自学考试00015英语（二）第06章.pptx

1、英语（二）自学教程 Unit 6The Value of Money TEXT A Teaching Children to Spend Pocket Money WiselyTEXT BThe Importance of Money in LifeTeaching Children to Spend Pocket Money Wisely教孩子们理性地使用零花钱School-going children need pocket money for food,stationery and bus fares.Parents give pocket money to their children

2、 in different ways.Some give a lump sum at the beginning of a month or a week.Others prefer to give pocket money on a daily basis.The way in which/that（AC）pocket money is given affects how money is spent or saved.（承上启下的句子）On the other hand,the childrens spending habits may affect how（OC）pocket money

3、 is given.正上学的孩子们需要零花钱来买吃的、买文具，还有支付公交费用。父母们采用不同的方式来给予他们零花钱。有的父母会在月初或每周之初一次性给予孩子们一笔钱，有的更倾向于每天给一些。然而，零花钱的给予方式却影响着孩子们花钱或省钱的方式。另一方面，孩子们的消费习惯也会对父母给予零花钱的方式产生影响。on a daily basis 每日地1.stationery stenri n.文具；信笺同音词：stationary n.驻军 adj.静止的，不动的；稳定的【常见句型】用作名词(n.)She works in the stationery department of a big st

4、ore.她在一家大商店的文具部工作。My stationery cupboard is full of paper.我的文具柜塞满了纸。【近义词】paper纸 writing materials 文具【词汇搭配】stationery case 文具匣 stationery room文具室stationery and office supplies 文具及办公用品.H.M.Stationery Office皇家文书局2.fare n.车费；船费；飞机票价；路费；乘客；食物 vi.过活；进展；进食；旅行；行走【常见句型】用作名词(n.)A single fare is 170 dollars.单程

5、票价为170美元。The taxi driver stopped to pick up a fare.出租车司机停车让一个乘客上车。The fare here is simple but good.这里的伙食简单但可口。用作不及物动词(vi.)S+(+A)I think I fared quite well in the interview.我觉得我这次面试情况不错。【词义辨析】charge，price，fee，fare，cost，expense这些名词均有“价格，费用”之意。charge指提供服务时索取的费用，也指货物的价格、价钱。price指商品在市场出售的价格，尤指卖方对商品所提出的单价

6、。付出的代价。fee指上学、求医以及找律师等付的费用，还可指会费、借书费等。fare侧重指旅行时所付的车、船费等费用。cost指生产某东西的成本，也泛指商品的价格，可与price换用。expense常指实际支付的费用总数额，有时也指钱的花费。【词汇搭配】return fare往返票价 sectional fare分段收费 minimum fare 最低车费 fare register里程时 combined fare 联运票价 car fare经 交通费 through fare联运票价,直通票价.excursion fare 旅游票价 single fare单程票价passenger far

7、e 乘客票价 full fare 全票价 double fare 来回票价air fare飞机票价 half fare 半票 fare forth动身,起程 fare-you-well完美的状态3.lump sum n.一次总付的钱款【词语用法】lump v.(动词)lump作名词时的意思是“团,块”,转化成动词意思为“结成块,聚成团”,指将原本分散的人或物聚集在一起以形成一个有一定规模的整体,以便更好地发挥其作用。lump作“结块”解时用作不及物动词;作“合在一起”解时用作及物动词,接表示钱、意见等名词作宾语。【常用短语】用作名词(n.)a lump in ones throat喉咙哽住,(

8、因激动而)哽咽feel pressure in the throat as a result of strong emotion caused by love,sadness,etc.用作动词(v.)lump along(v.+adv.)笨重地行走 walk slowly and weightilyThe old man lumped along with a heavy heart.老人怀着沉重的心情,脚步沉重地走了。The bear lumped its huge bulk along.那只黑熊摆动着笨重的身体来回走动。lump down(v.+adv.)沉重地坐下去 sit down w

9、eightilyShe stopped before the sofa and lumped down.她在沙发前站下,一屁股坐了下去。He lumped his huge bulk down opposite.他那笨重的身躯在对面坐下。lump into(v.+prep.)把编成并成 make sb or sth into an unityWe have lumped all the advanced students into a single class.我们已把所有程度高的学生编成了一个班。All the questions were lumped into one category.

