11分析化学术语课件.ppt

1、信息检索与文献阅读信息检索与文献阅读（化学（化学0701-0702）2010年年3月月12日日第一部分第一部分 化学专业基础英语阅读化学专业基础英语阅读 （20学时）学时）第二部分第二部分 英文阅读材料英文阅读材料 （12学时）学时）第三部分第三部分 信息检索信息检索 （16学时）学时）第一章第一章 作为定量科学和物质科学的化学作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第二章第二章 原子、分子和离子原子、分子和离子第三章第三章 气态气态第四章第四章 热化学热化学第五章第五章 有机化合物和基团的命名有机化合物和基团的命名第六章第六章 无机化学无机化学、有机化学有机化学、物理化学物理化学、分分 析化学化学术语析

2、化学化学术语 第一部分第一部分 化学专业基础英语阅读化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）学时）第二部分第二部分 英文阅读材料（英文阅读材料（12学时）学时）第一章第一章 松香酸度的标准测试方法松香酸度的标准测试方法 第二章第二章 族半导体制备的新方法：族半导体制备的新方法：InP纳米晶纳米晶 的超声化学合成的超声化学合成 第三章第三章 分子离子材料的计算机模拟分子离子材料的计算机模拟 第四章第四章 透射透射Laue法的法的X射线衍射射线衍射 第五章第五章 销售合同销售合同 第六章第六章 专利说明书专利说明书 第三部分第三部分 信息检索（信息检索（16学时）学时）第一章第一章 信息检索基础信息检索基

3、础 第二章第二章 超星图书馆超星图书馆 第三章第三章 中国期刊网中国期刊网 第四章第四章 维普维普 第五章第五章 工程索引（工程索引（Ei）第六章第六章 美国化学文摘（美国化学文摘（CA）第七章第七章 专利专利 教材和参考书：教材和参考书：1、魏高原，魏高原，化学专业基础英语知识（化学专业基础英语知识（I）（）（Introductory Chemistry Speciality English），），北京大学出版社，北京大学出版社，2004。2、Reading Materials(自编讲义自编讲义)。3 3、陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，2

4、0052005。4 4、万锡仁，万锡仁，Information Retrieval and Related Information Retrieval and Related Reading MaterialsReading Materials，（待出版）。，（待出版）。5、美美 Philip Ball 著，魏高原等注释，著，魏高原等注释，化学专业基础英化学专业基础英语（语（II），），北京大学出版社，北京大学出版社，2001。Chapter 6Inorganic chemical,organic chemical,physical chemical,analytical chemical,a

5、nd biochemical terms 第六章第六章 无机化学、有机化学、物理化无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语 4、分析化学术语、分析化学术语课堂教学内容安排课堂教学内容安排第一节课第一节课教学要求说明教学要求说明词汇预习词汇预习课文阅读理解课文阅读理解第二节课第二节课课文阅读理解（续）课文阅读理解（续）答疑答疑布置课后作业布置课后作业词汇和短文翻译（书面练习）词汇和短文翻译（书面练习）一、教学要求一、教学要求掌握：掌握：常用的分析化学的化学术语常用的分析化学的化学术语 和概念；化学专业文献的阅和概念；化学专业文献的阅 读和理解。读和理

6、解。熟悉：熟悉：分析化学（中文）。分析化学（中文）。了解：了解：仪器分析的专业英语词汇。仪器分析的专业英语词汇。二、二、词汇（词汇（New Words and Expressions）analytical chemical term分析化学术语分析化学术语elucidation说明说明,阐明阐明balance 天平天平,秤秤quantitative measurement 定量测量定量测量notion 概念概念,观念观念,想法想法philosophical 哲学的哲学的analytical chemical termelucidationbalance quantitative measure

7、mentnotion philosophicalabstraction抽象抽象analytical method 分析方法分析方法rely upon 依赖依赖 aspire to 渴望渴望specialization 专业化专业化prospective 预期的，未来的预期的，未来的abstractionanalytical methodrely uponaspire to specialization prospectiveobliged to 不得不不得不physician 医生医生body fluid 体液体液diagnose 诊断诊断indispensable 不可缺少的不可缺少的,绝对

