关节镜下打结技术-课件.ppt

1、Zhijie xi,MDArthroscopic knot typing a instruction Manual The Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of university of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine1PPT课件 An increasing number of surgeons are performing arthroscopic surgery in the knee to repair meniscal tears and

2、in the shoulder to repair rotator cuff or labral tears Many are also performing capsular shifts to treat instability.Essential to these procedures is the ability to tie arthroscopic knots to approximate intraarticularIntroduction2PPT课件 The surgeon must sequentially construct the knot outside the joi

3、nt and then pass the knot into the joint through small cannulas Tying arthroscopic knots is technically demanding and requires considerable practice With the popularity of arthroscopic surgery,the number of used arthroscopic knots and the number of surgeons using these knots has increased3PPT课件Knot

4、Tying Principles The goal of knot tying is to approximate tissue under tension and maintain the tissue in apposition until biologic repair and healing can occur It is imperative for all surgeons to learn and use knot-tying techniques that minimize the chance of knot failure4PPT课件 Knot security frict

5、ion,internal interference,and slack between throws Friction is inherent to the suture material Internal interference the configuration of the knot and increased by the length of the contact between the loop limb and the post limb slack between the individual throws in each knot to maximize loop secu

6、rity slippage can lead to failure of tissue appositionKnot Tying Principles5PPT课件four different processes of knot failure knot slippage and looseningsuture breakagetissue failuresuture anchor pullout from bonethrough suture breakageKnot failure 6PPT课件Knot Terminology post limb(also commonly known as

7、 the axial limb)loop limb(also commonly known as the wrapping limb,working end,running end,or free end)Knots are constructed by tying the loop limb around the post limb(Fig.1)7PPT课件FIGURE 1.Loop and post configuration 8PPT课件Arthroscopic Knot Pushers An arthroscopic knot pusher is a device used to ad

8、vance the loop down the post limb into the joint to create the knot.Arthrex knot pushers.A.Single-hole,B.Double-hole,C.6th Finger 9PPT课件FIGURE 3.Mitek knot pushers.A.Single-hole,B.Double-hole,C.Slotted 10PPT课件double-hole knot pushers and double diameter knot double-hole knot pushers and double diame

9、ter knot pushers like the Arthrex 6th Finger(Arthrex,Naples,FL).Double-diameter knot pushers provide better loop security compared to standard single-hole knot pushers11PPT课件Double-hole knot pusherFIGURE 4.Double-hole knot pusher.12PPT课件How to Use the Double-Diameter Knot Pusher FIGURE 5.A-F.Tying k

10、nots with the Arthrex 6th finger 13PPT课件Suture Properties Two types of sutures are commonly used in tying arthroscopic knots:a permanent,braided,polyester,nonabsorbable suture and an absorbable,monofilament suture Examples of permanent,braided,polyester,nonabsorbable sutures are Ethibond and Ticron

11、Examples of absorbable,monofilament sutures are PDS II,polydiaxonone and Maxon,polyglyconate 14PPT课件 Braided polyester has increased pliability,ductility,a higher coefficient of friction and greater strength than does absorbable monofilament Because the braided suture is more pliable,the volume of t

12、he knot is decreased and these knots can be cinched tighter.Knots tied with Ethibond were shown to be stronger when compared to PDS II in several biomechanical studies However,braided polyester may fray with excessive handling,which may lead to suture rupture15PPT课件Braided polyester suture may be co

13、ated to:improve surgeon handling reduce friction between the suture and surrounding tissue,which can lead the tissue damagedecrease friction between suture limbs,which may lead to frayingHowever,suture coating decreases the coefficient of friction of the knot,which theoretically increases the risk o

14、f knot slippage16PPT课件 Knots tied with absorbable,monofilament sutures are easier to slide down a post and do not fray There is less friction between the suture and surrounding tissue leading to less potential tissue damage when the suture is pulled through the tissue absorbable sutures dissolve and

15、 do not leave knots that may cause a persistent inflammatory reaction after tissue healing Absorbable sutures can appose tissue under stress for approximately six weeks with complete absorption occurring in approximately six months 17PPT课件 However,absorbable monofilament sutures are harder to handle

16、 than polyester making it more difficult to keep knots tight and secure Also,a absorbable monofilament suture will fail earlier with cyclic loading than polyester suture and may expand by plastic deformation more than 30%of its length before breaking 18PPT课件 The size of the suture is also a factor i

17、n determining a knots holding capacity and also the tensile strength of the suture itself Clinical failure of all knots and suture types improved by 100%when suture size was increased by 2 gauges USP(U.S.Pharmacopeia.The size suture most commonly used in arthroscopic surgery is No.1 or No.2.19PPT课件K

