2022年中考英语复习句子成分与句子结构 ppt课件.pptx

1、句子成分&结构 PART ONE句子成分句子v句子是由词按照一定的句子是由词按照一定的语法结构语法结构组成的组成的,是表达一是表达一个个完整概念完整概念的语言单位。的语言单位。v句子开头的第一个字母要大写；结尾要有句号句子开头的第一个字母要大写；结尾要有句号“.”、问号问号“?”或感叹号或感叹号“”。vTom likes rock music.vWhat are you doing now?vHow beautiful it is！句子成分v构成句子的各个部分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。叫做句子成分。v主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语

2、和插入语。足语、同位语和插入语。vTom likes rock music.vHe likes reading in the reading room.vThe boy in the classroom is Tom.句子成分句子句子主干主干：主语：主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语我吃了苹果。我吃了苹果。I ate an apple.I ate an apple.句子句子枝叶枝叶：定语，状语，：定语，状语，补语补语我昨晚快速地吃了一个很大很红的苹果。我昨晚快速地吃了一个很大很红的苹果。I ate a big red apple quickly last night.I ate a big red ap

3、ple quickly last night.句子成分 主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的表示所说的“是什么是什么”或或“是谁是谁”。一般由。一般由名词、名词、代词、不定式或相当于名代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语词的词或短语来充当。它来充当。它在在句首句首。PPT模板下载： 主语 1.The sun rises in the east.（）2.He likes dancing.（）3.Two will be enough.()4.Seeing is believing.（）6.To see is to believe.（）7.What he needs is a

4、book.（）8.It is very clear that the elephant is tall like a tree.（）名词代词数词动名词不定式从句It作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语形式主语It is clear that the sun is bigger than the earth.It is important to learn English well.不定式、从句等作主语时，为避头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语置句首。句子成分 主语 句子成分 主语 你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列句子吗？你懂得翻译下列句子吗？1)It is

5、 wrong to tell a lie.()2)It is no use arguing about it.()3)It is uncertain who will come.()说谎是错误的。说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不确定。谁要来还不确定。句子成分 主语 主语在哪里The young should respect the old.Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.What he has said is true.Seeing is believing.句子成分 谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语通常是动词。谓

6、语 We love China.He has a bad cold.e.g.His parents are teachers.We study hard.We dont finish reading the book.He can speak English.（行为动词作谓语）（行为动词作谓语）（系动词和表语一起作谓语）（系动词和表语一起作谓语）（助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）（助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）（情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）（情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）句子成分 谓语动词常分为实义动词动词常分为实义动词,连系动词连系动词,情态动词和助动词情态动词和助动词.They can spe

7、ak English well.We have finished reading this book.谓语在哪里助动词和情态动词须和实义动词一起构成谓语He looked after two boys.They enjoyed playing computer games.句子成分 谓语句子成分 宾语表示动作,行为的对象说明主语“做什么”宾 语 Can I ask some questions?He is looking at the dog.宾语一般放在及物动词或介词后宾语宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在_或或_后面后面.1.We st

8、udy English.2.Our teacher said that he would go there.3.He is looking at the dog.双宾语双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。He gave me two books.及物动词及物动词介词介词句子成分 宾语1.She lived a happy life.()2.I love you.()3.We need two.()4.Do you mind my opening the door?()5.He began to learn English a year ago.()

9、6.He did not know what to say.()7.Did you write down what she said?()8.She felt it her duty to take good care of them.()句子成分 宾语名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语句子成分 宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.A B C DYou must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

10、A B C D 宾语在哪里说明说明1 1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为称为介词宾语介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾动词宾语语或或介词宾语介词宾语。另外，。另外，动词不定式动词不定式可作动词宾语；可作动词宾语；动动名词和宾语从句名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。也可用作动词宾语。句子成分 宾语说明说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直直接宾语接宾语和和间接宾语间接

11、宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语直接宾语指物指物，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语人，间接宾语指人指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：如：give,show（给（给看），看），bring,pass,buy等。等。e.g.（1）Our teacher tells us a story.（2）The sun gives us light.句子成分 宾语间接宾语如果放在直接宾语

