2021年牛津译林版中考英语语法ppt课件— 动词不定式.pptx

1、动词不定式 当当句子中已经有谓语动词句子中已经有谓语动词,而我们又要表达不而我们又要表达不止一个动作概念时止一个动作概念时,其余的动词可以使用非谓语形其余的动词可以使用非谓语形式表达。动词不定式就是动词的一种非谓语形式式表达。动词不定式就是动词的一种非谓语形式,其基本形式是其基本形式是“to+动词原形动词原形”。动词不定式不能动词不定式不能单独作谓语，单独作谓语，但仍但仍保留动词某些保留动词某些特征特征,可可以接宾语和状语。以接宾语和状语。It is interesting to read books.He wants to play football after class.他想课后踢足球。

2、他想课后踢足球。My mother forgot to turn off the lights yesterday.我妈妈昨天忘记关灯了。我妈妈昨天忘记关灯了。注意注意:动词不定式在句子中不作谓语动词不定式在句子中不作谓语,因此没有人称、数因此没有人称、数和时态的变化。和时态的变化。动词不定式的结构动词不定式的结构1、动词不定式的肯定形式、动词不定式的肯定形式 to+动词原形动词原形(do)2、动词、动词不定式的否定不定式的否定形式形式 not to+动词原形动词原形(do)Our teacher asked us not to swim in the river alone.我们老师要求我们

3、不要独自一人在河里游泳。我们老师要求我们不要独自一人在河里游泳。3、动词不定式的被动形式、动词不定式的被动形式 to be+过去分词过去分词(done)4、动词不定式的复合结构、动词不定式的复合结构,引出动词不定式的发出者。引出动词不定式的发出者。for sb.to do It isnt easy for us to finish the task on time.5、主语主语beadj.enough to do sth.这个句型用来描述主语的人品和能力，表示这个句型用来描述主语的人品和能力，表示“某某人在某方面已经能够达到做某事的程度人在某方面已经能够达到做某事的程度”。意思是意思是“某人某

4、人足够足够做某做某事事”汤姆足够强壮来举起这个盒子了。汤姆足够强壮来举起这个盒子了。Tom is strong enough to lift the box.Andy is outgoing enough to make friends easily.Andy很开朗容易与人交朋友。很开朗容易与人交朋友。6、动词、动词+副词副词+enough+to do He drove fast enough to reach the station on time.他开得够快地，按时到了车站。enough+to do可以可以和和so that 互换互换,that从句中用肯定形从句中用肯定形式。式。Tom i

5、s strong enough to lift the box.=Tom is so strong that he can lift the box.He drove fast enough to reach the station on time.=He drove so fast that he reached the station on time.7、betoo+adj.to infinitive表示否定，意思是表示否定，意思是“太太不能不能”。He is too old to climb the hill.Andy is too shy to speak loudly in publ

6、ic.The room is too small for us to live in.too+adj.to infinitive可以可以和和so that 互换互换,that从句中从句中用否定形式。用否定形式。He is too old to climb the hill.=He is so old that he cant climb the hill.The room is too small for us to live in.=The room is so small that we cant live in.Join two sentences together1.British p

7、eople are very polite.They do not shout loudly in public.British people are polite shout loudly in public.2.British people are very polite.They will not push past you.British people are polite push past you.句型结构句型结构:be+too+adj.+to-infinitive1.1.她年龄太小了不能去上学。她年龄太小了不能去上学。2.2.这房间太小了我们不能住这房间太小了我们不能住。She

8、is too young to go to school.The room is too small for us to live in.句型结构句型结构:be+too+adj.+for sb.+to-infinitive1.Suzy was _(太害羞以致于不能加入太害羞以致于不能加入)the discussion.2.Simon was _ (太兴奋太兴奋以致以致于于不能表达不能表达)himself clearly.3.Peter was _(太慢以致于不太慢以致于不能记下能记下)all the main points.4.Amy was _(太粗心以致于不能带太粗心以致于不能带上上)he

9、r hat with her when she left.too shy to jointoo excited to expresstoo slow to write downtoo careless to take5.教室教室里太吵了我不能认真学习。里太吵了我不能认真学习。6.市中心市中心太远了我们不能走着去。太远了我们不能走着去。7.他他太懒了不能早起。太懒了不能早起。8.我们我们太忙不能按时完成这项任务。太忙不能按时完成这项任务。The classroom is too noisy for me to study hard.The city centre is too far for u