8、必要的绝对必要的biochemist 生物化学家生物化学家metabolic 新陈代谢的新陈代谢的obliged to physician body fluid diagnose indispensable biochemistmetabolicbombardment 轰击轰击inestimable 无价的无价的,无法估计的无法估计的article商品商品commodity日用品日用品automobile 小汽车小汽车premium奖金奖金,奖赏奖赏,保险费保险费ultimate最终最终bombardmentinestimable articlecommodityautomobile prem

9、iumultimateendeavor 努力，尽力努力，尽力trait 特性，特点特性，特点cultivation 培养培养,教养教养qualitative analysis 定性分析定性分析quantitative analysis 定量分析定量分析comprise 包含包含,由由.组成组成province 范围范围sample 样品样品endeavor trait cultivationqualitative analysisquantitative analysiscompriseprovincesamplechemical analysis 化学分析化学分析instrumental a

10、nalysis 仪器分析仪器分析gravimetric analysis重量分析重量分析volumetric analysis容量分析容量分析colorimetric analysis比色分析比色分析electroanalysis 电分析电分析ascertain 确定确定,探知探知chemical analysis instrumental analysisgravimetric analysisvolumetric analysiscolorimetric analysiselectroanalysis ascertainsecuring固定固定mean平均数平均数arithmetic me

11、an数学平均数学平均synonymous同义的同义的replicate重复重复median中值中值securingmeanarithmetic meansynonymousreplicatemedianprecision精密度精密度absolute deviation绝对偏差绝对偏差relative deviation相对偏差相对偏差standard deviation标准偏差标准偏差accuracy精确度精确度absolute error绝对误差绝对误差relative error 相对误差相对误差accepted value 公认值公认值precisionabsolute deviatio

12、nrelative deviationstandard deviationaccuracyabsolute errorrelative error accepted valueprecipitation method 沉淀法沉淀法volatilization method 挥发法挥发法constituent 要素，要素，组分组分insoluble 不（未）溶的不（未）溶的volatility挥发性挥发性weight loss重量减轻，失重重量减轻，失重interference 干扰干扰precipitation method volatilization method constituenti

13、nsolublevolatilityweight lossinterferencecalibration 校准校准widespread 分布广泛的分布广泛的,普遍的普遍的gravimetric method重量分析法重量分析法volumetric method容量法容量法concentration 浓度浓度titration 滴定滴定back-titration 反滴定反滴定calibrationwidespreadgravimetric methodvolumetric methodconcentration titration back-titrationstandard solution

14、 标准溶液标准溶液primary standard 基准物基准物standardization标定标定end point 终点终点titration error滴定误差滴定误差indicator 指示剂指示剂 wherein在其中在其中standard solution primary standardstandardizationend point titration errorindicatorwhereinreagent反应物反应物,试剂试剂judge判断判断dilute 稀释稀释purify 纯化纯化，使纯净使纯净reference material参比物质参比物质,标准材料标准材料w

15、hereby由此由此reagentjudgedilutepurify reference materialwherebyequivalence point当量点当量点sulfuric acid硫酸硫酸sodium hydroxide氢氧化钠氢氧化钠manifest表明表明,证明证明inadequacy 不充分不充分supplementary附助的附助的,附加的附加的equivalence pointsulfuric acidsodium hydroxidemanifestinadequacy supplementary三、课文的阅读理解三、课文的阅读理解 学生阅读课文学生阅读课文510分钟，教

16、分钟，教师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻译成中文，教师及时评讲。译成中文，教师及时评讲。Chapter 11 Analytical Chemical Terms1.The Importance of Analytical Chemistry Historically,analytical chemistry has always occupied a vital position in the development of chemistry.The successful elucidation说明说明,阐明阐明of the process of combustion

17、by L a v o i s i e r (拉 瓦 锡拉 瓦 锡(A n t o i n e Laurent,1743-1794,法国化学家法国化学家,氧氧发现者发现者)was due mainly to his employment of a balance in his investigations;he was among the first to recognize the immense power巨大的动力巨大的动力 of quantitative measurements in chemical research.The atomic concept of matter date

18、s back at least to ancient Greece,and certainly was not original with John Daltons contribution.Daltons contribution,above all,was to introduce a quantitative aspect to this notion概念概念,观念观念,想法想法-an aspect that was verifiable by actual experiment.In a very real sense,then,chemical analysis provided t

19、he support necessary to convert the a t o m i c t h e o r y f r o m a philosophical哲学的哲学的abstraction抽象抽象 into something of physical significance.Early chemistry was principally analytical in nature.Only as the body（大量）（大量）of experimental fact increased did it become possible for the chemist to speci

