说明文写作英语课件.ppt

1、1Exposition 2vWhat are the distinctions among narration,description and exposition?Purpose:narration to tell a story,to tell merely what happened(what/when/who).description to describe an object,to tell us how something looks,to re-create the thing in words.exposition to explain an idea,a thing,a pe

2、rson or a combination of these,to answer the questions how and why.3 Organization:narration in time.description in space.exposition by logic.4 What are they like:narration a stage play or motion picture in words(to describe a course of events from a subjective vantage point,and may be written in fir

3、st-person present/past tense).description a verbal photograph or painting(to provide a vivid picture of a person,location,object,event,etc.).exposition a lecture,discussion,or debate.52012年英语专业四级考试真题vSECTION A COMPOSITION 35 MINvThe Dragon Boat Festival(端午节)is one of the important national festivals

4、 in ChinaWrite on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic：vThe Dragon Boat FestivalvFirst,you should tell what you know about the festivalvSecond,you should describe how you or other people usually observe the festivalvMarks will be awarded for content,organization

5、，language and appropriatenessFailure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks6v The Dragon Boat Festival,also called the Duanwu Festival,is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar.This festival is to commemorate the death of QU Yuan,an upright

6、 and honest poet and statesman who is said to have committed suicide by drowning himself in a river.The most important activity of this festival is the Dragon Boat races.It symbolizes peoples attempts to rescue Qu Yuan.In the current period,these races also demonstrate the virtues of cooperation and

7、 teamwork.Besides,the festival has also been marked by eating zong zi(glutinous rice).Zong zi is made of glutinous rice stuffed with different fillings and wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves.People who mourned the death of Qu threw Zong zi into the river to feed his ghost every year.With the changes o

8、f the times,the memorial turns to be a time for protection from evil and disease for the rest of year.People will hang healthy herbs on the front door to clear the bad luck of the house.v Although the significance of the festival might be different with the past,it still gives the observer an opport

9、unity to glimpse a part of the rich Chinese cultural heritage.7v Exposition is perhaps the type of writing that is most frequently used by a student,a scientist,or a professional.v Exposition means expounding or explaining.An expository paper explains or explores something,such as the process of doi

10、ng a chemical experiment,the causes and effects of a natural or social phenomenon,the planning to a project,or the solution to a problem.It deals with processes and relationships.It answers questions of how something works,how something happens,what the outcome of a certain event may be,or why a cer

11、tain situation exists.What is Expository(Exposition)Writing?8vThe purpose of exposition is to inform.The creator of an expository text can not assume that the reader or listener has prior knowledge or prior understanding of the topic that is being discussed.9vAttentions:v A)present tense is always u

12、sed because exposition is often used to describe,explain or introduce objective things,so no changes in tenses.v B)Pay attention to the accuracy and clarity of words and sentences;avoid ornamental as well as ambiguous expressions.v C)as objective as possible and as much credible as possible,not invo

13、lved in personal emotions and comments.v D)Present his facts and views in proper order,in the order of time or of logical sequence depending on the nature of the subject.10Title of Exposition 1）Noun or noun phrases:The Two-day Weekend,Plastics,Bicycle An Important Means of Transportation in China,Ad

14、vantage of Job Interview2）Coordination：the outline was always juncted by“and”The Computer and Our Life,Knowledge and wisdom,Motorcycles and City Traffic3）Non-predicate verb：How to Succeed in a Job Interview,How to become a better student Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus4）A complete sente

15、nceHow I Finance My College Education?What Would Happen If There Were No Power,The World Is Getting Smaller and Smaller11Basic Form and Structure of Expository Writing:A hamburger essay/A 3-part essay.vIntroduction:usu.1 paragraph,stating the thesis.vThe body of the text:usu.more than one paragraphs

16、.vConclusion:summary,restatement.12vThe thesis statement must be defined and narrow enough to be supported within the essay.vEach supporting paragraph must have a distinct controlling topic and all other sentences must factually relate directly to it.The transition words or phrases are important as

17、they help the reader follow along and reinforce the logic.vFinally,the conclusion paragraph should originally restate the thesis and the main supporting ideas.Finish with a statement that reinforces your position in a meaningful and memorable way.Never introduce new material in the conclusion.Exposi

18、tion Writing13What are Common Methods of Logic and Thinking used by the expository writer for Developing a Paragraph?vgiving examplesvcomparing and contrastingvmaking analogyvrestatingvgiving reasonsvclassifying the subjectvshowing cause and effectvdefiningvarguing from premise to conclusionMethods