10、s to walk.He is too lazy to get up early.We are too busy to finish this work on time.1.too后接形容词，后接形容词，to后接动词不定式。后接动词不定式。He is too old to climb the hill.Andy is too shy to speak loudly in public.2.“to be+too+adj.+to infinitive”句型可与句型可与“so.that.”转转换。换。The boy is too short to touch the books on the she

11、lf.The boy is so short that he cant touch the books on the shelf.1.David is very nervous.He cant answer this question right now.David is _ _ _ _ this question right now.David is _ _ _ he _ _ this question right now.too curious to answerso curious thatcant answer同义同义句转换句转换2.Amy is very careless.She c

12、ant find her glasses on her desk.Amy is _ _ _ _ her glasses on her desk.Amy is _ _ _ she _ _ her glasses on her desk.too careless to findso careless thatcant findYoure never too old to learn.活到老学到老。当“too to”结构前出现了not，only，but，all，never时，该结构的句子没有了否定意义。Swimming is not too difficult to learn.游泳并不难学。We

13、are only too pleased to go with her.我们非常乐意和她一块去。It is never too late to mend.亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。8、疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式疑问代词：who,whom,what,which,whose疑问副词：when,where,how此外，连接词whether也适用注意：所有疑问词中，只有所有疑问词中，只有why不可以与动词不定式连用。不可以与动词不定式连用。“疑问词+不定式”结构有下列五种功能：作主语 When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.何时开会还没有定下来。W

14、here to live is a problem.住哪里是个问题。作宾语 We must know what to say at a meeting.我们必须知道在会上说些什么。He could not tell whom to trust.他无法分辨该信任谁。作表语 The problem is where to find the financial aid.问题是到哪找到财政援助。作名词同位语Tomhadnoideawhichbooktoreadfirst.汤姆不知道先读哪本书。作形容词的宾语Jimisnotsurewhosetochoose.吉姆不确定选择谁的。MaryandJohna

15、renotcertainwhethertogetmarriedornot.玛丽和约翰不确定是否要结婚。当“疑问词+todo”作宾语时，它的作用等于宾语从句。Icouldnotdecidewhichdictionarytobuy.=IcouldnotdecidewhichdictionaryIshouldbuy.我不能决定买哪本字典。Jackdidnotknowwheretofindsuchagoodteacher.=Jackdidnotknowwherehecouldfindsuchagoodteacher.杰克不知道到哪能找到这样一个好老师。有些动词，如ask,show,tell,advis

16、e,inform,teach等，可以先有个宾语，然后才接着加上适当的“疑问词+不定式动词”结构。Haveyoutoldhimwheretogettheapplicationform?你告诉他哪里领申请表了吗？常接“疑问词+带to的不定式”的动词有 teach，show，tell，learn，find out，decide，know，forget等My mother taught me how to cook yesterday.昨天我妈妈教我如何做饭。1.Millie has decided_.(该读什么该读什么)2.Daniel did not say _about this book.（该

17、和谁交谈）（该和谁交谈）3.Simon forgot _his friends.（该什么时候见）（该什么时候见）4.Kitty cannot decide _ first.（该选哪一个）（该选哪一个）5.Sandy is wondering _for help.（该去哪求助）（该去哪求助）6.Amy does not know _the report.（该如何写）（该如何写）what to readwho to talk towhen to meetwhich to choosewhere to askhow to write7.Mr Wu _as after-school activitie

18、s.（建议我们该选哪个）（建议我们该选哪个）8.The students _their work.（问（问他们的老师何时上交）他们的老师何时上交）9.Millie _.（向我们展示下（向我们展示下一步如何做）一步如何做）10.Daniel _a computer to draw.（教他自（教他自己如何使用）己如何使用）11.Dont forget to _you.（告诉你妈妈该在哪见）（告诉你妈妈该在哪见）advised us which to chooseasked their teacher when to hand inshowed us what to do nexttaught hi

19、mself how to use tell your mum where to meet(1)Gulliver did not know where he could find other people.Gulliver did not know _ other people.(2)Gulliver wondered who he could ask for help.Gulliver wondered _ help.(3)Gulliver did not know how he could break the ropes.Gulliver did not know _the ropes.(4