10、所有这些问题被归结成一类。lump it忍耐,忍受 accept unchangeable bad conditions without complaintIf you dont like it,you will have to lump it.你不喜欢它,也必须勉强容忍一下。lump together(v.+adv.)把弄成一团或一块,把归并在一个项目下 consider(things or people)as a unity;place(things or people)in the same class or divisionWe lump all our money together

11、to buy our teacher a present.我们把所有的钱放在一起去给我们的老师买件礼物。lump with(v.+prep.)与归在一起 make sb or sth together with sth or sbThe budget for saving should not be lumped with the disaster fund.救济预算不应与救灾资金归在一起。【词汇搭配】用作名词(n.)动词+feel a lump摸到一个肿块 介词+byin the lump全体,总的来说+介词 a lump of dirtsugar 一块泥土方糖 用作动词(v.)+名词 lu

12、mp all money 把所有钱凑到一起+副词lump along 笨重地来回走 lump down 笨重地坐下 lump together 归在一起+介词lump into把归在一起 lump under 归在下 lump under the title of归并在标题下 lump with和归并在一起 lump with children和孩子们打成一片sum【词语用法】v.(动词)过去式和过去分词均为summedsum作名词是“算术,总和”的意思,转化为动词作“总结,合计”解,一般指为了对某一事物有个大概的了解而用数字等方式对其进行统计,从而得出结论,强调结果而不强调方法。sum可用作

13、不及物动词,也可用作及物动词,常与up连用,表示合并成一新的整体以产生一种单一而有力的效果。【常用短语】用作动词(v.)sum up(v.+adv.)对迅速作出判断或鉴定 judge(sb or sth)quicklyShe quickly summed him up.她很快就对他的人品作出评论。【词汇搭配】用作动词(v.)+名词sum a column of figures算出一串数字的总和 sum the cost of the machine 计算机器的成本+副词sum up是的总和,总数;总结,概括;对迅速作出判断或鉴定 sum up ones assets计算某人的资产 sum up

14、 sbs character in a term用一个词概括某人的性格 sum up ones experience总结某人的经验+介词sum into总数达到 sum to共计2.Pocket money given（PPPHR-A）on a daily basis is sometimes termed as food money.Children usually use the pocket money to buy food during recess and also at lunch hour if（ACC）they have school activities in the af

15、ternoon.They learn how to manage small sums of money.As(ACR)the money is limited,they have to control their spending.（承上启下的句子）Some parents choose this method of allocating pocket money in order to prevent their children from overspending,hoping(PPPHR-)that(OC)in time they can be trusted with larger

16、sums of money.Parents who(AC)earn daily wages may also opt for this due to financial constraints.（承上句）按天来给零花钱有时被称作“零食钱”。下午有学校活动的孩子们通常会用这些零花钱在课间或午饭时间买些吃的东西。他们从中学到了如何管理好一小笔钱。因为钱的数目有限，他们只能有节制地花费。一些家长用这种方式给孩子零花钱，是为了防止他们的孩子过度消费，并期待日后可以放心地给孩子们一大笔钱来支配。按天领取薪资的父母，由于经济拮据，也会选择这个方法。be termed as 被称为in time:soone

17、r or later,eventually 迟早，最后trust with把托付给 hoping that伴随状语(adverbial-of-accompanying-state)，相当于in the hope that怀着的希望4.recess n.休息；幽深处；凹缝；壁龛；放假v.放入壁龛；作凹处；休息【常见句型】用作名词(n.)The meeting will be continued after a recess.休息后再继续开会。用作不及物动词S+(+A)The court recessed yesterday.法庭昨天休庭了。用作及物动词S+n./pron.The lights s