19、of Organization14Exposition Writing Some Expository Organizational PatternsPatternDescriptionCue WordsDescription The author describes a topic by listing characteristics,features,and examples for example,characteristics are Sequence The author lists items or events in numerical or chronological orde

20、r.first,second,third;next;then;finally Comparison/ContrastThe author explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different.different;in contrast;alike;the same as;on the other hand Cause and Effect The author lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects.reasons why;

21、if.then;as a result;therefore;because Problem and Solution The author states a problem and lists one or more solutions for the problem.A variation of this pattern is the question-and-answer format in which the author poses a question and then answers it.problem is;dilemma is;puzzle is solved;questio

22、n.answer 15Paragraph 1The Olympic symbol consists of five interlocking rings.The rings represent the five continents-Africa,Asia,Europe,America and Oceania-from which athletes come to compete in the games.The rings are colored black,blue,green,red,and yellow.At least one of these colors is found in

23、the flag of every country sending athletes to compete in the Olympic games.Exposition WritingExample:Olympic Games16Description Exposition WritingExample:Olympic Games17Paragraph 2The Olympic games began as athletic festivals to honor the Greek gods.The most important festival was held in the valley

24、 of Olympia to honor Zeus,the king of the gods.It was this festival that became the Olympic games in 776 B.C.These games were ended in 394 A.D.by the Roman Emperor who ruled Greece.No Olympic games were held for more than 1,500 years.Then the modern Olympics began in 1896.Almost 300 male athletes co

25、mpeted in the first modern Olympics.In the games held in 1900,female athletes were allowed to compete.The games have continued every four years since 1896 except during World War II,and they will most likely continue for many years to come.Exposition WritingExample:Olympic Games18Sequence Exposition

26、 WritingExample:Olympic Games19Paragraph 3 The modern Olympics is very unlike the ancient Olympic games.Individual events are different.While there were no swimming races in the ancient games,for example,there were chariot races.There were no female contestants and all athletes competed in the nude.

27、Of course,the ancient and modern Olympics are also alike in many ways.Some events,such as the javelin and discus throws,are the same.Some people say that cheating,professionalism,and nationalism in the modern games are a disgrace to the Olympic tradition.But according to the ancient Greek writers,th

28、ere were many cases of cheating,nationalism,and professionalism in their Olympics too.Exposition WritingExample:Olympic Games20Comparison Exposition WritingExample:Olympic Games21Paragraph 4 There are several reasons why so many people attend the Olympic games or watch them on television.One reason

29、is tradition.The name Olympics and the torch and flame remind people of the ancient games.People can escape the ordinariness of daily life by attending or watching the Olympics.They like to identify with someone elses individual sacrifice and accomplishment.National pride is another reason,and an at

30、hletes or a teams hard earned victory becomes a nations victory.There are national medal counts and people keep track of how many medals their countrys athletes have won.Exposition WritingExample:Olympic Games22Cause and Effects Exposition WritingExample:Olympic Games23Paragraph 5 One problem with t

31、he modern Olympics is that it has become very big and expensive to operate.The city or country that hosts the games often loses a lot of money.A stadium,pools,and playing fields must be built for the athletic events and housing is needed for the athletes who come from around the world.And all of the

32、se facilities are used for only 2 weeks!In 1984,Los Angeles solved these problems by charging a fee for companies who wanted to be official sponsors of the games.Companies like McDonalds paid a lot of money to be part of the Olympics.Many buildings that were already built in the Los Angeles area wer

33、e also used.The Coliseum where the 1932 games were held was used again and many colleges and universities in the area became playing and living sites.Exposition WritingExample:Olympic Games24Problem and Solution Exposition WritingExample:Olympic Games25SamplesTask:vPlease write an expository with th

34、e topic“The Spring Festival”.(about 500 words)26The Spring Festivalv The Spring Festival is the most important festival in China.It is on January 1st according to the Chinese lunar calendar.Its Chinas New Years Day.So usually a month before the festival,people begin to buy food,clothes and decoratio

35、ns for houses.v About a week before the festival,housewives are busy preparing the new year dinner.And they will do a lot of washing and cleaning in the house.People who are far away onFor example,27 business are hurrying to return home for the new years family reunion.v On New Years Eve,each family

36、 will gather together eating,talking and watching TV for almost the whole night.And there will be some interesting programs on TV.The Spring Festival Get-together Evening Party is especially loved by most Chinese.The children are the happiest of all because they can get presents from their parents o