20、)Gulliver found out what he could do with the tiny man.Gulliver found out _ with the tiny man.(5)Gulliver decided when he should leave Lilliput.Gulliver decided _Lilliput.where to find同义句转换同义句转换 who to ask for how to break what to dowhen to leave9、Why not省略to的不定式？，即:Why not do?该结构用于提出建议，相当于Why dont

21、youdo？Why not have a try?=Why dont you have a try?10、prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.表示“宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”。She prefers to read books at home rather than go out for a walk.她宁愿在家读书，也不愿意出去散步。11、Its+adj.+(for/of sb)to do It is difficult for me to learn English.学学英语对我来说是难的英语对我来说是难的。It is very kind of you t

22、o help me with my English.能帮助我学英语你真是太好了。能帮助我学英语你真是太好了。12、Its+adj./n.+to do sth.Its great fun to swim in the river in summer.夏天在河里游泳很有趣。夏天在河里游泳很有趣。Its+adj.+to do sth形式主语形式主语真正的主语真正的主语It is adjective ofsomeoneto-infinitiveIt iskindofthese volunteersto work in their spare time.bravehimto take part in t

23、he competition.该句型中的形容词描述的是人的特征、品该句型中的形容词描述的是人的特征、品质等。质等。如：如：brave,careless,clever,foolish,generous,good,helpful,honest,kind,nice,polite,silly,stupid,wrong。1、你向我打招呼，你真有礼貌。、你向我打招呼，你真有礼貌。2、你帮我辅导英语，你真好。、你帮我辅导英语，你真好。Its polite of you to say hello to me.Its very nice of you to help me with my English.It

24、is adjectivefor someone to-infinitiveIt isimportantforpeopleto learn good manners.difficultLi Haito win the competition.possibleherto work for the charity on Saturday.for引出逻辑主语引出逻辑主语 for sb 是指是指“对某人来说对某人来说”Its important for us to speak more English.Its meaningful for you to join this club.1.1.多说英语对我

25、们来说很重要多说英语对我们来说很重要.2.2.你们参加这个俱乐部是很有意义的你们参加这个俱乐部是很有意义的.3.3.对你来说一个人穿过森林很危险。对你来说一个人穿过森林很危险。4.4.对于他们来说有后援小组是有用的。对于他们来说有后援小组是有用的。Its dangerous for you to walk through the forest alone.Its useful for them to have support teams.1.1.你能帮助别人真是太善良了。你能帮助别人真是太善良了。It is _ you _.It is _ you _.2.2.看不起别人是不对的。看不起别人是不

26、对的。_ _ _ _ look down on others._ _ _ _ look down on others.3.3.上课认真听讲是很重要的。上课认真听讲是很重要的。_carefully in class._carefully in class.4.4.学生认真完成作业是非常必要的。学生认真完成作业是非常必要的。It is _ students _ their It is _ students _ their homework carefully.homework carefully.kind ofkind ofto help othersto help othersIt is wro

27、ng toIt is wrong to根据根据句意补充句子。句意补充句子。It is important to listenIt is important to listennecessary forto finish插入性独立成分：插入性独立成分：这种结构独立于句子之外，与主句隔开，多放在句首句首，表示说话者的态度、评讲、语气等。常见的有：to be honest说实话；坦率地说to begin with首先，起初to be sure无可否认，诚然to tell you the truth说实话；老实告诉你to be truthful说实话to be brief简言之To begin wit

28、h,Id like to tell in brief the importance of the work.首先,我想简要谈谈这项工作的重要性.To be honest,he is too aggressive.平心而论,他太倔强了.To be sure,it is no longer winter;nevertheless,it is quite cold.现在固然已不是冬天了,可是天气还是相当冷.To tell you the truth,I was afraid to see him.坦白说，我害怕见他。To be brief,Ill explain only the most impo

29、rtant points.为了长话短说,我只解释最重要的部分.To be brief,we cant accept such harsh terms.简单地说,我们不能接受这样苛刻的条件.使用动词不定式的注意事项1、动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。2、动词不定式作主语时，为避免“头重脚轻”常用it作形式主语，真正的主语动词不定式不定式放放在句在句子的后部。子的后部。It is difficult for me to learn English.学学英语对我来说是难的。英语对我来说是难的。3、think,find,believe等动词可用于“动词+it+adj.+todosth.”句型中