18、hould be recessed into the ceiling.这些灯应该嵌进天花板。【词汇搭配】用作名词(n.)介词+be in recess 在休会期间 in a mountain recess 在老山深处 in the innermost recesses of the heart在内心深处+介词recess with a writing desk in it墙的凹处放着一张写字台5.allocate lket v.拨（给）；划（给）；分配（给）【词语用法】v.(动词)allocate主要用于金钱、财产、权利、领土等方面的分配。强调分配的专门对象、数额和用途。allocate是及物

19、动词,多接名词作宾语。宾语后可接介词短语表示附加的意义。表示“在范围内分配”时接among;表示“拨款做”时接for;表示“分派做”时接to。allocate可接双宾语,表示“分配某事物给某人”,其间接宾语可以转化为介词to的宾语。【常见句型】用作双宾动词S+pron./n.+n./pron.The government allocated them bigger rations.政府配给他们较多的口粮。S+n./pron.+to pron./n.He allocated a particular seat to each person.他给每一个人专门的位置。【词汇搭配】用作动词(v.)+名

20、词allocate shares分配股份+副词allocate carefully谨慎地分配 allocate properly妥当分配+介词allocate among 在间分配 allocate for拨款给 allocate sb to sth分派某人到 allocate sth to sb 分配某物给某人6.overspendvspend v.花钱过多；比（预计的）花得多；超支Dont overspend on luxury items.不要过度消费。注意over-/out-的区别：overeat 吃过量outeat 吃得比.多 overdo 做或表现得过分outdo 超过；胜过ove

21、rsleep睡过头 outlive 比.活得长；比.经久 overweight超重 outshine优于；使相形见拙；光亮强过；发光7.opt v.选择；挑选optant n.抉择者，选择者option，optional【词汇搭配】opt out决定退出 co-opt增选 opt for选择 opt.(=optic)视.opt-out 退出 opt-out clause 不参与条款 opt in 决定参加 opt in favour of选择【常见句型】用作不及物动词S+(+A)What courses are most students opting for?多数学生选什么课程？【词义辨析】

22、choose，select，elect，pick，prefer，opt“选择”choose普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重被选者的优点。select书面用词，具有庄严、正式的感情色彩。强调精选。elect指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。pick口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。prefer强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。opt多指在几种可能性之间进行选择。8.constraint knstrent n.约束；强制；约束条件；对感情的压抑；虚情假意【常见句型】用作名词(n.)The new policy places ad

23、ditional constraints on housing projects.新政策对房产项目增加了限制。We obeyed,but under constraint.我们服从了，然而是被迫的。There are no constraints on your choice of subject for the essay.文章内容不拘。【词汇搭配】用作名词(n.)+介词financial constraints on companys activities 对公司活动的财政约束3.Giving pocket money on a daily basis places（TOP100V）res

24、ponsibilities of budgeting on the parents,instead of the child.The child may spend every single cent of the daily pocket money by overindulging in junk food as（ACR）they know(THAT-OC)they will get another sum of money the next day.This results in children being shortsighted in their spending.The thou

25、ght of saving money never crossed their minds.（承上启下）They may develop the mentality that(Appositive clause同从)money is meant to be spent.（承上句）Others spend more than they are given.They borrow from their siblings or their classmates when(ACT)they feel like indulging themselves.Then they may ask for mon

26、ey to pay off their debts.This habit of borrowing causes them to depend on others to solve their problems.（承上启下的句子）In such instances,the purpose of rationing is defeated.按日来给孩子们零花钱把预算的责任加在了父母身上，而没有锻炼到孩子。孩子可能会沉迷于垃圾食品而花光每一分钱，因为他们知道第二天又会得到一笔零花钱。这导致孩子们养成了目光短浅的消费习惯。省钱的观念从来不会出现在他们的大脑中。他们可能会形成“钱就是用来花的”心态。有