12、之后间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示，在表示“人人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或或“for”。间接宾语前加间接宾语前加“to”的有：的有：give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promise（答应）（答应）,refuse（拒绝）等（拒绝）等间接宾语加间接宾语加“for”的有：的有：make,buy,do,get,play,order（命令）（命令）,sing,pay等等(1)I give him a book.改成：改成：(2)He passes me th

13、e book.改成：改成：(3)He writes me a letter.改成：改成：(4)He will buy me some books.改成：改成：(5)She is making me a cake.改成：改成：I give a book to him.He passes the book to me.He writes a letter to me.He will buy some books for me.She is making a cake for me.Summary2 2谓语 “做.”或“怎么样”3 3宾语 动作行为”做”的对象主语 “什么人”或“什么事”1 1句子成

14、分 主干说明主语“是什么”,“怎么样”位于系动词之后表 语Her mother is a bank clerk.The food tastes delicious.句子成分 表语表语表语：跟在：跟在 后面的词语或从句后面的词语或从句,说明主语说明主语“是什么是什么”或者或者“怎么样怎么样The trees turn green.The flower is beautiful.系动词句子成分 表语 Be动词（动词（am，is，are,was,were）表保持（表保持（keep,stay,remain）表改变（表改变（get，become，turn）感官动词感官动词 feel，sound（听起来）

15、（听起来）seem/look（看起来）（看起来）taste（尝起来）（尝起来）smell（闻起来）闻起来）e.g.It sounds interesting.We should all remain careful.系动词系动词 系动词系动词表语表语系动词系动词表语表语1.He is a teacher.()2.My idea is this.()3.To see is to believe.()4.I feel much better today./I must be off now.()5.He is out of danger.()6.The news was exciting./The

16、y were excited at the news.()7.What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.()名词代词不定式形容词/副词介词短语分词从句句子成分 表语找出表语Every thing looks nice.His face turned red.He is happy.句子成分 表语修饰名词或代词定 语Whats your name?Shes a good basketball player.句子成分 定语The girl with long hair is my sister.定语：用来修饰定语：用来修饰_.

17、形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或者相当于形容词的词或者短语都可以担任定语。语、不定式或者相当于形容词的词或者短语都可以担任定语。名词或代词名词或代词1.Its a red car.()2.They live in the room above.()3.My brother is a teacher.()4.We belong to the third world.()5.Lucys father is a poor worker.()6.Mother made a birthday cake for me.()7.The man under the

18、tree is my teacher.()8.The swimming boy is my brother./The boy swimming in the river is my brother.()形容词形容词副词副词代词代词数词数词名词所有格名词所有格名词名词介词短语介词短语现在分词现在分词句子成分 定语找出定语Some people forgot to sweep the floor.A B C DThe man downstairs was trying to sleep.A B C D句子成分 定语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目

19、的等。状 语The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machines.He sat there quietly.句子成分 状语1.He is often late for class.()2.We saw that picture at the cinema.()3.He sat there smoking.()4.They returned tired and hungry.（）5.They did everything they could to save the boys life.（）6.Although he is youn

20、g,he knows a lot.()7.The box is so heavy that I cant lift it.()副词，程度副词，程度介词短语，地点介词短语，地点分词，伴随分词，伴随不定式，目的不定式，目的形容词，状态形容词，状态让步状语从句让步状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句句子成分 状语8.While my wife was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV.（）9.He was angry because we were late(）10.If it rains tomorrow,we wont go out.()时间状语从句时间

21、状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句句子成分 状语找出状语He began writing when he was eleven.A B C DThere was a big smile on her face.A B C D句子成分 状语lThey elected me captain of the team.l We try to make our country strong.l We found everything in good order there.l I should advise you to get the chance.l I saw him goi

