2019年高考英语知识点总结总复习-推理判断题.docx

1、专题三推理判断题Passage 12017甲卷(全国),D体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文植物如何进行自我保护2896分钟When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesnt sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. Th

2、ese chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. Its a plants way of cry

3、ing out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the t

4、ables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew wha

5、t to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists dont know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to overhear the cry. So information was exchanged, bu

6、t it wasnt a true, intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. Theres a whole lot going on.32.What does a plant do when it is under attack?A. It makes noises.B. It

7、gets help from other plants.C. It stands quietly.D. It sends out certain chemicals.33.What does the author mean by the tables are turned in paragraph 3?A. The attackers get attacked.B. The insects gather under the table.C. The plants get ready to fight back.D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.34

8、.Scientists find from their studies that plants can.A. predict natural disastersB. protect themselves against insectsC. talk to one another intentionallyD. help their neighbors when necessary35.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The world is changing faster than ever.B. People have stronge

9、r senses than before.C. The world is more complex than it seems.D. People in Darwins time were more imaginative.Passage 22017浙江,B体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文晚睡的坏习惯2116分钟Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查)by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids age

10、d 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age

11、. Babies need a lot of rest; most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of

12、the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会)to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone, says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activi

13、ties at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall as

14、leep before 11 pm.Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with

15、 the results. 25.What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?A. American kids sleeping habits.B. Teenagers sleep-related diseases.C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness.D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.26.How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?A. 7 hours.B. 8 hours.C. 1

16、0 hours.D. 18 hours.27.Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.B. They tend to do things that excite them.C. They follow their parents examples.D. They dont need to go to school early.Passage 32016北京,B体裁话题词数难度建议时间记叙文小人物大作为3566分钟Survivin

17、g Hurricane Sandy(飓风桑迪)Natalie Doan, 14, has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York. Living just a few blocks from the beach. Natalie can see the ocean and hear the waves from her house. Its the ocean that makes Rockaway so special, she says.On October 29, 2012, that ocean turned fierce. Th

18、at night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard. Fortunately, Natalies family escaped to Brooklyn shortly before the citys bridges closed.When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins. Many of Natalies friends had lost the

19、ir homes and were living far away. All around her, people were suffering, especially the elderly. Natalies school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie. Volunteers came with carloa

20、ds of donated clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild. Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people trapped in powerless high-rise buildings.My mom tells me that I cant control what happens to me, Natalie says, but

21、I can always choose how I deal with it.Natalies choice was to help.She created a website page, matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help. Natalie posted information about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collection when his house burned down. Within days, Patricks coll

22、ection was replaced. In the coming months, her website page helped lots of kids: Christopher, who received a new basketball; Charlie, who got a new keyboard. Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring much-needed supplies to Rockaway. Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April, she

23、was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.Today, the scars(创痕) of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the air. The streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt. I cant imagine living anywhere but Rockaway, Natalie declares. My neighb

24、orhood will be back, even stronger than before.59.When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane, she found .A.some friends had lost their livesB.her neighborhood was destroyedC.her school had moved to BrooklynD.the elderly were free from suffering60. According to Paragraph 4, who inspired Na

25、talie most?A.The people helping Rockaway rebuild.B.The people trapped in high-rise buildings.C.The volunteers donating money to survivors.D.Local teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people.61.How did Natalie help the survivors?A.She gave her toys to other kids.B.She took care of younger children.

26、C.She called on the White House to help.D.She built an information sharing platform.62.What does the story intend to tell us?A.Little people can make a big difference.B.A friend in need is a friend indeed.C.East or west, home is best.D.Technology is power.Passage 42015四川,B体裁话题词数难度建议时间记叙文父亲劳动3135分钟No

27、thing could stop Dad. After he was put on disability for a bad back, he bought a small farm in the country, just enough to grow food for the family. He planted vegetables, fruit trees and even kept bees for honey. And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgins chicken house in exchange for manure (肥料).

28、 The smell really burned the inside of your nose. When we complained about the terrible smell, Dad said the stronger the manure, the healthier the crops, and he was right. For example, just one of his cantaloupes filled the entire house with its sweet smell, and the taste was even sweeter. As the ve

29、getables started coming in, Dad threw himself into cooking. One day, armed with a basket of vegetables, he announced he was going to make stew (炖菜). Dad pulled out a pressure cooker and filled it up with cabbages, eggplants, potatoes, corns, onions and carrots. For about half an hour, the pressure b

30、uilt and the vegetables cooked. Finally, Dad turned off the stove, the pot began to cool and the pressure relief valve sprayed out a cloud of steam. If we thought Dads pile of chicken manure was bad, this was 10 times worse. When Dad took off the lid, the smell nearly knocked us out. Dad carried the