27、些孩子花的钱比得到的多。当他们想要放纵自己时，就会向兄弟姐妹或同学借钱。然后，他们再要钱来偿还这些债务。这种借钱的习惯造成孩子们在解决问题时依赖他人。从这些案例来看，定额分发零花钱的做法没有达到培养孩子理性花钱的目的。【词义辨析】as，because，for，since“因为”，作连词引导原状从。1.as从属连词，语意较because,since弱，着重在主句，所表示的原因或理由是“附带的”；如果原因很明显或已为人们所知,或不如句子的其余部分重要,就用as或since,since比as更正式一些,这两个词都为从属连词,常译为“由于,既然”,语气比because轻。as和since引导的句子多放

28、在整个句子的开头,偶尔它们引导的(特别是since引导的)句子也可以放在后面。2.since语意比because弱，但比as强，一般用于表示“由于大家已知的事实”。since作为理由有“不好”或“勉强”的含意;而as只将既成事实作为理由,并不含有“不好”或“勉强”的意味。3.because从属连词，语意强，着重自然、直接的原因或理由，所引出的从句是全句的重心，用以回答why提出的问题。主句表示必然的因果关系,而原因构成句子的主要部分,是句子的重点。另外,because引导的从句多放在句末,但有时也可放在句首,这种情况往往是为了强调。4.for并列连词，引导的是并列从句,表示原因的语气较弱，一般

29、是对结果作推断性的补充说明或解释,不表示直接原因。所引出的句子一般放在后面，表示附带说明的理由或推断理由。for较正式,很少用于口语,一般用于书面语,前面一般多用逗号。results in 导致【词义辨析】result from意为“因而起”Success results from hard working.成功来自努力工作。result in表示“导致的结果”Hard working results in success.努力工作成就成功。pay off 付清；偿清【词义辨析】pay,cost,spend,take“花费”,指某人买或做某事所花费的时间或金钱。其区别是：1.spend和pay

30、的主语只能是人;cost的主语是物或事;take后接时间时，主语也可以是人。此外，take和cost还可以用动词不定式或动词不定式短语作真实主语,而it为形式主语。例如:I paid him$200 for this painting.我付他200美元买了这幅画。She spent ten dollars shopping for food.她购买食品花了10美元。The work cost me a lot of time and effort.这本著作花费了我大量的时间和精力。We took a week to finish the work.我们花了一个星期完成这项工作。It costs

31、 us a lot of money to build a house.盖房子花了我们很多钱。It took me one year to read this book.我用一年时间读了这本书。2.pay的搭配范围最窄,只接金钱;cost的搭配范围最宽,除接金钱和时间外，还可接劳力、精力、财富、健康、职位甚至生命等。例如:“Are you paying cash?”“No,I will pay by cheque.”“你付现金吗?”“不,我用支票支付。”Careless driving cost him his life.粗心大意地开车使他丧了命。3.spend可接动名词，而cost,pay,

32、take可接动词不定式。4.spend,take,pay都可用于被动结构，而cost不能用于被动结构。place responsibilities of sth.on sb.把.责任加在.身上cause sb.to do sth.类似用法的结构：wait for sb.to do sth.call on sb.to do sth.look to sb.to do sth./for sth.指望某人做某事turn to sb.for sth.depend/rely on sb.to do sth.注意depend的派生词：dependent(on/upon)；dependence(on/upon

33、)；independent(of)；Independence Day9.budget n.预算vt.编预算；为.做预算vi.节省开支adj.廉价的；不贵的【词语用法】n.(名词)budget用作名词的基本意思是“预算”,指计划着怎样花钱。也可指政府一年一度的财政预算,还可指一项计划中的“预算额,经费”。【词汇搭配】用作名词(n.)动词+enlarge budgets增加预算 exceed a budget超出预算 形容词+annual budget 年度预算 weekly budget 每周的预算 名词+business budget营业开支 expense budget开支预算+名词budg

