大学精品课件：第一章制冷与低温的热力学基础 3 (1.1.3 - 1.1.8)-2015-09-23.ppt

1、1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.1 Refrigeration by phase change1.1.2 Refrigeration by gas expansion1.1.3 Refrigeration by Ranque-Hilsch effect1.1.4 Refrigeration by Peltier effect第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷三、气体涡流制冷四、热电制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀释制冷七、热声制冷八、激光制冷2/28/202321.1.3 Refrigeration by Ranque-Hilsch effect(1931,F

2、rench)兰克管2/28/202331.1.3 Refrigeration by Ranque-Hilsch effect(1931,French)兰克管Hot outlet(130)Flow inletsCold outlet(-50)OrificeValve1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.1 Refrigeration by phase change1.1.2 Refrigeration by gas expansion1.1.3 Refrigeration by Ranque-Hilsch effect1.1.4 Refrigeration by Pel

3、tier effect第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷三、气体涡流制冷四、热电制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀释制冷七、热声制冷八、激光制冷2/28/202351.1.4 Refrigeration by Peltier effect(1934,French)热电制冷ElectronPeltier effect(珀尔帖 1834):当直流电流通过两种不同导电材料组成的闭合线路时，就会使一个接点变冷，另一个变热。Seebeck effect(塞贝克 1821):发现在两种不同金属组成的闭合线路中，如果两接触点的温度不同，有一个电动势存在。Electronhole2/28/202361.1.4

4、 Refrigeration by Peltier effect(1934,French)热电制冷Cold endElectronholeElectronHot endsPeltier effect(珀尔帖 1834):当直流电流通过两种不同导电材料组成的闭合线路时，就会使一个接点变冷，另一个变热。Seebeck effect(塞贝克 1821):发现在两种不同金属组成的闭合线路中，如果两接触点的温度不同，有一个电动势存在。铜康铜Cold endHot end2/28/202371.1.4 Refrigeration by Peltier effect(1934,French)热电制冷Cold

5、 endHot endPeltier effect(1834):当直流电流通过两种不同导电材料组成的闭合线 路时，就会使一个接点变冷，另一个变热。一般23级（温差100），最多8级（温差140160）。2/28/20238小型风力驱动冷却法获取淡水装置Cold endHot end1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 1.1.6 Refrigeration by dilution 1.1.7 Refrigeration by thermoacoustic effect1.1.8

6、Refrigeration by laser第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷三、气体涡流制冷四、热电制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀释制冷七、热声制冷八、激光制冷2/28/202310Refrigeration by expansion of working substances(1908）Normal Boiling PointCritical PointInversion PointTb（K）Tb（）Tc（K）Tc（）Tmax（K）tmax（）N274.4-198.8126.3-146.9604331H220.4-252.833.3-239.9204-69He4.3-268.95.3-

7、267.946-227TTaTcTbTf1atmHelium0.01atm0.83K2/28/2023111.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 绝热去磁制冷 P.Debye(1926,Germany)and W.F.Giauque(1933,Canada)磁热效应磁热效应顺磁性物质顺磁性物质磁畴磁畴2/28/2023121.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 绝热去磁制冷 P.Debye(1926,Germany)and W.F.Giauque(1933,Canada)Comp

8、ressedCooledExpanded2/28/2023131.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 绝热去磁制冷W.F.Giauque(1933,Canada)and DPMc Dougall(Canada)CompressedCooledExpanded0.25k 10-7K硫酸钇硫酸钇(1.5K)1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 1.1.6 Refrigeration by dilution 1.1.7 Refr

9、igeration by thermoacoustic effect1.1.8 Refrigeration by laser第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷三、气体涡流制冷四、热电制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀释制冷七、热声制冷八、激光制冷2/28/202315H.K.Onnes and liquefaction of helium Superfluid 超流体Superfluid:1.常压下永远不会凝固常压下永远不会凝固(0.83K)2.表面张力：0.05H23.超流动性：10-12Pas 4.高热导率：104 Cu2/28/2023161.1.6 Refrigeration by 3

10、He-4He dilution 氦稀释制冷 4He and 3He4He-I 4.2K3He-I 3.2K4He-II 2.2K3He-II 0.003K2/28/2023171.1.6 Refrigeration by 3He-4He dilution 氦稀释制冷 4He and 3He4He-I 4.2K3He-I 3.2K4He-II 2.2K3He-II 0.003K油油水水2/28/2023181.1.6 Dilution refrigerator 氦稀释制冷机 Heinz London(1962,German)Mixing chamber(0.01K)StillHeat excha

11、ngerGas 3HeLiquid 3He油油水水1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 1.1.6 Refrigeration by dilution 1.1.7 Refrigeration by thermoacoustic effect1.1.8 Refrigeration by laser第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷三、气体涡流制冷四、热电制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀释制冷七、热声制冷八、激光制冷2/28/2023201.1.7 Rijke 管、Sondhaus

12、s管、Taconis 振荡 Sondhauss(1850,German),Rijke(1859,Dutch)2/28/2023211.1.7 Rijke 管、Sondhauss管、Taconis 振荡 Sondhauss(1850,German),Rijke(1859,Dutch)声音声音温差温差2/28/2023221.1.7 Refrigeration by thermoacoustic effect 热声制冷 G.W.Swift and J.T.Wheatley(1988,American)1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.5 Refrigeration b

13、y adiabatic demagnetization 1.1.6 Refrigeration by dilution 1.1.7 Refrigeration by thermoacoustic effect1.1.8 Refrigeration by laser第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷三、气体涡流制冷四、热电制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀释制冷七、热声制冷八、激光制冷2/28/2023241.1.8 Refrigeration by laser 激光制冷 A.L.Schawlow and H.G.Dehmelt(1975,American)AtomAtomfurnacePhot

14、onsLaser多普勒冷却多普勒冷却2/28/2023251.1.8 Refrigeration by laser 激光制冷 A.L.Schawlow(1975)Steven Chu(1985、1987、1995、1997,American)（朱棣文）钠原子钠原子24010-6K2/28/2023261.1.8 Refrigeration by laser 激光制冷 A.L.Schawlow(1975)Steven Chu(1985、1987、1995、1997,American)（朱棣文）钠原子钠原子110-6K磁光阱磁光阱2/28/2023271.1.8 Refrigeration by

15、laser 激光制冷 A.L.Schawlow(1975)Steven Chu(1985、1987、1995、1997,American)（朱棣文）钠原子钠原子2.4 10-11K磁光阱磁光阱25cm/s(1km/h)2/28/2023281.1.8 Refrigeration by laser 激光制冷 A.L.Schawlow(1975)Steven Chu(1985、1987、1995、1997,American)（朱棣文）TaTTcTbTf1atm2/28/202329Guillaume Amontons(1663-1705,French)and the absolute zeroAmontons Law:p1/p2=T1/T2查理定律查理定律zeroTp0 p1/T1=(p1-p2)/(T1-T2)=p/TzerozeroTpppp0010000100(p100 1.417p0)Tzero=-240 2/28/202330Homework_33.Please try to find a basic method of refrigeration which have not mentioned in the class yet.