31、 pot out and we opened doors and windows to air out the house. Just how bad was it? The neighbors came out of their houses to see if we had a gas leak! Determined, Dad filled our plates with steaming stew and passed them around. It didnt look that bad, and after the first wave had shut down my abili

32、ty to smell, it didnt offend the nose so much, either. I took a taste. It would never win a prize in a cooking competition, but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup!34.Why did Dad clean Old Man McColgins chicken house regularly? A.To earn some money for the family. B.T

33、o collect manure for his crops. C.To get rid of the terrible smell. D.To set a good example to us.35.What can we infer about Dads stew? A.It is popular among the neighbors. B.It contains honey and vegetables. C.It looks very wonderful. D.It tastes quite delicious.36.What does the underlined word off

34、end in the last paragraph mean? A.To attract. B.To upset.C.To air. D.To shut.37.What can we learn about Dad from the text? A.He is an experienced cook. B.He is a troublesome father. C.He has a positive attitude to life. D.He suffers a lot from his disability.Passage 52014重庆,C体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文水上行走2805分

35、钟The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid we simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes u

36、s sink.However, several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the waters surface

37、with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, wed need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate hitting.But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening a

38、gent to water (and it does take a lot), you can create a non-Newtonian liquid that doesnt behave like normal water. Now, if the surface of the water is hit hard enough, particles (粒子) in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into eac

39、h step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.Fun though all this may sound, its still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice. If you must do it, then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink and take a sh

40、ower afterward!44.Walking on water hasnt become a reality mainly because humans.A.are not interested in itB.have biological limitationsC.have not invented proper toolsD.are afraid to make an attempt45.What do we know about Basilicus basilicus from the passage? A.It is light enough to walk on water.

41、B.Its huge feet enable it to stay above water. C.It can run across water at a certain speed. D.Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water.46.What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage? A.To create a thick liquid. B.To turn the water into solid. C.To help the liquid behave

42、 normally. D.To enable the water to move rapidly.47.What is the authors attitude toward the idea of humans walking on water? A.It is risky but beneficial. B.It is interesting and worth trying. C.It is crazy and cannot become a reality. D.It is impractical though theoretically possible.答案Passage 1本文是

43、一篇说明文,介绍了植物在受到昆虫的攻击时是如何进行自我保护的,同时引出世界比我们人类想象的要复杂得多这一观点。【段意梳理】第一段:一棵多叶的植物被攻击时,不是安静地忍受着,而是会释放出易挥发的有机化合物。第二段:科学家发现所有的植物在受到攻击时都会释放出该化合物。第三段:一些植物释放出带味的化学物质来驱赶昆虫。第四段:多方的研究证明,这些释放出的化合物好像帮助了它们的邻居。第五段:但科学家仍没有证实植物是否会互相交谈。第六段:通过达尔文的想象说明世界比人类所感知的更为复杂。【长难句解读】What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of c

44、hemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.分析: 句中What引导主语从句,而且过去分词短语known as volatile organic compounds在句中作后置定语,修饰a mixture of chemicals。译文:植物通过空气所输送出的是一种被称作挥发性有机化合物的混合化学物,简称VOC。32.D考查细节理解。根据第一段的young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighborin

45、g plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant可知,当植物受到攻击时,它会产生一些化学物质。故选D项。33.A考查句意理解。根据第三段中的The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch可知,正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐,也就是袭击者被袭击了。故选A项。【技巧点拨】对于句意理解题而言,应结合上下文内容充分理解。34.B考查推理判断。根据第三段中的Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects

46、 away. But others do double duty.可知,植物能保护自己抵抗昆虫。故选B项。35.C考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak可推知,世界比它显现出来的更加复杂。故选C项。Passage 2本文是一篇说明文。在文章中,作者主要介绍了当今美国青少年晚睡的坏习惯以及坏习惯产生的原因和对坏习惯所采取的措施等。【长难句解读】Last year the Fou

47、ndation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.分析:本句是一个复合句。主句是the Foundation reported.,后面的that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day和15% said they had fallen asleep at school是两个并

48、列的宾语从句。这两个并列的宾语从句中又各自包含一个宾语从句,分别是they felt tired during the day和they had fallen asleep at school。译文:去年,基金会报告说,几乎60%的7至12岁青少年说他们白天感到疲倦,而15%的青少年说他们上课的时候都睡着了。 25.A考查推理判断。根据文章第一段内容可知,该调查主要是对美国青少年的睡眠进行研究,所以选A项。26.C考查细节理解。根据文章第二段的For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的).可知,11岁的青少年最佳的睡眠时长是10小时,故选C项。27.B考查推理判断。根据第三段第一句和She says these activit