34、et requests预算要求用作动词(v.)+名词budget ones incomes做储蓄计划 budget ones time 安排自己的时间+副词budget carefully认真地安排10.overindulge vrndldv.过多地享用（尤指食物或饮料）溺爱；放纵It does not pay to overindulge children.溺爱孩子有害无利。One fairly common reason is that parents overindulge their children out of a sense of guilt.一个非常普遍的原因就是父母因感到内疚

35、而过分地溺爱孩子。Never will I overindulge the requests of my flesh,rather I will cherish my body with cleanliness and moderation.我绝不放纵肉体的需求，我要用清洁与节制来珍惜我的身体。11.short-sighted adj.目光溜浅的；没有远见的If u are short sighted w/o glasses,u see a young woman.不近视的人看到的是爱因斯坦，近视的人看到的是玛丽莲梦露。【近义词】contracted 收缩了的 ill-considered不充

36、分考虑的.ill-advised没脑筋的 ill-judged欠思考的 thoughtless没有考虑的 unthinking 考虑不周的 unwise不明智的 imprudent轻率的 12.mentality mentlti n.智力；心理状态；精神性Sheis a woman of poor mentality.她是智力低下的女子。It threw light on the mentality of his former friend.它使他对他故友的思想有了一些了解。13.sibling n.兄；弟；姐；妹14.indulge v.沉湎，沉迷，沉溺（于）【词语用法】v.(动词)indu

37、lge的基本意思是“放纵”自己的欲望,尤其是无法实现或应加以控制的欲望,即“沉湎于”。如用于他人,则意为“放任”“纵容”。indulge用作及物动词时接名词或代词作宾语。宾语后常接介词in或with引起的短语,表示“听从或放任某人做某事”。He no longer indulged himself in smoking.他不再过度吸烟了。indulge作“纵情,沉溺”解时,是不及物动词,后接介词“in+名词/动名词”,表示“尽情、无节制地做某事或享受”,这种用法实际上是及物动词后面省略作宾语的反身代词后形成的。Do not always indulge in empty talk.别总是纸上谈

38、兵。indulge sb/oneself with sth用纵容 It is unwise for parents to indulge their children with too much pocket money.父母给孩子过多的零用钱是不明智的。She indulged herself too freely with alcohol.她过分贪杯。【词义辨析】indulge,baby,humour,mollycoddle,pamper,spoil过分投合别人或自己的欲望或感情。indulge指迁就或放任别人应该节制的欲望或欲念,但不含有非难之意;baby指像对小孩一样听之任之;humo

39、ur指短时间内顺从或迎合他人的愿望、心情或癖性;mollycoddle指对某人的健康或舒服过分照料,暗示有产生娇气的危险;pamper指极度地纵容,尤指过分注重享受;spoil指长时间的溺爱,暗示对一个人的个性产生了不良的影响。15.rationing n.定量配给政策；配给制rationrn n.定额；定量；配给 vt.限量供应；配给【词义辨析】n.(名词)rations,diet,food,provisions,table“食物”food是一般用语,在科学上指把植物作为营养的东西,常有plant food那样的用法;diet指惯常的或规定的食物,特指维持健康的定量或定质的食物,又指疗养时规

40、定的食物,也指肉食或素食等食物。常指病人,犯人,减肥者等吃的食物;provisions意为“一批粮食”,指即时应用或储藏备用的食物;rations指配给的定量食物;table指陈列于桌上的食品,一般是较丰盛的。Milk is the natural food for young babies.牛奶是婴儿的天然食物。I like a simple diet best.我最喜欢粗茶淡饭。Im going to buy provisions for the holidays.我要去买一些假期所需要的食物。People in some countries live on rations.一些国家的人们

41、靠配给的定量食物为生。He keeps a good table.他备盛宴以待客。ration water限制用水4.Children need to learn how to budget their money.Some parents go by the learing by doing principle and give（TOP100V）their children lump sums at the beginning of the month,and by the third week of the month their account is already dry.孩子们应该学