22、ng upstairs.lThey found the house broken in.宾语补足语。英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。名词名词形容词形容词介词短语介词短语to do 不定式不定式现在分词现在分词 doingdone 过去分词过去分词句子成分 补语 I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.A B C DThey call me Lily sometimes.A B C D找出宾补句子成分 补语 I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.A B C DThey call me Lily sometimes

23、.A B C D找出宾补句子成分 补语lI was elected captain of the team.l Our country will be made strong.He died young.他死时很年轻。（此句不是原宾补变过来的）他死时很年轻。（此句不是原宾补变过来的）She was called Lucy.她名叫露西。她名叫露西。He was seen to go upstairs.有人看见他上楼了。有人看见他上楼了。句子成分 补语Summary2 2定语用来修饰名词或代词3 3状语修饰动词，形容词或副词4 4宾补与主补的用法表语“是什么”,”怎么样”1 1句子成分 枝干句子成

24、分 同位语句子成分句子成分意义意义充当词类充当词类例句例句主语主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或式，动名词，短语或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样么样动词或动词词组动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象同主语同主语Both of us like English.表语表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主

25、语的性质或特征语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句副词，介词短语或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in

26、 Hollywood.宾语宾语补足语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词形容词，名词，介词短语等短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！句子成分 I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语句子成分PART TWO句子类型句子分类句子分类1)简单句简单句 (Simple Sentence)2)并列句

27、并列句(Compound Sentence)3)复合句复合句(Complex Sentence)句句子子结结构构 1、简单句简单句：简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）：简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。如：如：My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.1、简单句简单句：简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）：简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动

28、词）。和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。如：如：My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.句子类型句子类型(二)并列句(compound sentence):把两个或几个简单句用并列连词或分号连接起来,则成为一个并列句。并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的。从语法上讲,所谓并列、对等是指任何一个主谓结构都能独立地表达意思,谁也不从属于谁。请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。请用合

29、适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。1.He was tired.He went to bed.2.The dress is really beautiful.I cant afford it.He was tired,so he went to bed.The dress is really beautiful,but I cant afford it.3.Mary is cooking.John is greeting guests.Mary is cooking,and/while John is greeting guests.3、复合句复合句：复合句中含有一个或一个：复合句中含有

30、一个或一个以上的从句。以上的从句。如：如：If we want to keep fit,we must always remember that prevention is better than cure.从以上并列句和复合句的例句来看，从以上并列句和复合句的例句来看，我们不难看出它们实际上是由几个简单我们不难看出它们实际上是由几个简单句通过并列连词或从属连词连接起来的。句通过并列连词或从属连词连接起来的。3.复合句(Complex Sentence)主句+连词+从句 连词+从句+主句 定语从句 名词性从句 状语从句主语从句 宾语从句表语从句同位语从句判断从句I hope that ever

31、ything is all right.She was reading the newspaper when I came in.She is the girl who sings best of all.I want to live in a place where the air is fresh.句子分类 a)陈述句(Declarative Sentence)b)疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)c)祈使句(Imperative Sentence)d)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)句子用途 陈述句 用来叙述一个事实或观点的句子叫陈述句。陈述句有肯定

32、和否定两种形式,一般用降调，句末用句号。陈述句的语序一般是“主语+谓语部分”,或“主语+系动词+表语”。陈述句之肯定句 Plants grow well all the year round.一年四季植物生长良好。I felt the floor move.我感到地板在移动。That sounds a great idea!听起来这是一个极好的主意！陈述句之否定句主语+be动词/情态动词+not+实义动词+The villagers didnt allow them to do this.村民们没有允许他们这样做。He cant make anything out of nothing.巧妇难

33、为无米之炊。陈述句之否定句 We dont think there is anything of interest in your pictures.我们认为你的画没有什么有趣的地方。I dont believe its necessary to buy the bigger one.我认为没有必要买容量大一点的。否定转移:believe,expect,suppose,think,imagine,fancy,reckon 疑问句用来提出问题,句末须用问号。疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句和选择疑问句。一般疑问句(general question)一般疑问句用来询问一件事情或一个情况