37、r grandparentsWhat will they eat,talk,and watch?What will they see in the program?vWhat kind of gift?28v On Lunar New Years Day,after getting up,people will eat Chinese dumplings.When they meet their neighbors or friends,theyll say:“Happy New Year!”to wish good luck and harvest.The new year celebrat

38、ing activities will last about half a month.What do the dumpling look like?29Comment The article explains the traditional festival of China-Spring Festival,and it introduces several kinds of celebrating activities during the festival.Being written in the order of time,the article makes the whole con

39、tents logical and clear.30 A Dog v A dog is a kind of animal.It often lives with people at home.Its one of the pet animals.v Many people like to keep a dog for pleasure because it is clever and it can understand them.People feed the dog and build a house for it.Dogs can do lots of things for people.

40、v In cities,people keep a dog not only for pleasure but also for safety.A dog can be a good guard.v In the country,farmers like to keep dogs for pleasure too.Besides,some of the dogs can help farmers to look after animals,such as sheep and pigs.31v Dogs can be a great help to army soldiers and polic

41、emen.Dogs often do important work for them.v So dogs are really our good friends,and we must take good care of them.Comment It is a good example of an exposition.Although short,it successfully explains the help of dogs from many points of view.In this way,the exposition proves the theme:“dogs are hu

42、man beings friends.”32Exposition in CET6v08.12 How to improve Students Mental Health 1.大学生心理健康很重要 2.为此，学校可以 3.我们自己应该v07.12 The Digital Age 1.如今数字化产品越来越多，如 2.使用数字化产品对人们学习工作的影响v05.6 On Piracy 1.目前盗版现象比较严重 2.造成这种现象的原因及危害 3.我们应该怎样做33Exposition in CET6v03.12Reduce Waste on Campus1.目前有些校园内浪费现象严重2.浪费的危害3.从

43、我做起，杜绝浪费v2003.1 It Pays to Be Honest1.最近社会上出现了一些不诚实的现象。2 诚实利人利己；怎样做到诚实。诚实利人利己；怎样做到诚实。v2002.6 Student Use of Computers 1.下图所是为1990、1995、2000年某高校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；2.请说明发生这些变化的原因；3.你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。34办法类文章v这类文章通常以how to 开头。如：历年的六级试题中：vHow to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic(1990,1);vHow to So

44、lve the Housing Problem in Big Cities(1990,6);vGetting to Know the Word Outside the Campus(1997,6);vHow I Finance My College Education(2000,1);vHow to Succeed in a Job Interview(2001,1)vReduce Waste on Campus(2004,1)35办法类的文章主要分为三类：v社会生活中的重大问题，如环境，交通，住房，文化素质，民族精神等等。v令人担忧的社会问题，如污染，犯罪，盗版，走私，虚假文凭，假冒伪劣商品

45、等等。v与大学生活紧密相连的问题，如学习，考试，提高能力，大学费用承担，找工作，了解社会等等。写作模式：写作模式：提出问题提出问题-列举具体的解决办法列举具体的解决办法-总结总结36模板1 v The past decade has witnessed _.Consequently students voice growing concern over how to _.To this problem,in my mind,there are at least the following three approaches.(引出问题引出问题)v First of all,_.Secondly,

46、_.Finally,_.（列举三种可行方法）（列举三种可行方法）v Personally,I would like to choose_.On the one hand,_.On the other hand,_.As long as I am sure of _,it is out of question _.（选择哪种办法，突出个性）（选择哪种办法，突出个性）37如：如：2000，1，六级考试作文，六级考试作文vDirections:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topi

47、c How I Finance My College Education.You should write at least 100 words,and base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:1.上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种途径解决 2.哪种途径适合于我（说明理由）38范文 1 How I Finance My College Education The past decade has witnessed a steady rise in university tuition an

48、d fees.Consequently students voice growing concern over how to finance heir college education.To this problem,in my mind,there are at least the following three approaches.First of all,the main financial support comes from parents and other family members.For all the years it is they who give the stu

49、dent courage and determination to hold on and excel.Secondly,the students can borrow money from the bank to support their college study,which has become convenient and rapid especially in recent years.Finally,doing part-time job is also a wise choice,in which the students can not only earn money,but

50、 also combine textbook knowledge with social experience.Personally,I would like to choose the second method in my own practice.On the one hand,I dont want to pot too much burden on my parents.On the other hand,I would like to concentrate on y studies and lay a solid foundation for future career.As l