Unit 3 Grammar and usage 语法（ppt课件）-2023新牛津译林版（2020）《高中英语》选择性必修第四册.pptx

1、Unit 3 Careers and skillsGrammar and usageNoun clauses名词性从句名词性从句定义：名词性从句是在句子中起名词性作用的句子。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能充当主语，宾语，表语，同位语。因此根据它在句子中不同的语法功能，名词性从句可分为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。名词性从句名词性从句1.主语从句主语从句2.宾语从句宾语从句3.表语从句表语从句4.同位语从句同位语从句分类1(1)主语从句的引导词主语从句的引导词类别类别例词例词说明说明从属连词that,whether两者在从句中均不作成分，只起连接作用；that无 实

2、义 不 能 省 略，whether表示“是否”连接代词who,what,which,whoever,whatever等在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分连接副词when,where,how,why等在从句中作时间、地点、方式、原因状语等成分Whether it will rain or not does not matter much.会不会下雨无关紧要。Where the meeting will be held is still under discussion.会议将在哪里举行还在讨论中。1(2)it作形式主语作形式主语为保持句子平衡，常把主语从句后置，而用形式主语it代替。it作形

3、式主语时常用于以下句型：句型句型说明说明It+系动词+形容词+that引导的从句常用于此句型的形容词有important,(un)likely,possible,necessary,natural,wrong等It+系动词+冠词+名词+that引导的从句常用于此句型的名词有fact,idea,honour,question,pity等It+系动词+过去分词+that引导的从句常用于此句型的过去分词有known,proved,said,decided,suggested,thought 等It+特殊动词+that引导的从句常用于此句型的动词有appear,happen,seem,occur等It

4、 happened that I was out when you called last night.昨晚你打电话的时候，我碰巧不在家。1(3)主语从句应注意的问题主语从句应注意的问题Whoever leaves the room last is expected to turn off the lights.无论谁最后离开房间都要把灯关掉。从句的语序要用陈述句语序。从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式；有时受表语的影响 用复数形式。Who has left so many sweets on his table makes him curious.谁在他的桌上留下了那么多糖果，这令他好奇

5、。What he wants to read now are some magazines.现在他想读的是一些杂志。陈述句作主语从句时须有that引导，而且that不能省略。That he is lying is very clear.很显然他在撒谎。whether引导主语从句可以放在句首而if不可以，若it作形式主语可互换Whether he will go with us hasnt been decided.他是否和我们一起去还没有定下来。2(1)宾语从句的引导词宾语从句的引导词类别类别例词例词说明说明从属连词that,if,whether只 起 连 接 作 用，不 作句 子 成 分，t

6、 h a t 无 实 际意 义；w h e t h e r/i f 表 示“是否”连接代词who,whom,whoever,whose,whomever,what,w h a t e v e r,w h i c h,whichever等在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语（who除外）等成分连接副词when,why,where,how等在从句中作时间、原因、地点、方式状语等成分I can remember when I bought each one.我记得每一件东西是在什么时候买的。I told myself I would be satisfied with whatever I could

7、get.我告诉自己，不管得到什么我都会心满意足的。2易混词易混词区别区别ifif表示“是否”，一般情况下可与whether互换whether特殊用途：从句作介词的宾语时；与or not 直接连用时，可与不定式连用(2)if和和whether引导宾语从句的区别引导宾语从句的区别We havent settled the question of whether it is necessary for him to study abroad.他是否有必要出国留学这一问题我们还没有解决。He asked if/whether I had left with you,and I said no.他问我是

8、否是和你一起离开的，我说不是。(3)宾语从句应注意的问题宾语从句应注意的问题Tell him(that)he neednt worry and that I will help him out.告诉他不必担心，我会帮助他的。从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省略。2 一些动词后的从句含有宾语补足语时，常用形式宾语it代替宾语从句，宾语从句则置于宾语补足语之后。常见的动词：find think,xonsider,believe,guess,suppose,make.They want to make it clear that language is an important tool.

9、他们想让人们明白，语言是一种重要的工具。在insist,demand,order,command,suggest,propose,advise,desire等表示要求、命令、建议等意义的动词后，宾语从句中的谓语常用“（should+）动词原形”，表示虚拟。注意：suggest（暗示，表明）和 insist（坚持说）后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。He insisted(that)he was innocent.他坚持说他是无辜的。He insisted that the work should be finished at the end of this month.他坚决要求这项工作在月底完成。

10、3(1)表语从句的引导词表语从句的引导词类别类别例词例词说明说明从属连词 that,whether两者在从句中都不作成分,that无实义不省略,whether意为“是否”，通常不能用if替换连接代词 who,whose,what,which等在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语（who除外）等成分连接副词 when,why,where,how等在从句中作时间、原因、地点、方式状语等成分其他because主句的主语一般不用reasonas if/though表语从句表示的情况发生的可能性较小时常用虚拟语气The simple truth is that we just cant afford it.

