22生态足迹及生态承载力课件.ppt

1、Ecological Footprint&Ecological Carrying Capacity1“We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors,we borrow it from our children”Haida proverb(with Kenyan,Chinese,&other Amerindian variants)通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展31 1、两个关键术语、两个关键术语生态足迹Ecological footprint 生态承载力Ecological carrying capacity通识课程

2、：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展4Population/Environment principlesI=P x A x T Impact=Population*Affluence*Technology(Ehrlich and Holdren)Affluence includes consumption,waste and pollutionTechnology includes systems of providing water,food,shelter,energy,etc.Overpopulation occurs when:When people exceed th

3、e carrying capacity of an area.Too many people,at a given level of affluence and technology,deplete the resources that support life and economies,andWhen they introduce more wastes than the environment can handle.通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展52、What is the Ecological Footprint?nThe Ecological Footp

4、rint measures how much nature we have,how much we use,and who uses it.nThe ecological footprint is an environmental accounting tool that is comprehensive,yet as an indicator relatively simple and easy to understand通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展6nIt shows us how much biologically productive land and

5、water a population(an individual,an organization,a city,a country,or all of humanity)requires to support current levels of consumption and waste production,using prevailing technology.it translates data for the consumption of energy and material resources into the equivalent area of biologically pro

6、ductive habitat that would be required to offset their useit reveals the relative environmental effect of lifestyle choicesWhat is the Ecological Footprint?通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展7Bioproductive segments18%Biologically Productive Land11%Deserts,Ice Caps and Barren Land67%Low-ProductivityOcean4

7、%BiologicallyProductive Ocean22%通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展8Measuring FootprintsConsider a commonly used item,such as a environmental textbookmeasuring its ecological footprint would involve calculating the area of bio-productive land necessary to offset the energy and materials used to in its pr

8、oduction,distribution,and eventual discarding,including:npaper and inkncomputers and printersnvehicles,fossil fuels,and bookstoresfor instance,we can determine the number of hectares of forest needed to provide the paper to produce the book,and to provide an equivalent amount of wood-energy to offse

9、t the fossil fuels used in production,distribution,and disposalexamining the diverse ways that materials and energy are used to create a product,such as a book,is an excellent way to become aware of hidden costs and environmental impacts通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展9National FootprintsThe size of a

10、 national ecological footprint depends upon four major factors:1.Population size2.Standard of living nper capita consumption of energy and material resources,and of manufactured goods,food,and spacenper capita production of waste3.Technology being used nthis affects the efficiency of energy and mate

11、rial usage4.Issues related to social equityninequities among social groups in lifestyle intensity(and poverty)naspirations of people to have a higher intensity of lifestyle通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展10How it works(1)nIn general,the Ecological Footprint measures resource consumption of human activ

12、ities across the whole lifecycle of a product or service and converts this to the amount of land needed to supply the resources consumed and assimilate the waste generated.nEcological Footprint accounts for our global nature of our economy by capturing the impact of imports and exports.nThe Ecologic

13、al Footprint does not account for hazardous impacts of products such as the impact of dioxins released in the atmosphere,nor does it measure water usage against water availability.通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展11How it works(2)nThe Footprint tool does,however,measure the land required to eliminate C

14、arbon dioxide(CO2)emissions and the impact of the energy required to provide the water we consume.nEcological Footprint accounts calculate humanitys demand on nature in specific,understandable terms,using official government statistics.The accounts are helping hundreds of individuals,businesses,gove

15、rnments and sustainability practitioners around the world to more effectively manage the earths ecological assets and move society toward a sustainable 通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展12What does the Ecological Footprint tell us?nHumanitys Ecological Footprint can be illustrated in numbers of planets,

16、where one planet equals the total bio-capacity of the Earth in any one year.nSince the late 1980s,we have been in overshoot:currently the Ecological Footprint exceeds the Earths bio-capacity by about 30%，which means that we currently need about 1.3 planets to meet our average resource consumption le

17、vels(2004).nIn other words,it now takes about one year and four months for the Earth to regenerate what we use in a single year.通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展13Change of Ecological footprint通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展14Why calculate your Footprint?nMeasuring our Ecological Footprint can help us i

18、dentify what contributes the most to our Footprint,and how resources could be used more efficiently in order to secure our own wellbeing,as well as that of the rest of humankind and the planet-both now and in the future.nCalculating the Ecological Footprint for yourself,your household,office,school,

19、shop or event helps to identify the environmental impacts of everyday activities and capture progress towards more sustainable practices.nThe results of your Ecological Footprint may even motivate you to make a few changes to your lifestyle that will help to achieve reduced Ecological Footprints.通识课