18、not Types There are a variety of knot include nonsliding knots,sliding knots,and locking knots.Nonsliding knots are knots that do not slide though the tissues being apposed.They include the square knot and knots consisting of a series of half hitches like the Revo knot(34)Although the square knot fa

19、ils at higher loads than do series of half hitches in hand-tied knots(38),the square knot is not commonly used arthroscopically.20PPT课件 The square knot is a flat knot in which both strands enter and leave the knot parallel to each other(Fig.6).In order to tie a square knot,symmetric tension must be

20、simultaneously applied to each limb,which is difficult to do arthroscopically If asymmetric tension is applied to one of the limbs,the knot converts to two nonidentical half hitches Thus,most arthroscopic surgeons prefer using a series of half hitches21PPT课件FIGURE 6.Square knot configuration.22PPT课件

21、 Sliding knots,like the Duncan loop(27),are useful in opposing tissue under tension.While tying a sliding knot,the post strand is held under tension while the loop strand is tied around it.Because the post strand is not incorporated into the structure of the knot,the knot,once tied,can easily move d

22、own the post resulting in a sliding knot instead of a flat knot such as the square knot.Once the sliding knots are seated,they are often locked with a series of half hitches.Some sliding knots preferentially slide in only one direction23PPT课件A locking knot is a modification of a sliding knot A simpl

23、e sliding knot can loosen before a series of half hitches are thrown to“lock”the sliding knot in placelocking knots(also known as flip knots)have been developed to maintain initial loop security that does not loosen when tension is removedThe post strand“flips,”converting the loop strand into the ne

24、w post strand and locking the knot into place.An example of a locking knot is the SMC knot.locking knots do not need to be supplemented with a series of half hitchesThe authors of this manual have found locking knots without reinforcing half hitches to be inferior in tensile strength to knots reinfo

25、rced with three reversed half hitches on alternating posts(unpublished data)24PPT课件Locking and sliding knots can be advanced into the joint just by pulling on the post.This can cause tension at the repair site,which can damage the tissue being apposed.Tension at the repair site can be minimized by p

26、ushing the knot ahead with the knot pusher while simultaneously pulling on the post limb.With locking and sliding knots,it is important that the loop limb is at least twice as long as the post limb.If it is not,when pulling the post limb to advance the knot through the cannula and into the joint,the

27、 shortened loop limb may be pulled into the cannula making it impossible to secure the knot.When using a sliding or locking knot configuration,it is important to ensure that the suture slides easily through the tissue being opposed.If the suture does not slide easily,the surgeon should consider usin

28、g a nonsliding knot.25PPT课件Knot Pushing and Pulling Knot configurations can be either pushed or pulled into the joint.he arthroscopic knot-tying device is positioned on the loop limb and is advanced past the half hitch thus pulling the loop over the post limb into the joint(Fig.7A).The arthroscopic

29、knot-tying device is positioned on the post limb behind the knot thus pushing the loop over the post limb into the joint(Fig.7B).26PPT课件FIGURE 7.A.Knot pulling,B.Knot pushing.27PPT课件Tying Half Hitches Using the one hand knot-tying technique,half hitches can be tied either underhand or overhand The f

30、ollowing instructions define an underhand loop and an overhand loop28PPT课件FIGURE 8.A-E.Underhand half hitch.29PPT课件30PPT课件Configuration of Half Hitches Half hitches can be thrown in the same direction(two successive overhand hitches)or can be thrown in opposite directions(an overhand hitch followed

31、by an underhand hitch)Half hitches can also be tied on opposite posts.Tera and Aberg(37)developed a nomenclature for describing flat knots.31PPT课件Post SwitchingFIGURE 13.A.Parallel loop and post limbs.B.Parallel loop and post limbs with a“flat”knot.32PPT课件FIGURE 14.A.Twisted loop and post limbs.B.Wh

32、en tying a knot with twisted post and loop limbs,the knot does not lie“flat.”C.The final knot configuration will loosen if the knot is tied when the loop and post limbs are twisted.33PPT课件 Chan and Burkhart described a may increase the speed of the knot-tying process and also help limit twisting of

33、the suture limbs.One can“flip”a half hitch by releasing tension on the post limb and pulling on the loop limb.When the post is switched,the direction of the half hitch is also reversed.The authors of this technique report that it is easier to flip half hitches using monofilament because it more read

34、ily converts to a flat knot,but it can also be done with braided suture.34PPT课件 Hold the post in the nondominant hand and the loop in the dominant hand(Fig.15A).Move the original post forward and ahead of the half hitch.Apply parallel traction on the post and loop simultaneously converting the half

