） 1、倒装结构：恢复正常句子顺序翻译 Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a

25、 scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged

26、youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 8 2、插入结构：若修饰整句话，则提到句首理解；若修饰某一词、短语，则当作从 句和被修饰对象一体理解 But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a full

27、y electronic human before the end of the next century. Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,“ like the concept of “set“ in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. The existence of the giant clouds was virtually require

28、d for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. 3、被动结构 It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either the consideration humans extend to other humans or with no cons

29、ideration at all. Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed

30、 to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 9 Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the rea

31、sons given above. In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. However， the wo

32、rld is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects. Over the years， tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The behavior

33、al sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 4、形式主语 10 综合训练 One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to min

34、d, feeling, traits of character, human nature, and so on The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of individual is only beginning to recognized and studied. New

35、 forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance. Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this

36、in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. The challenges and needs faced by Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in pursuing sustainable development are widely recognized since they became a focus of the international agenda in the early 1990s as part of the Unite

37、d Nations Conference on Environment and Development. An immediate and intuitive（直觉的） explanation why other Annex I countries have chosen to move on with the Kyoto Protocol without the United States is that these countries are simply genuinely（真诚的） concerned with the potentially significant negative

38、effects of climate change. To assess the possible validity of this explanation, it is useful to briefly consult（咨询） the literature on strategies designed to elicit（抽出/引起） cooperation from an adversary（对手）. In the course of the international political process on climate change that has taken place in

39、 the decade since climate negotiations started in 1991 until the US withdrawal in 2001, national responses to this problem have been developed and institutions for their implementation have been established. Second, this type of logic may also be found in the institutional perspective that has been

40、described as “historical institutionalism,” in which the basic idea is that “the policy choices made when an institution is being formed, or when a policy is initiated, will have continuing and largely determinate influence over the policy far into the future.” 11 2011 翻译题 1、 Allens contribution was

41、 to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. 我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想；爱伦的贡献在 于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。 句法考点：定语从句/同位语从句；并列结构 2、while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alo

42、ne, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ” 我们或许只通过意识就能维持这种控制的幻觉，但事实上，我们却总是面临一个 问题：我们为什么不能让自己去做这件事情，实现那个目标呢？ 句法考点：状语从句；方式状语；并列结构 3、This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the

43、superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom。 这种说法似乎为忽视需要帮助的人找到了借口，使剥削合理化，令上层人优越， 底层人卑微。 句法考点：介词短语作定语；并列结构 4、circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to esca

44、pe from our situation. 环境似乎旨在激发我们的最大潜能，如果我们总感觉“上天不公”，那么不太可能 会自觉地努力脱离现状。 句法考点：被动结构；并列结构；目的状语；递进状语从句 5、The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible。 积极的一面是，既然万事都

45、取决于我们，那么就有无限可能。以前，我们能够熟 练应对种种局限；现在，我们把握着未来的可能。 句法考点：分词结构作定语；定语从句；并列结构； 12 2010 翻译题 1、 Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them. 科学家们迅速赶来挽救这种局面，他们使用的证据明显站不住脚，大意是说：如 果鸟不能控制这些虫子，虫子就会吃光一切。 句法考点：介词短语作定语；

46、定语从句；状语 2、but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. 但是，我们更起码接近了一点，得出了一种观点，即：承认鸟类应该继续享有其 作为一种生物物种的权利，不管它们是否对我们具有经济价值。 句法考点：定语从句；介词短语作定语 3、Time was when biologis

47、ts somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless species. 有一种证据认为，这些生物通过猎杀弱者来保存猎物的健康状态，或者说，这些 生物捕杀的只不过是“毫无意义的物种”；曾几何时，生物学家有点滥用这种证据。 句法考点：定语从句；方式状语；并列结构 4、In Europe, where forestry is ecologicall

48、y more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such ,within reason. 在欧洲，其林业在生态上更加发达，公益林木被认为是原始森林群落的一部分， 同样应该得到合理保护。 句法考点：插入结构；AS 用法；被动结构 5、It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land commun

49、ity that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. 这种观点很可能会忽视，因而最终会消除土地群落里的很多重要因素，虽然这些 要素缺乏商业价值，但对土地的健康机制而言，他们却至关重要。 句法考点：插入结构；定语从句；介词短语作定语；并列结构 13 2009 年翻译题 1、It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 可以说， 任何社会制度的价值的衡量尺度在于， 它在扩大和改进经验方面的影响， 但这种影响并不是其原来动机的一部分 句法考点：并列结构 2、 Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted. And only more gradually still was this effect considered as