20、程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展15你的生态足迹是多少？你的生态足迹是多少？n消费与生活质量？消费与生活质量？吃多少？吃什么？中国食物消费和请客习惯，日本及其他国家？出行，轿车OR公共交通？自行车？n你能为可持续发展做什么？你能为可持续发展做什么？n学术研究学术研究可持续消费可持续消费通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展16小轿车、公共汽车、自行车所需面积对比小轿车、公共汽车、自行车所需面积对比通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展17National FootprintsThe size of a national ecol

21、ogical footprint depends upon four major factors:1.Population size2.Standard of living nper capita consumption of energy and material resources,and of manufactured goods,food,and spacenper capita production of waste3.Technology being used nthis affects the efficiency of energy and material usage4.Is

22、sues related to social equityninequities among social groups in lifestyle intensity(and poverty)naspirations of people to have a higher intensity of lifestyle通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展18Ecological Footprints of Countriesecological footprint(Gha/person)012345678910BangladeshPakistanIndiaIndonesia

23、PhilippinesEgyptChinaThailandTurkeyBrazilWORLD MexicoArgentinaChileSouth AfricaMalaysiaKorea,Rep.PolandItalyJapanRussian FederationAustriaNetherlandsSpainGermanySwitzerlandUnited KingdomFranceNorwayDenmarkCanadaSwedenFinlandAustraliaUnited Statesn中国环境与发展国际合作委员会和WWF日前共同发布了中国生态足迹报告指出，自从二十世纪60年代以来，中国的人

24、均生态足迹持续增长了约两倍。作为一个国家，中国消耗了全球生物承载力的15%，中国消耗的资源已超过自身生态系统所能提供资源的两倍。报告指出，中国的人均生态足迹是1.6全球公顷，也就是说，平均每人需要1.6公顷具有生态生产力的土地来满足其生活方式的需要。中国的人均生态足迹在147个国家中列第69位。通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展19data for 34 countries ranging in GDP and footprint from relatively low(e.g.,Bangladesh)to high(e.g.,Canada,U.S.A.)Per Ca

25、pita Footprint and GDPThe per capita ecological footprint is closely related,in a statistical sense,to the per-capita Gross Domestic Product(GDP)of a national economyecological footprint(Gha/person)GDP($US)20102010年年GDPGDP中国中国:6.05:6.05万亿美万亿美美国：美国：14.114.1万亿美元万亿美元日本日本:5.5:5.5万亿美元万亿美元通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通

26、识课程：资源环境与可持续发展20data for 34 countries ranging in energy use from relatively low(e.g.,Bangladesh)to high(e.g.,Canada,U.S.A.)The per capita ecological footprint is also closely related to the per capita energy consumption,including both non-renewable and potentially renewable sources Per Capita Footpr

27、int and Energy Consumptionecological footprint(Gha/person)energy use (tons oe/person.yr)通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展21data for 34 countries ranging in food consumption and ecological footprintThe per capita ecological footprint is not so closely related to per-capita food consumption,which has a m

28、uch greater subsistence basis than does either GDP or energy usage.Because food consumption is a basic human demand,it is relatively similar among countries.Per Capita Footprint and Food Consumptionfood(kcal/person.day)ecological footprint(Gha/person)通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展223、Ecological Carr

29、ying Capacity The maximum population of a given organism that a particular environment can sustain indefinitely,at a given level of resource availability,affluence and technology.May change,up or down,in response to changes of affluence(consumption,waste and pollution)or of technology(mechanisms tha

30、t provide and use resources).Assumes stability without environmental damage.May be modified to improve environmental potential,or may be damaged by unwise resource or pollution practices.通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展23Eco-capacityThe ability of a country to satisfy the demands of its ecological foo

31、tprint,also known as its eco-capacity,depends upon:the national area of accessible,ecologically productive land and waterthe relative productivity of that habitatthe intensity of management activities used in agriculture,forestry,hunting,and other resource-related sectorshow much natural habitat is

32、protected in ways that preclude its intensive use by humans(e.g.,in parks)resource degradation caused by over-harvesting,pollution,climate change,and other factorsresource and economic instabilities associated with natural disasters and societal conflicts,including war通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展2

33、4地球上每一秒发生什么？地球上每一秒发生什么？What happens every second on earth?2.4 2.4 个新生儿个新生儿28.6 28.6 吨金属吨金属、4 4 台电视台电视、1.3 1.3 辆汽车辆汽车.商品贸易额商品贸易额US$240,000US$240,000二氧化碳排放二氧化碳排放 762 762 吨吨消失的森林面积消失的森林面积0.6 0.6 公顷公顷增加的沙漠面积增加的沙漠面积78 m78 m2 2 通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展251900210020032050outcome：four earths in 2100通识课

