新概念第一册知识点总结讲解(DOC 19页).doc

1、 新概念第一册 知识点总结（全）名词名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词有单复数变化。不可数名词没有。可数名词单数变复数规则：1)单数名词加s: students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers.2)以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches.3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es: cities, babies, enemies.4)以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f为v加es: wives, knives.但有些词只加s: roofs, proof s, chiefs.5)以o结尾

2、的名词，有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.其它加s: radios, zoos, pianos, photos.6)不规则名词：footfeet, goosegeese, toothteeth, childchildren, manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep, deerdeer, mousemice. 代词第 一 人 称第 二 人称第 三 人 称单数复数单数复数 单 数复数人称代词主 格 I we you you heshe it they宾 格 me us you youhimher itthem物主代词形容词性

3、 my ouryouryourhisheritstheir名词性mineoursyoursyourshishersitstheirsI. 人称代词:人称代词又分为主格和宾格形式.主格通常做主语。宾格通常做动词或介词的宾语. Eg: a. Im a nurse.b. Could you help me ? II. 物主代词又分为形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词.形容词性的物主代词:相当于形容词,后面要跟名词,指定名词的所属对象. 名词性的物主代词:相当于一个名词,必须单独使用，后面不能再跟名词.Eg: a. Your school is small, mine is big.(=my sch

4、ool)b. This is not your pen. Yours is on the desk.(=your pen)时态一、一般现在时：概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提

5、问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。My father is a doctor.Tom isnt at home.Are they policemen?I often get up at 7 oclock every morning.He doesnt like apples.Do you always read before going to bed?What do you usually do on Sundays?一般现在时句中，如果主语是第三人称时，动词要变第三人称单数，变化规则如下： 1)一般情况下，动词后面直接加-s.例如： worksgetssaysrea

6、ds 2)以s，x，ch，sh或o结尾的动词，在后面加-es。例如： goesteacheswashes 3)以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，把y变为i再加-es.例如： studiestriescarries 特殊情况：动词have的第三人称单数是has。例如： Hehasaninterestingbook.二、一般过去时：概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the

7、age of 5, the other day, long long ago, once upon a time, .基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。I was at my mothers last week.Once upon a time, there was a beautiful girl whose name was Snow White.Lucy went to America five months ago.I di

8、dnt go to the cinema last night.Did Lily dance at the party?What did you do yesterday?动词的过去式变化：be动词：am/is-was are-were规则动词：1. 直接在词尾加-ed。如: wantwanted, workworked, needneeded, cleancleaned2. 以不发音的e结尾的在词尾加-d。如：likeliked, livelived, useused, movemoved3. 以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stops

9、topped, triptripped4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先把y变成i，再加-ed。如：studystudied, carrycarried, hurryhurried, marrymarried不规则动词：Have-had eat-ate drink-drank go-went come-came see-saw hear-heard put-put cut-cut 等等三、现在进行时：概念：表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作及行为。时间状语：now, at this time, these days, 基本结构：am/is/are+doing否定形式：am/is/are+not

10、+doing.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。They are playing basketball on the playground.I am not reading anything.Is he waiting for the bus?What are you doing now?动词ing形式的变化规则：1 一般情况下，直接在动词后加ing work - working sleep - sleeping study - studying2 动词以不发音的e结尾，要去e加ing take - taking make - making dance - dancing 3 重读闭音节的动词，

11、要双写词尾字母，再加ing cut - cutting put - putting begin - beginning 4 以ie结尾的动词，把变成y再加ing lie - lying tie - tying die - dying四、过去进行时：概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。基本结构：was/were+doing否定形式：was/were + not + doing.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。I was listen

12、ing to the radio at 7 this morning.He was cleaning the car when I arrived.What was he doing at this time yesterday?五、现在完成时：概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语：already, just,yet, since, for,.基本结构：have/has + done否定形式：have/has + not +done.一般疑问句：have或has。He has lost his wallet.I have al

13、ready had my lunch.David hasnt finished his homework yet.Have you seen this film?Mary has been a translator for 20 years.They have lived here since 1987.How long have you lived here?动词过去分词变化规则：规则动词：规则动词的过去分词变化规则与过去式变化规则相同，包括4条。1. 直接在词尾加-ed。如: wantwanted, workworked, needneeded, cleancleaned2. 以不发音的e