30、。it作形式宾语,而真正的宾语是后面的不定式。I find it difficult to pass my math exam.我发现要通过数学考试很难。1.作主语作主语2.作宾语作宾语3.作宾语补足语作宾语补足语4.作定语作定语5.作状语作状语6.作表语作表语7.作独立成分作独立成分8.与疑问词等连用与疑问词等连用句子句子成分成分动词动词不定式的作用不定式的作用句中成分句中成分 用法用法例句例句作主语谓语动词用单数形式，为避免“头重脚轻”常用it作形式主语。常用句型有：Itis+adj.+for/ofsb.+(not)todosth.意为“做某事对某人来说是”。Ittakessb.+some

31、time+todosth.意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”To master a language is not easy=It is not easy to master a language.It is difficult for us to finish the work in two days.It is kind of you to help us to finish the work in two days.句中成分句中成分用法用法例句例句 作宾语常接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：would like,want,like,hope,wish,plan，decide,learn,agree

32、,try,remember,forget，expect,refuse,afford,prefer,continue,promise,begin,start 等think,find,believe等动词可用于“动词+it+adj.+todosth.”句型中。it作形式宾语,而真正的宾语是后面的不定式。I would like to make friends with you.我想要和你交朋友。I find it difficult to pass my math exam.我发现要通过数学考试很难。不定式不定式用在介词用在介词but,except,后时后时,如果这些介词如果这些介词前有行为动词前

33、有行为动词do的各种形式的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式那么介词后的不定式不带不带to,相反则带相反则带to.(1).She could do nothing but cry.(2).There is nothing to do but wait.(3).I have no choice but to go.句中成分句中成分用法用法例句例句作定语动词不定式放在名词、代词后作定语，两者之间常有逻辑上的动宾关系，因此，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，后面应该加上相应的介词。常接不定式作定语的名词有：time，need，way，chance，opportunity，courage，reason，eff

34、ort，determination，decision，ability，ambition(抱负)Canyougivemeapentowritewith?能给我一只用于书写的笔吗？Doyouhavesomethingtosay?你有什么要说的吗？something,anything,nothing,everything,no one 等不定代词或名词后常用不定式做后置定语。I have something to say.He is not a man to tell lies.We all have a chance to go to college.与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如不定式是不及物动词

35、，则与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如不定式是不及物动词，则需加介词。需加介词。Can you give some paper to _(write)?I have no jewelry to _(wear).He is looking for a room to _(live).He needs a friend to _(play).There are three pairs of shoes for you to _ (choose).write on wearlive inplay withchoose from动宾关系动宾关系 主谓关系主谓关系同位关系同位关系当名词被the first,t

36、he last,the only 等词以及形容词最高级修饰时，后接动词不定式。She is always the first to come and the last to leave.句中成分句中成分用法用法例句例句 作状语不定式常可用作状语，修饰动词，表示行为的目的、结目的、结果和原因果和原因To do a good job,we must have the right tools.要干好活工具要对头。What have you said to make him so sad?你说了什么话使他那么悲伤。作表语放在系动词后作表语Mydreamistobeanengineer.我想成为一名工程

37、师。不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示解释或表将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish,idea,task,purpose,duty,job.To teach is to learn.My job is to help the patient.My ambition is to become a teacher.The old man seems to be sick.【注意】如果在主语中（通常在主语从句或修饰主语的定语从句中）有实意动词do时，作表语的动词不定式省略to。All I want to do now is fill my stomach.不定式作状语时，可表示目的，

38、原因，结果。如;不定式作目的状语时，常可与in order to,so as to 连用。I came here to see you.（目的）（目的）He got up early so as not to be late.不定式可以跟在表语的形容词之后作状语。The question is difficult to answer.。不定式作结果状语常用如下句型 The room is big enough to hold us.It is such a big room as to hold us.He is so kind as to help us.such+（形容词）名词（形容词）名