11、事实很简单，我们就是付不起。The question is whether you will support me.问题在于你是否支持我。特殊的系动词：特殊的系动词：口诀口诀：五四三二一五感：look,sound,smell,taste,feel四变：become,turn,get grow三保持：keep,stay,remain二特殊：seem，appear(看来，好像）一状态：be注意注意：see,watch,listen to,hear 这些不是感官动词而是感觉类动词3(2)that,because,why引导表语从句的区别引导表语从句的区别 that,because,why都可引导表语

12、从句。表示原因的名词（reason,cause）作句子的主语时，其后的表语从句常用that引导，不可用because。The reason why he was late was that he missed the first bus this morning.他迟到的原因是他今天早上没赶上首班公共汽车。because引导的表语从句常用于“thats because.”结构中，说明产生上述结果的原因；why引导的表语从句说明由上述原因导致的某种结果。I was late for school this morning.Thats because I stayed up too late la

13、st night.(果因)今天早上我上学迟到了，那是因为我昨晚熬夜太晚了。I stayed up too late last night.Thats why I was late for school this morning.(因果)我昨晚熬夜太晚，那就是我今天早上上学迟到的原因。3(3)表语从句中的虚拟语气表语从句中的虚拟语气主语是表示“建议、命令、要求、计划（suggestion,advice,proposal,order,command,request）”等的名词时，表语从句应该用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。My suggestion

14、is that we(should)set off early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天早点儿动身。4(1)常接同位语从句的名词常接同位语从句的名词常接同位语从句的名词有：belief,conclusion,decision,doubt,evidence,fact,feeling,hope,idea,impression,message,news,order,possibility,promise,question,truth,information等。I have no idea what he is doing now.我不知道他现在在做什么。We draw the concl

15、usion that this kind of car is very safe and reliable.我们得出的结论是这种车非常安全可靠。He hasnt made the decision whether he will go abroad.他还没有决定是否出国。They were all worried over the fact that you were sick.对于你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。4(2)同位语从句的引导词同位语从句的引导词类别类别例词例词说明说明从属连词that,whether二者在从句中都不作成分；that无实义,whether意为“是否”连接代词who,wh

16、om,whose,which,what等有实义，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分连接副词when,where,why,how等有实义，在从句中作时间、原因、地点、方式状语等成分Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论一下运动会是否按时举行这个问题。The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该做这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。4(3)同位语从句需注意的问题同位语从句需注意的问题Word came tha

17、t the sports meeting had been put off.消息传来了，运动会推迟了。Wed better accept his suggestion that we(should)start right now.我们最好接受他的建议，立刻动身。有时同位语从句与其所说明的名词会被其他成分隔开，从而形成分隔式同位语从句。名词suggestion,order,demand,command,request,desire,proposal等后的同位语从句要使用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。The suggestion came from th

18、e chairman that the new rule shouldbe adopted.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的。4(4)同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句和定语从句的区别The foreigner expressed the hope that he would come to China again.这位外国人表达了再次来中国的希望。同位语从句对名词进行进一步的解释或补充说明；而定语从句对先行词起修饰或限制的作用。Ill remember the hope that the foreigner expressed to me.我将记住那位外国人对我表达的希望。Where did

19、 you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪听说我不能来？A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.用铅笔写的信很难读。同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句4He made a promise that if anyone set him free he would make him very rich.他承诺，如果有人放他自由，他会让他非常富有。that引导同位语从句时在从句中不作成分，通常不能省略，只起连接作用。that引导定语从句时为关系代词，它除了起连接作用外，在从句中还要充

20、当某一成分（如主语、宾语等），作宾语时可以省略。I still remember the promise(that)he made.我仍然记得他做出的承诺。同位语从句定语从句Fill in the blanks with proper linking words.1.We made a survey among the new customers to find out _ they think of our product.2.Flowers in a glasshouse may grow fast,but thats not _ the flowers belong.3.Online s

21、hopping brings us convenience,but there also exists a risk _ we might fall victim to fraud.4.What makes the book a bestseller is _ the plot is complicated and pulls at the heartstrings of the reader.5.Parents can feel at ease in the knowledge _ their children are safe and taken good care of.because/