14、结尾的在词尾加-d。如：likeliked, livelived, useused, movemoved3. 以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stopstopped, triptripped4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先把y变成i，再加-ed。如：studystudied, carrycarried, hurryhurried, marrymarried不规则动词：需要特殊记忆。Be动词-been have-had go-gone come-come eat-eaten drink-drunk 等等六、过去完成时：概念：以过去某个时间

15、为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。时间状语：before, after.基本结构：had + done.否定形式：had + not + done.一般疑问句：had放于句首。The bus had already left before I arrived at the station.He went to the park after he had finished his work.七、一般将来时：概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year

16、),soon, in a few minutes, the day after tomorrow, 基本结构：am/is/are going to + do；will + do.否定形式：am/is/are not going to + do；will not + do一般疑问句：be放于句首；will提到句首。My family are going to Beijing next week.It is going to rain.He will be 11 years old next year.We will leave in two hours.情态动词我们学过的情态动词有can, co

17、uld, may, must, had better, have to情态动词没有人称和数的变化，后面跟动词原形。Can1, 表示能力，“能够”I can swim very well.He cant sing or dance.2, 表示请求，“可以吗？” Can I help you? Can you give the glass to me, please?Could1, can的过去式，表示过去的能力，“能够” He could climb the mountain 30 years ago, but now he cant.2, 表示请求，比can 更加委婉客气，此时could非ca

18、n的过去式。 Could you help me, please? Could you bring the book to me? Could I borrow your bike?May表示请求，比can稍加委婉客气。“可以吗？”May I come in?May I use your pen?Must 1, 表示“必须” I must go now. You must finish your work before you leave the company.2, mustnt表示“禁止” Kate，you mustnt play with the knife, because it is

19、 too dangerous. You mustnt smoke in the classroom.Had better “最好”否定形式：had better notYou had better put on more clothes. It is cold outside.Wed better leave at once.You had better not eat eggs.Youd better not go out at this time.Have to “不得不”David has to take care of his litter sister because his par

20、ents are not at home.They have to stay at home because it is raining heavily outside.形容词的原级，比较级和最高级（一）规则变化：1绝大多数的单音节，词尾加-er ，-esttalltallertallest 2以不发音的e结尾的单音节词只加-r，-stnicenicernicest , ableablerablest 3以辅音字母加y结尾的双音节词，改y为i再加-er，-esteasyeasiereasiest 4只包含一个元音，并且以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-estb

21、igbiggerbiggest hot-hotter-hottest5少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词末尾加-er，-est clevercleverercleverest, narrownarrowernarrowest 6其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级 Beautiful-more beautiful-most beautifulExpensive-more expensive-most expensive（二）不规则变化常见的有：good / wellbetterbest ; bad /badly/ illworseworst ; many /

22、muchmoremost ; littlelessleast ; 用法：1 原级：as + 形容词原级+as（否定为not so/as + 形容词原级+as）“和一样”This room is as big as that one.I have as many books as you have.You are not as tall as I.2 比较级 + than 用于两者之间的比较“比更” This shirt is cheaper. He is older than I. Lucy is more beautiful than her sister.7the + 最高级 + 比较范围

23、 He is the tallest of the boys. He is the tallest in his class. This is the largest dress in the shop. I want the most expensive shoes.Have用作实义动词时的用法。1Have 作为“有”的意思，表示某人“拥有”某物。例如：Do you have a soccer ball? 你有一个足球吗！Does he have a ping-pong ball? 他有一个乒乓球吗！ I have a new alarm clock. 我有一个新的闹钟。Mary has t

24、wo pen pals in Canada. 玛丽在加拿大有两个笔友。2Have 有“吃、喝”的意思，有时相当于动词“eat”或者“drink”。例如：I often have milk and eggs for breakfast.我早饭经常喝牛奶吃鸡蛋。Do you usually have tea in the afternoon?你通常下午喝茶吗？Tom usually has lunch at school every day. 汤姆每天在学校吃午饭。3Have 还可以用来描述病情，构成诸如have a cold /have a toothache/have a fever/have

25、 a sore back/have a pain in/on 等固定搭配，例如：-“Whats the matter? ”你怎么了？-“I have a toothache. ”我牙疼。4 Have 与不定式符号“to”构成固定词组 have to do something，用来表示义务必须做某事，其意思与must相当。例如：-Jenny, can you come to my party on Sunday? 珍妮，星期天能来参加我的聚会吗？-Id love to. 我很乐意去。 -How about you? 你呢？ -Im sorry, I have to help my parents