34、是否属实，需要用肯定词yes或否定词no来回答。“be/have/助动词或情态动词+主语+谓语”-Are you good at sailing?你赛艇很行吧？-Yes,in fact,Im on our city team.是的,事实上,我是市赛艇队的。特殊疑问句(special question)用来对句子某一部分提问的疑问句,以疑问词开头。How shall I do it?我怎样做呢？What time will you come?你什么时候来？When will we leave?我们什么时候离开?Where are you from?你从什么地方来？Which do you wan

35、t?你要哪个？反意疑问句 英语中，反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。其中附加疑问句是对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问，起证实作用，一般用于证实说话者所说的事实或观点。翻译为“是吗”？陈述肯定+疑问否定？陈述否定+疑问肯定？1.陈述肯定+疑问否定-You were moved by your students,werent you?-Yes,I were.-No,I werent.陈述否定+疑问肯定-She hasnt got up,has she?她还没有起床，是吗？-Yes,she has.不，她已经起来了。No,she hasnt.是的，她还没起来。反意疑问句(1)反意疑问句

36、中问句部分的动词与陈述部分的动词在语气上成相反的对应关系，即：肯定+否定？否定+肯定？You cant do it,can you?你不能做它，是吗？They are very late for the meeting,arent they?他们开会迟到了，不是吗？反意疑问句(2)当陈述句中含有be动词、助动词、或是情态动词时，反问句部分由这些词加上主语人称代词构成。She is a lovely girl,isnt she?He will go home,wont he?She doesnt like to eat popcorn,does she?The baby wont sleep e

37、arly,will it?关于havehave作“有”解时，可有两种形式。He has a new book,hasnt/doesnt he?他有一本新书，是吗？He has a lot of money,hasnt/doesnt he?他有很多钱，是吗？关于have have 表示其它意思时,如：“经历”、“吃”、“开会”时，只用do的相应形式。He seldom has lunch at school,does he?他在学校很少吃午饭，是吗？The students have a meeting once a week,dont they(不能用havent he?)He has sup

38、per at home every day,doesnt he?(不能用hasnt he?)反意疑问句(3)当陈述句中只含有行为动词时,就用do的相应形式。You cleaned your house last week,didnt you?Your father plays the computer very well,doesnt he?They look so happy today,dont they?反意疑问句(4)反意疑问句的陈述部分带有 little,few,never,hardly,seldom,nobody,nothing,barely,scarcely 等否定意义的词时,问

39、句部分用肯定式。She never tells a lie,does she?He was seldom late,was he?反意疑问句(5)反意疑问句的陈述部分为I am时,问句部分习惯上用arent I?表示。I am a very honest man,arent I?我是一个诚实的人，不是吗？反意疑问句(6)陈述部分的主语为不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything时,问句部分的主语用it。Something is wrong with the computer,isnt it?Nothing has happened to them,has

40、 it?反意疑问句(7)陈述部分的主语为不定代somebody(one),anybody(one),nobody(no one),everybody(one)时,问句部分的主语用he或 they，这时问句动词的数应和he或 they一致。Someone has taken the seat,hasnt he?Everyone has done their best in the game,havent they?每个人在比赛中已经尽力了，不是吗？反意疑问句(8)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you Go with me,will you/wont you?Dont do t

41、hat again,will you?反意疑问句(9)Lets 开头的祈使句,后用shall we(shant we)?Let us开头的祈使句,后用will you(wont you)?Lets go and listen to the music,shall we(shant we)?Let us wait for you in the reading-room,will you(wont you)?反意疑问句(10)陈述部分为There(Here)+be+主语时，问句部分用动词+there(here)?形式。There are two cakes on the plate,arent t

42、here?碟子里有两块蛋糕，不是吗？Here is a story about Mark Twain,isnt here?这是关于马克吐温的故事,不是吗？反意疑问句(11)think引导的宾语从句 A.主语是第一人称 I dont think he is bright,is he?We believe she can do it better,cant she?B.如果主语不是第一人称则疑问部分与主句相对应构成反意疑问句 He thought they were wrong,didnt he?(不能说werent they?)选择疑问句 提供两种(或两种以上)情况，问对方选择哪一种，其结构可用