22、aswhatwherethatthatFill in the blanks with proper linking words.6.When we go travelling,especially to foreign countries,we should keep in mind _ we should behave.7.It is said that the number of people who read physical books is now double _ it was last year.8.We have several types of notebooks to ch

23、oose from,but _ one suits you depends on your taste.9.As a matter of fact,_ the sun rises in the morning varies from place to place.10.It is not clear _ the plan is practical,but we can give it a go.howwhatwhichwhenwhetherMax is reading an article on the pros and cons of starting ones own business.F

24、ind the sentences with noun clauses and fill in the table below.The first one has been done for you.As you start to make plans for what you want to do with your future,you might ask a question whether you should start your own business.You may have a brilliant idea,but before you decide to put it in

25、to action,it is wise to weigh up the advantages and disadvantages of this option.There are many advantages of running your own business.It can be a source of personal growth,since you need to learn a lot of skills in order to become a successful business owner.For example,you should learn to sharpen

26、 your leadership skills and motivate your employees,or to develop your financial management skills and keep track of all your receipts and payments.Another advantage is that you will be able to better provide for yourself and your family,or even the economy will benefit if you achieve commercial suc

27、cess.It is no surprise that being ones own boss is appealing to many people.However,there are disadvantages too.For one thing,running your own business means dealing with demanding work schedules.You may have to work long hours,or even work around the clock.For another,being a business owner comes w

28、ith great responsibilities.For instance,you will have to work out weekly,monthly and yearly budgets,and a wrong decision might cost the company a great deal and put other peoples jobs on the line.Also,you will need to make sure any loans you have are repaid on time.Therefore,when it comes to startin

29、g a business on your own,think twice before you act!Subject clauseObject clauseAs you start to make plans for what you want to do with your future,.Predicative clauseAppositive clauseIt is no surprise that being ones own boss is appealing to many people.Another advantage is that you will.,you might

30、ask a question whether you should start your own business.Also,you will need to make sure any loans you have are repaid on time.A noun clause acts like a(1)_ and can function as the subject,object,predicative or appositive in the sentence.We often use linking words like(2)_,whether/if or a question

31、word to introduce a noun clause.nounthatB1Rewrite the following sentences using noun clauses according to the requirements in the brackets.1.How do young people decide on a career?I want to know.(object clause)_2.Does she have enough time to complete so many tasks?This is her doubt.(predicative clau

32、se)_3.The careers adviser suggests that people should think carefully before choosing a job.The suggestion is useful.(appositive clause)_ _4.Where will my uncle open his new restaurant?It remains to be seen.(subject clause)_I want to know how young people decide on a career.Her doubt is whether she

33、has enough time to complete so many tasks.The careers advisers suggestion that people should think carefullybefore choosing a job is useful.It remains to be seen where my uncle will open his new restaurant.B2The passage below gives tips on how to start a business.Complete it with proper linking word

34、s to form noun clauses.Our first tip for starting a business is to choose a product or service that you find suitable.The fact(1)_ you have a passion for your idea will make it much easier to motivate yourself.It is also important(2)_ it should fit your skills.A second tip is to analyse your target

35、market carefully tosee(3)_ it is worth entering,and if so,how you should run your business.The size of the market and its rate of growth are important factors to consider.(4)_ you can satisfy the needs of potential clients most effectively should be the focus of your business.To achieve that,you nee

36、d to do some detective thatthatif/whetherHowB2The passage below gives tips on how to start a business.Complete it with proper linking words to form noun clauses.work.Do not rely on your subjective judgement.You should also look through the business directory to see who your main competitors will be

37、and find out how their businesses work.Our final tip is(5)_ you should consider whether you want to make your business a solo one or find one or two partners.Doing it alone can give you greater autonomy.On the other hand,partners can help plug the knowledge or skill gaps.All this groundwork might se

38、em boring when you just cannot wait to get started.However,if you are well prepared,the business you want to open will have a greater chance of success.thatB3Max is talking to his friend Kate about starting his own business.In pairs,complete the conversation below using noun clauses.Max:I want to st

39、art my own business one day.Kate:Thats great!But its a lot of hard work.Do you have any ideas(1)_?Max:Yes!I want to open a fashion design studioI have some great design ideas.Kate:Make sure you do a lot of research before you start.Max:I definitely will.I want to talk to some people in the fashion industry.Im interested in(2)_.Kate:Its good to talk to expert s i n t he f i e l d.(3)_ will definitely help you when you start your business!what kind of business you want to starthow they run their businessWhatever you learn from themReview the usage of noun clauses.