20、alize-according to his interests-in other fields.Irrespective of choice,however,he continued to rely heavily upon analytical methods and techniques to p r o v i d e h i m w i t h experimental information.Analytical chemistry thus assumed the supporting role of an indispensable（不可缺少的不可缺少的）tool in adv

21、ancing（推进）（推进）the state of knowledge in the fields of inorganic,organic,and physical chemistry.This situation is as applicable to the chemistry of today as to t h a t o f t h e p a s t;e v e r y experimental investigation relies,to an extent,upon the results of analytical measurements.A thorough bac

22、kground in analytical chemistry is thus a vital necessity for all who aspire to 渴望渴望be chemists,regardless of their field of specialization.Nor need these remarks be limited to prospective chemists.Investigators in virtually事实事实上上all of the physical and biological sciences are obliged t o 不 得 不不 得 不

23、 m a k e u s e o f analytical data in the course of their work.The physician医生医生relies heavily upon the results of analysis of body fluids（体（体液）液）in making his diagnoses.Analytical techniques are i n d i s p e n s a b l e i n t h e biochemists study of living matter and its metabolic新陈新陈代 谢 的代 谢 的 p

24、 r o c e s s e s.T h e classification of a mineral is incomplete without knowledge of its chemical composition。Analytical techniques are employed by the physicist indentifying the products of high-energy bombardments 轰击。轰击。A catalogue such as this can be extended virtually without limit.The employme

25、nt of analytical chemistry in modern industry is of inestimable importance.It is difficult to imagine an article商品商品of present-day commerce whose raw materials have not,at some stage,been subjected to analytical control.The uniform quality of the paper upon which these words are printed is due in pa

26、rt to careful analysis during the various phases阶段阶段of its production;hundreds of analyses a re pe r f o r me d upo n t h e materials that go into as complex a c o m m o d i t y 日 用 品日 用 品 a s a n automobile.Finally,aside from these highly practical considerations,a study of quantitative analysis is

27、 of benefit in that it places the highest premium奖金奖金,奖赏奖赏upon careful,orderly work and intellectually honest observation;regardless of ones ultimate最终最终field of endeavor努力，努力，these are traits特性，特点特性，特点worthy of cultivation培养培养.2.analytical chemistry,qualitative or quantitative analysis Analytical c

28、hemistry comprises the techniques and methods that provide answers to the questions What?and How much?with r e s p e c t t o t h e c h e m i c a l composition of a sample of matter.The former is the province（范围）（范围）of qualitative analysis.Quantitative analysis is concerned with the problems attendin

29、g the determination of the amount of species present in a given sample.3.chemical analysis,instrumental analysis Chemical analysis is based on chemical reactions while instrumental analysis relies upon optical,electrochemical,a n d o t h e r p h y s i c a l o r physicochemical properties of sample s

30、olutions.4.gravimetric analysis,volumetric analysis,colorimetric analysis,electroanalysis （称重称重法分析，容量分析法分析，容量分析(法法)，比色分，比色分析析,电分析电分析）The ultimate最终的最终的aim of a quantitative analysis is to ascertain how much of a given species is present in a sample of matter;depending upon the procedure employed,thi

31、s may be accomplished directly or very indirectly.Regardless of how it is done,however,a final measurement of some sort is inherent固有的固有的,内在的内在的 in every determination and from this,the quantity of the species in question is derived.It is convenient to classify the methods of quantitative analysis a

32、ccording to the n a t u r e o f t h i s f i n a l measurement.Thus if this consists of securing得到得到the weight of a solid,the method is classified as a gravimetric analysis-where the final measurement involves determination of a volume,the method is called a volumetric analysis;if the absorption of l

33、ight is measured,the procedure is s o m e t i m e s t e r m e d a colorimetric analysis;and where an electrical property is determined,the method can be classified as electroanalytical.5.mean(arithmetic mean,average),median（平均值（数（平均值（数学平均，平均数）学平均，平均数）,中值中值）The mean,arithmetic mean,and average are sy

34、nonymous同同义的义的terms that refer to the numerical value obtained by dividing the sum of a set of replicate重复重复measurements by the number of individual results in the set.The median of a set is that value about which all others are equally distributed,half being numerically greater and half being numer