35、hitch to a flat knot(Fig.15B).Apply axial traction to the loop limb converting it into the new post limb and the half hitch is reversed(Fig.15C).35PPT课件Post Switching Technique FIGURE 15.A-C.Post switching technique 36PPT课件Arthroscopic Knot-Tying TechniquesIt is important to determine if the suture

36、slides through the tissue and suture anchor prior to knot tying.If the suture does not readily slide,a sliding or locking knot should not be used and a nonsliding knot should be chosenOnly one pair of sutures should be within the working cannula during arthroscopic knot tying.If more than one pair o

37、f sutures are within the working cannula during tying,there is a high likelihood that the sutures will become twisted and knot tying will become quite tedious if not impossible.Additional sutures should be shuttled via a monofilament suture(less tissue abrasion)or by an arthroscopic grasper to an ac

38、cessory portalTransparent cannulas are recommended for arthroscopic knot tying.These cannulas allow the surgeon to see if there is any twisting of the suture strands prior to knot tying37PPT课件The arthroscopic surgeon should ensure that there is no redundant soft tissue around the tissue being appose

39、d or in the path of the suture limbs because this will impede knot tying and increase the likelihood of knot failureWhen tying half hitches with a standard single-hole knot pusher,the first throw commonly slips when the knot pusher is removed in preparation for the second throw When the second throw

40、 is advanced,there is a chance that the hitches will lock prior to complete apposition of the tissueTo prevent this,the surgeon can throw the first two hitches in the same direction allowing the hitches to slide down the post to appose the tissue Another method of preventing initial loop loosening i

41、s to use a double-diameter knot-pushing device,such as the Arthrex 6th to maintain tension on the initial hitch while throwing the second hitch38PPT课件Non-Sliding KnotsFIGURE 16.A-F.Square knot.39PPT课件Revo Knot The Revo knot is a series of multiple half hitches made by alternating the post and direct

42、ion of the half hitches.There have been several modifications to the Revo knot FIGURE 17.A-H.Original Revo knot.40PPT课件The Original Revo knot consists of two reversed half hitches on an identical post followed by post switching and two reversed half hitches.Throw an overhand loop around the post(Fig

43、.17A).Pull the loop into the joint with the knot pusher on the loop limb(Fig.17B)Withdraw the knot pusher while maintaining tension on the post limb.Throw an underhand loop around the same post(Fig.17C)Pull the loop into the joint and seat the knot with the knot pusher.Once the two hitches are seate

44、d,past-point to cinch the knot down(Fig.17D).Switch posts and throw an underhand loop around the new post(Fig.17E).Pull the loop into the joint,seat the knot with the knot pusher,and past-point to cinch the knot down(Fig.17F).Next,throw an overhand loop around the post(Fig.17G).Pull the loop into th

45、e joint,seat the knot with the knot pusher,and past-point to cinch the knot down.(Fig.17H)41PPT课件Snyders Knot 42PPT课件43PPT课件Snyders Knot 44PPT课件Snyders is another variation of the Revo knot Throw an overhand loop around the post(Fig.18A).Pull the loop into the joint with the knot pusher on the loop

46、limb(Fig.18B)Withdraw the knot pusher while maintaining tension on the post limb.Throw an underhand loop around the same post(Fig.18C)Pull the loop into the joint and seat the knot with the knot pusher.Once the two hitches are seated,past-point to cinch the knot down(Fig.18D).Switch posts and throw

47、an overhand loop around the new post(Fig.18E).Pull the loop into the joint,seat the knot with the knot pusher,and past-point to cinch the knot down(Fig.18F).Next,throw an underhand loop around the post(Fig.18G).Pull the loop into the joint,seat the knot with the knot pusher,and past-point to cinch t

48、he knot down(Fig.18H).Switch posts and throw an overhand loop around the new post(Fig.18I).Pull the loop into the joint,seat the knot with the knot pusher,and past point to cinch the knot down(Fig.18J).45PPT课件FIGURE 19.A-K.Revo knot.46PPT课件47PPT课件The current Revo knot is a modification of the Origin

49、al Revo knotThrow an underhand loop around the post(Fig.19A).Advance the loop with the knot pusher on the loop limb until the first half hitch is seated(Fig.19B).Withdraw the knot pusher while maintaining tension on the post limb.Throw another underhand loop around the same post(Fig.19C).Pull the lo

50、op into the joint and seat the knot with the knot pusher.Once the two hitches are seated,past-point to cinch the knot down(Figs.19D,E).Throw an overhand half hitch around the post and advance with the knot pusher(Fig.19F).Further tension by past pointing and apply tension on both limbs while holding