26、.抱歉，我得照顾我的父母。 5我们还常见到如下的固定搭配：have a walk /have a swim /have a rest /have a try/have a look at/ have a good time。比如：Lets lie down and have a rest. 让我们躺下休息一下吧 常见的介词的用法On1. 在.上 （有接触点）There is a picture on the wall.over, on表示“在上”之间的区别 (1)over指“在正上方”，表示垂直上方，其反义词为under。如： The bridge is over the river. 3、月

27、球是距离地球最近的星球直径大约是地球的1/4，质量大约是地球的1/80，月球体积大约是地球的1/49，月球引力大约是地球的1/6。(2)on表示“在上面”，与物体表面接触，与beneath相对。如： 答：我们每个人要做到不乱扔果皮，不随地吐痰，爱护花草树木，搞好环境卫生，保护好身边的环境。力争做一个环保小卫士，向身边的人宣传和倡议环保。There is a map on the wall. The earth felt soft beneath our feet. 2、你知道哪些昆虫？2. 指时间 22、光的传播速度是每秒钟30万千米，光年就是光在一年中所走过的距离，它是用来计量恒星间距离的单

28、位。（1）在具体的某一天，如某日、某节日、星期几等。如： On May 4th, there will be a celebration. It will rain on Tuesday.4、填埋场在填满垃圾以后，可以在上面修建公园、体育场、但是不能用来建筑房屋和种植庄稼。（2）在具体某一天的早晨、下午或晚上。如： 在铁制品表面涂上油漆或菜油，用完铁制品后擦干放在干燥的地方等。He arrived at 10 oclock on the night of the 5th. In12 20、对生活垃圾进行分类、分装，这是我们每个公民的义务。只要我们人人参与，养成良好的习惯，我们周围的环境一定会变

29、得更加清洁和美丽。在.里面He is in the classroom.2.3. 2、你知道日食的形成过程吗？表示地点，在。二、问答：My uncle lives in Shanghai.答：尽可能地不使用一次性用品；延长物品的使用寿命；包装盒纸在垃圾中比例很大，购物时减少对它们的使用。Life is difficult in America.3 表示时间。 （1）在某个较长的时间（如世纪、朝代、年、月、季节以及泛指的上午、下午或傍晚等）内。如： in 2004, in March, in spring, in the morning, in the evening, 等等（2）在一段时间之后

30、。一般情况下，用于将来时，谓语动词为瞬间动词，意为“在以后”。如： He will arrive in two hours. At 1. 指时间： 时间的一点、时刻等。如： They came home at ten oclock .另外注意一些固定搭配：at noon, at midnight, at night4. 指地点：在一些小地方。如：At home at the butchers at the dentists at the hairdressersin the front of 是指某物(或某整体)内部的前部;in front of指某物(或某整体)外部的前面.例如：The te

31、acher is standing in the front of the classroom.There is a tree in front of the house.Behind 在后面The photo is behind the door.Under 在.下面Mary is sitting under the tree in the garden.Across 穿过横渡Dont walk across the road when the traffic lights are red.Off 从离开Jump off the wall.Take off your coat.Into 进M

32、any children are going into the school.Out of 出He run out of the house.英语中时间的表达方式1. 表示整点：时间+oclockSeven oclock2、如果分钟在半小时以内（包括半小时），表示“几点过几分”，句式为“分钟 +past+小时”。如：eleven past seven 3、如果分钟在半小时以上（不包括半小时），表示“几点差几分”，句式为“（60分钟）+to+（小时+1）”，如：two to seven a quarter to eight4、quarter意思是“四分之一”，用在时间中表示“一刻钟, 15分钟”

33、。 three quarter表示“三刻钟”即“45分钟”。不过，半小时可不是two quarter!而是 “half”a quarter past eight 八点一刻half past nine 九点半5、日常生活中用口语表达时间时，可以直接照书面数字读。如：7:15读作seven fifteen11:30读作eleven thirty3:53读作three fifty-three6、时间后面的am指上午；pm则指下午。 9.p.m 下午9点 5.a.m 上午5点7、表达“在几点几分”，用at+时间。如：My father begins to work at eight. 我的爸爸八点开始