39、词+as to do sth so+形容词形容词/副词副词+as to do sth vHe hurried to the school to find nobody v there.（结果）（结果）vHe is too old to lift the box.表示表示原因原因:不定式可以用在作表语的形容词后作不定式可以用在作表语的形容词后作状语状语,sorry,surprised,happy,glad,eager,angry,foolish,right,wrong,slow,quick,rude,cruel,disappointed等。等。eg:Im glad/pleased to see

40、you.We were surprised to hear the news.独立独立结构作状语结构作状语to be frank,to be honest(with you),to make things worse,To tell(you)the truth,I dont agree with you.类似的结构类似的结构有的动词只能接动词不定式作宾语。省略不定式符号省略不定式符号to 使役动词和感官动词后跟动词不定式做宾语补足语，须省略 to。此类动词有：一感(feel)、二听(hear,listen to)、三让(let,make,have)、四看(look at,see,watch,n

41、otice)、五帮(help)。注意：变为被动语态时，省略的 to 则要加上。The boss made them work the whole night.They were made to work the whole night.跟不定式跟不定式作宾语，和作宾语，和跟动名词跟动名词作宾语，意思不同的作宾语，意思不同的的的动词动词(词组词组)forget doing sth.忘了做过某事（已做）忘了做过某事（已做）forget to do sth.忘了去做某事（未做）忘了去做某事（未做）remember doing sth.记得做过某事（已做）记得做过某事（已做）remember to d

42、o sth.记得去做某事（未做）记得去做某事（未做）try doing sth.尝试做某事尝试做某事try to do sth.尽力做某事尽力做某事go on doing sth.继续正在做的事继续正在做的事go on to do sth.继续做另外一件事继续做另外一件事stop doing sth.停止正在做的事停止正在做的事stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事停下来去做另一件事mean doing sth.意味着做某事意味着做某事mean to do sth.打算做某事打算做某事need doing sth.某事需要被做（被动含义）某事需要被做（被动含义）need to do

43、sth.需要去做某事（主动含义）需要去做某事（主动含义）1.It is good to help others.2.It is my ambition to make sure that the disabled people in our neighborhood have access to all public buildings.3.My ambition is to work in the computer industry when I grow up.判断句子成分判断句子成分(subject)(subject)(predicative)4.I dont have time to

44、sit around feeling sorry for myself.5.I am the only student in my class to have a pet snake.6.A big company has decided to buy it from me.7.My fellow students have begun to accept me for who I am.(attribute)(attribute)(object)(object)8.I have had to work hard to live a normal life.9.Some days I am t

45、oo tired to get out of bed.10.We must call on local government to give financial assistance to disabled people.(adverbial)(adverbial)(object complement)1.They are preparing _(have)a sports meeting.2.Jim agreed _(go)to the West Lake.3.Its easy _(play)softball.4.What made you_(feel)sad?5.Mr White lear

46、ned _(ride)a horse last year.6.We will try our best _(read)more books.7.Lets _(share)our joys together.8.I dont know where_(visit)next year?9.Max wondered how_(start)a campfire.10.Are you ready_(drive)me home?11.Last week,we chose _(visit)Tianmuhu to enjoy ourselves.to haveto goto play feelto rideto

47、 read shareto visitto startto driveto visit12.You must _(listen)to the teacher carefully in class.13.Mary agreed _(go)shopping with Lucy.14.Look!The boys _(play)football.15.May decided _(buy)a book for Anns birthday.16.Max tells funny jokes to make us _(feel)happy.listento goare playingto buyfeel17.

48、Lets _(go)on a trip tomorrow.18.The policeman told the boys _ (not play)football in the street.19.Would you like something _(drink)?20._(not be)late for class again.21.I plan _(travel)around the world in the summertime.gonot to playto drinkDont beto travel22.Daniel hopes _(be)a doctor when he _(grow

49、)up.23.I prepare _(clean)my room this afternoon.24.Do you want _(see)a film with me?to begrowsto cleanto see1 Stop to talk,and get ready for the Maths class.2 He often hears the girl sings in the next room.3 It takes him half an hour getting there by bus.talkingsing to get4 You must finish to do you

50、r homework when I come back from office.5 Let me to help you to learn English.doing1.Dont forget _(带带)your homework here tomorrow.2.Old people love _(呆呆)in quiet places.3.Can you see the children _(踢踢)football in the playground now?4.Keep _(努力学习努力学习),and youll pass the exam.5.Dont let him _(站站)in th