34、程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展26S shaped population curve-SUSTAINABLE Starts small Accelerates to rapid growth phase Levels off to approach carrying capacity May fluctuate,but remains stable indefinitely,or until variables change to establish new carrying capacityPop.TimeCarrying capacityCarrying Capac

35、ity Patterns:通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展27 Developed countries,especially in Europe approach it Some US states are exceptions,far exceeding carrying capacity Can change to unsustainable for a time due to any of the adverse factors characteristic of“J”nations and regions,BUT can be put back on sus

36、tainable course by sound policies,sound choices,sound practicesCarrying Capacity Patterns:S shaped population curve-SUSTAINABLE 温哥华的移民政策温哥华的移民政策通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展28Carrying Capacity Patterns:Starts small Accelerates exponentially Peaks far above carrying capacity Collapses to new,much lo

37、wer carrying capacityPop.TimeOriginal carrying capacityNew carrying capacityJ shaped population curve UNSUSTAINABLE通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展29Carrying Capacity Patterns:Typical of many undeveloped countriesOften occurs regionally due to:agricultural system collapse,food shortage persistent natu

38、ral disasters poor environmental management(desertification,deforestation,soil erosion,pollution,etc.)rapid shift of population from rural to urban areasJ shaped population curve UNSUSTAINABLE通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展30Chinas Development ConstraintsnPopulation PressurenDiminishing ResourcesnInc

39、reasing PollutionnCompetitiveness in global marketsI=P*A*T通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展31沙漠化中的中国沙漠化中的中国 Desertization in China通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展32煤矸石山煤矸石山尾矿成灾尾矿成灾矸石山、尾矿河矸石山、尾矿河Gangue通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展33金属废弃物金属废弃物Metal wastes建筑垃圾建筑垃圾Construction wastes建筑垃圾与金属废弃物建筑垃圾与金属废弃物通识课程

40、：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展34河流、空气污染与固体废物河流、空气污染与固体废物境境通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展35中国式的毁田烧砖把中国式的毁田烧砖把生存的土地都破坏了生存的土地都破坏了毁田烧砖的景象毁田烧砖的景象Crop field通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展36北京北京BeijingBeijing通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展37通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展38水污染水污染return通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续

41、发展39思考？思考？中国的人口承载力应该为多少？中国的人口承载力应该为多少？如何看独生子女政策？如何看独生子女政策？你的建议？你的建议？通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展404、Ecological OvershootGlobal Footprint Global Bio-capacityAn enormous human population(6.5 billion)+Intensive resource consumption=Resource depletion+Environmental degradation(pollution,damage to biod

42、iversity,societal inequities)=Ecological Overshoot通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展414、Ecological OvershootnThe average global Ecological Footprint is 2.7 global hectares per person,while there are only 1.6 hectares of biologically productive area per person available on the planet.This is called overs

43、hoot.nMuch like spending more money than you earn,it is possible to exceed ecological limits for a while,but this deficit spending leads to the destruction of ecological assets on which our economy depends,such as depleted groundwater,collapsing fisheries,Carbon dioxide(CO2),accumulation in the atmo

44、sphere,and deforestation.通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展42Global Land Resourcesforestbuilt landpasturearableother landEarth and Its Biospherenultimately,bio-capacity is set by the limits of the biosphere to support the human enterprisenEarths surface area is 51 billion haonly 15 B ha are terrestrialo

45、nly 10 B ha are economically“productive”nat the current human population,there is only 1.6 ha of bio-productive space available per global citizen(but without any reservation of habitat for nature)nthis space must service all biospheric needs,including those of other species and natural ecosystems通识

46、课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展43In 2008,the Earth went into Overshoot on Tuesday 23 September the day we started using all the resources nature will generate this year.通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展44Ecological OvershootGlobal Footprint Global Bio-capacitynecological overshoot has been the case since

47、at least 1980at the global level,there is a 40%overshootbut it is 62%,if 12%of global space is used to conserve biodiversitynan overshoot can only be temporarily maintained,because natural capital becomes depleted and degradednclearly,Earth is being over-used by humansexamples supporting this view i

48、nclude:deforestation,erosion,exhaustion of fish stocks,increase of CO2 and other greenhouse gases,groundwater depletion,and extinctions&endangermentnecological overshoot is dangerous,particularly if it is used to try to maintain continued economic growththere are,however,sustainable alternatives to

49、the potential catastrophes associated with ecological overshoot通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展45Ecological OvershootnThe main contributor to overshoot is carbon dioxide emissions.nWe are emitting this greenhouse gas faster than the planet can re-absorb it,so it is building up in the atmosphere contri

50、buting to climate change.nWhile climate change may represent the most alarming symptom of overshoot,it also offers the greatest opportunity for change;virtually every action we take to reduce climate change also reduces overshoot,and vice versa.通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展通识课程：资源环境与可持续发展46Ecological OvershootnEa