43、一般疑问句，也可用特殊疑问句，在提供的情况之间用连词or.-Which do you prefer,horse-riding or shooting?-I prefer horse-riding.-Is Susan still at school,or has she left?-She is still at school.祈使句 表命令、警告、提醒、建议、请求、叮嘱、号召等，谓语动词用原形。主语you通常省略，句末用叹号或句号。Look out!There is a train coming.注意！火车来了！No spitting!不准随地吐痰！Have done!住手！Be gone!滚

44、！Let 祈使句 Lets祈使句 lets引导的祈使句,包括听话者本人在内,表示建议,反意问句用shall we。Lets begin,shall we?我们开始好吗？Lets go home.我们回家吧！Let 祈使句 Let us 该结构引导的祈使句表示请求对方允许自己干某事,不包括对方(you)在内,let相当于allow,意为please allow us或you allow us,反意问句要用will you Let us know your name,will you?让我们知道你的名字好吗？感叹句(exclamatory sentence)用来表示说话人喜怒哀乐、惊讶、赞美等强烈

45、感情的句子。用降调,句末用感叹号,句首多用how和what,其余与陈述句结构相同。What型What a/an(adj.)单数名词谓语!What(adj.)复数名词谓语!What(adj.)不可数名词谓语!How型 How形容词主语谓语!How副词主语谓语!How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数形式 How主语动词!How he enjoys collecting stamps!他是多么的喜欢集邮啊!基本句型一 主语+谓语(不及物动词)Birds fly.(鸟飞。)主语 谓语(不及物动词)Class begins.(开始上课。)主语 谓语(不及物动词)He runs in the park.(

46、他在公园跑步。)主语 谓语 (地点状语)基本句型一发展公式She sings.(她唱歌)She sings well.(她唱歌唱得好。)She sang very well last night.She sang very well at the party last night.(在昨天的晚会上她唱歌唱得好。)She sang very well at the party held last night.(分词短语作定语修饰party)常见只能做不及物动词的词arrive 到达 come 来 go 去laugh 笑 sleep 睡觉stay待在 swim游泳 walk步行 work工作基本句

47、型二 主语+谓语+宾语 She likes English.(她喜欢英语。)He read the book.(他读过那本书。)I know him very well.(代词做宾语)They want to go.(不定式作宾语)He stopped writing.(动名词作宾语)基本句型二发展公式I like that story.I really like that story.(状语)I like that story very much.(状语)I like the story which he told us.(定语从句)基本句型三 主语+系动词+表语 He became a s

48、cientist.(他成了一名科学家主语 系动词 表语 His face turns red.(他的脸红了。)That book looks interesting.那本书好像很有趣。It grew dark.(天变黑了。)基本句型三发展公式 He is a teacher.He is a teacher in that high school.He was a teacher in that high school ten years ago.He was a teacher in that high school when he was young.(状语从句)He who is stan

49、ding three is a teacher (定语从句)基本句型四 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 He gave Tom a book.主语 谓语 间宾 直宾 主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语 He gave a book to Tom.主语 谓语 直宾 间宾动词后面加 to feed 喂 give给 hand 交给lend 借给 offer提供 pass 递给promise答应 read 读 sell卖 refuse不允许 return还给 send寄给show 给看 bring 带给某人 teach 教 tell 告诉 take 拿throw 给看 write 给写信动词后面加 for

50、 buy买 choose 选择 cook 做饭 get 得到 make 生产 pick捡起 save为某人节约 fetch为某人取来 leave 留给某人 call 为叫 book 为预定 find为找到 order 为定制 play为某人演奏 sing 为某人歌唱to&forHe gave me a pen.(他把钢笔给了我。)He gave a pen to me.He will buy me some books.He will buy some books for me.(他将给我买一些书。)注意 直接宾语是人称代词,间接宾语是名词；I passed it to my mother.间