35、ically smaller.If the set consists of an odd number of measurements,selection of the median may be made directly;for a set containing an even number偶数偶数 of measurements,the average value of the central pair is taken as the median.We shall see that in the ideal case the mean and median are numericall

36、y equal;this fails to be true more often than not,however,w h e n o n l y a s m a l l s e t o f measurements has been taken.6.precision,absolute deviation,relative deviation,standard deviation（精密度，（精密度，绝对偏差，相对偏差，标准偏差）绝对偏差，相对偏差，标准偏差）T h e t e r m p r e c i s i o n i s frequently used to describe the

37、reproducibility of results.It can be defined as the agreement between the numerical values of two or more measurements that have been made in an identical fashion.Absolute deviation is simply the difference between an experimental value and that(of)which is taken as the best for the set(usually the

38、arithmetic mean).Relative deviation is defined as average absolute deviation divided by the mean.The standard deviation is equal to the square root of the quantity obtained by the division of the sum of the squares of absolute deviations by t h e n u m b e r o f t i m e s o f measurements minus one.

39、7.accuracy,absolute error,relative error（精确度，绝对误差，相对误（精确度，绝对误差，相对误差）差）The term accuracy denotes the nearness of a measurement to its accepted value and is expressed in terms of error.Absolute error is the difference between the observed value and the accepted value,while relative error the division

40、of the absolute error by the accepted value.8.precipitation method,volatilization method（沉淀法（沉淀法,挥发法）挥发法）Tw o g e n e r a l t y p e s o f gravimetric analyses are precipitation method and volatilization method.In the former,the substance to be determined is isolated from the other constituents in th

41、e sample by formation of an insoluble precipitate;the analysis is completed by determining the weight of this precipitate,or of some substance formed from it,by suitable treatment.The latter takes advantage of the property of volatility;here the substance to be determined is isolated by distillation

42、.The product may either be collected and weighed,or the weight loss in the sample as(因为因为)a result of the distillation may be m e a s u r e d.O f t h e t w o,precipitation methods are the widely used.9.interference（干扰）（干扰）Compounds or elements that prevent the direct measurement of the species being

43、 determined are called interferences.10.calibration（校准）（校准）Probably the simplest method of calibration of analytical weights involves a direct comparison of each weight in a set with one whose value is known with certainty.11.gravimetric method,volumetric method（重量分析法重量分析法和容量法）和容量法）A gravimetric met

44、hod is one in which the analysis is completed by a weighing operation.A volumetric method is one in which the analysis is completed by measuring the volume of a s o l u t i o n o f e s t a b l i s h e d concentration needed to react completely with the substance being determined.Ordinarily,volumetri

45、c methods are equivalent in accuracy to gravimetric procedures and(they)are more rapid and convenient;their use is widespread.12.titration,back-titration,standard solution,primary standard,standardization,end point,titration error,indicators 滴定，反滴定，标准溶液，基滴定，反滴定，标准溶液，基准物，标定，滴定终点，滴定准物，标定，滴定终点，滴定误差，指示剂

46、误差，指示剂 A titration is a process wherein在其中在其中the capacity（能（能力）力）of a substance to combine with a reagent is quantitatively measured.O r d i n a r i l y t h i s i s accomplished by the controlled addition of a reagent of known concentration to a solution of the substance until reaction between the t

47、wo is judged判断判断 to be complete;the volume of reagent is then measured.Occasionally（偶尔，有时）（偶尔，有时）it is convenient or necessary to carry out a volumetric analysis by adding an excess of the reagent and then determining the excess by titration with a second reagent of known concentration.The second ti

48、tration is called a back-titration回滴定回滴定,反滴定反滴定(法法).The reagent of exactly known composition used in a titration is called a standard solution.The accuracy with which its concentration is known sets a definite limit upon the accuracy of the method;for this reason,much care is taken in the preparatio

49、n of standard solutions.Commonly the concentration of a standard solution is arrived in either of two ways:(1)a carefully measured quantity of a pure compound is titrated with the reagent and the concentration(is)calculated from the weight and volume measurements;or(2)the standard solution is prepar

50、ed by dissolving a carefully weighed quantity of the pure reagent itself in the solvent;this is then diluted to an exactly known volume.In either method,a highly purified chemical compound-called a primary standard基基准物准物-is required as the reference material.The process whereby由此由此the concentration