42、会如何规划自己的钱。有些父母亲奉行“在实践中学习”这一理念，在月初一次性给孩子们一笔钱，结果到这个月的第三周时这笔钱便已经被花光了。go by奉行learing by doing在实践中学习16.principle n.观念；（行动、思想的）理由，信条【词语用法】principle或principles都有表示“道德，情操”的意思。He has both ability and principle(s).他既有能力又有情操。in principle指“原则上，大体上”。I accept the suggestion in principle.大体上来说，我接受这些建议。on principle

43、指“根据原则”或“按照”。I accept the suggestion on principle.根据原则，我接受这些建议。He acted always on principle.他总是按原则办事。principal同principle的比较：两者的发音一样。principal作形容词时，指“主要的，首要的”，而作名词时，指“首长，负责人”。而principle是一种科学定律或者道德规范。5.On the other hand,some learn to budget their pocket money very well and even have savings at the end

44、 of the month.They do not borrow money unnecessarily.In other words,they learn to spend within their means.The key to doing this is to differentiate between needs and wants.Buy the necessary first,and indulge ourselves only if there is money left.（承上启下的句子）This habit,when inculcated since young,stand

45、s them in good stead when they start working and earning their own money.It enables them to resist the temptation of buy now and pay later schemes.（承上总结的句子）另一方面，有些孩子学会了如何规划自己的钱，做得很好，甚至月末还有结余。他们基本上不需要借钱。换句话说，他们学会了如何量入为出地花钱。要做到这一点，关键在于区分自己需要和想要的东西。首先买必需的东西，倘若尚有结余，才可以买自己想要的。在孩子们幼年时就灌输给他们这样的理念，让他们养成习惯，这

46、样当他们开始工作挣钱时会有很大的益处，能让他们抵挡住“先买后付”观念的诱惑。spend within their means量入为出地花钱stands them in good stead对某人有用/有利be beneficial to sb.The key to doing this is to differentiate between needs and wants.做到这一点的关键是区分必须的和想要的。(1)the key to(doing)sth.动词不定式短语作定语(2)differentiate between A and B和differ from的不同：前者意为区分A和B后者

47、意为与不同【同根词】differ：A differs from B different：A is different from Bdifference：the difference between A and Bdifferentiate：differentiate between A and BBuy the necessary first,and indulge ourselves only if there is money left.【词汇辨析】only if是条件句的强调形式，意为只有在的情况下；if only 意为要是就好了，用于虚拟语气If only I were a free

48、bird flying in the sky.there is money left.钱有剩余。17.unnecessarily adv.没必要地18.differentiate v.区分；区别；辨别19.inculcate nklketvt.反复灌输；谆谆教诲；教育inculcate sth.in/into sb./inculcate sb.with sth.向某人灌输，用教育某人inculcate in young people a respect for the law=inculcate young people with a respect for the law向年轻人反复灌输法制

49、的思想They inculcate all their children with the will to succeed.他们向子女反复灌输立志成功的决心。20.resist v.忍住；抵挡；抵制；抵抗；反抗；忍住n.防蚀涂层resistant；resistance【词语用法】v.(动词)resist的基本意思是“反抗,抵抗”,指拒绝接受,并设法阻止其发生,也指与其战斗以防被击败,往往强调以武力为手段,引申还可以作“未受损害,耐得住”解。resist还可表示从主观意识出发的意志“不屈服,忍住”,这时,后面常跟动名词,并多用于否定句中,意思是“不禁,忍不住”。She couldnt resis

50、t taking aim at the wild geese as they flew over.当野天鹅飞过的时候，她不自禁的瞄准射击。resist主要用作及物动词,偶尔用作不及物动词。用作及物动词时,接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。当resist用来表达“免于，欲而不”时，后面可接动名词，但不可接不定式。用作不及物动词S+(+A)He could resist no longer.他抵抗不住了。用作及物动词S+n./pron.They resisted my proposal because they thought the plan would cost too much money.他们反