34、工作。英语中日期的表达方式（一） 书写方面 先看下面的两个例子： 1. 1986年10月23日October 23rd, 1986 2. 2002年1月17日January 17th, 2002 从上面的例子可以看出，英语日期的表达与汉语不同。英语表达的顺序为月、日、年。（二） 朗读方面 在朗读时，月份一般直接用英语读出；日则要读成the + 序数词；读年份时，一般分为两个单位来读，前两个数为一个单位，后两个数为一个单位。如：1982年读作nineteen eighty-two, 1900年读作nineteen hundred。如果是三位数，先读第一位，再把后两个数合起来读。如：984年可读为

35、nine eighty-four,757年读成seven fifty-seven。 另外，像2000年一般读成two thousand, 2001年则读成two thousand and one,以此类推，2004年应读成two thousand and four。 January 12th, 1993读成January the twelfth, nineteen ninety-three。注意：英语中月份和星期名称都是专有名词，它们的首字母必须大写，并且前面无需用冠词。用英语表示日期，其顺序为“月日年”，日和年之间需用逗号隔开。如：August 2nd，2003(2003年8月2日)。也可以

36、用“日月年”来表示。如：10th May，2003(2003年5月10日)。英语日期前介词的使用：若指在哪一年或哪一月，则用介词in，若具体到某一天，则需用介词on不规则动词表原形过去式过去分词意义arisearosearisen出现bewas, werebeen是beatbeatbeaten击败becomebecamebecome成为beginbeganbegun开始bendbentbent弯曲betbetbet打赌bitebitbitten咬bleedbledbled流血blowblewblown打击breakbrokebroken打破bringbroughtbrought带来broadc

37、astbroadcastbroadcast广播buildbuiltbuilt建设burnburnt, burnedburnt, burned燃烧burstburstburst爆裂buyboughtbought购买cancould -可以catchcaughtcaught捕捉choosechosechosen选择comecamecome来costcostcost花费cutcutcut切dealdealtdealt处理digdugdug挖dodiddone做drawdrewdrawn画dreamdreamt, dreameddreamt, dreamed梦想drinkdrankdrunk喝driv

38、edrovedriven开车eatateeaten吃fallfellfallen下降feedfedfed饲养feelfeltfelt感觉fightfoughtfought战斗findfoundfound发现flyflewflown飞foreseeforesawforeseen预见forgetforgotforgotten忘记forgiveforgaveforgiven原谅freezefrozefrozen冻结getgotgot获得givegavegiven给gowentgone去growgrewgrown增长hanghung ,hangedhung, hanged挂have, hashadha

39、d有hearheardheard听hidehidhidden隐藏hithithit击中holdheldheld举行hurthurthurt伤害keepkeptkept保持knowknewknown知道laylaidlaid躺在leadledled领导learnlearnt, learnedlearnt, learned学习leaveleftleft离开lendlentlent借出letletlet让lielaylain撒谎lightlit, lightedlit, lighted照亮loselostlost失去makemademade使maymight -可能meanmeantmeant意思m

40、eetmetmet见面misreadmisreadmisread误解mistakemistookmistaken错误misunderstandmisunderstoodmisunderstood误会mustmust -必须paypaidpaid付putputput放readreadread读ridrid, riddedrid, ridded摆脱rideroderidden骑ringrangrung响riseroserisen上升runranrun跑saysaidsaid说seesawseen看seeksoughtsought寻求sellsoldsold出售sendsentsent发送setse

41、tset放置shakeshookshaken摇动shallshould -将shineshone, shinedshone, shined闪耀showshowedshowed, shown显示shutshutshut关闭singsangsung唱sinksank, sunksunk, sunken下沉sitsatsat坐sleepsleptslept睡觉smellsmelt, smelledsmelt, smelled闻sowsowedsown, sowed播种speakspokespoken发言spellspelt, spelledspelt, spelled拼写spellbindspell

42、boundspellbound迷惑spendspentspent花spillspiltspilt洒spinspunspun旋转spitspatspat吐spoilspoiltspoilt溺爱spreadspreadspread蔓延standstoodstood站stealstolestolen窃取stickstuckstuck粘贴strikestruckstruck, stricken打击swellswelledswollen膨胀sweepsweptswept扫swimswamswum游泳swingswungswung摆动taketooktaken带走teachtaughttaught教telltoldtold告诉thinkthoughtthought认为throwthrewthrown扔understandunderstoodunderstood明白upsetupsetupset打乱wakewaked，wokewaked，woken，woke醒来wearworeworn穿weavewovewoven编织willwould -将winwonwon赢wri