英语否定句的翻译课件.ppt

1、Translation of Negativesl 英语否定句的种类繁多,表现形式多种多样,加上英语和汉语语言习惯和表达方式不同,因此翻译起来不是件容易的事,使用起来也常出错。下面就英语中的某些否定句如全部否定、部分否定、否定转移、延续否定、双重否定、暗含否定的英译汉问题进行论述。一一.全部否定全部否定l 所谓全部否定是指将句子否定对象加以全盘、彻底地否定。构成全部否定的否定词有 not,never,neither,nor,none,no,nothing,nobody,no one,nowhere等,在翻译过程中,可以直接将英语的全部否定句译成汉语的否定句。lHe was not able t

2、o repair that bike.他不能修理那个自行车。lThere is nothing important in his speech.他的讲话没有什么重要的。lNeither you nor I could do it.你和我都不会做。lMy bike was nowhere to be found.我的自行车到处也未找到。二二.部分否定部分否定l 英语中all、every(及其派生词及其派生词),both以及以及always,quite,often,altogether,entirely,wholly都含有“全体”的意义,如用一般否定词not对它们进行否定,所得的结果不是全部被否定

3、,而是部分否定。这时,not可以放在被否定的词的前面,也可以放在谓语部分里。lAll that glitters is not gold.闪光的不都是金子。lNot both books are helpful.并非两本书都有益。lMoney is not everything.金钱并非万能。lThe rich are not always happy.l富人并非都是幸福的。lEverybody does not know himself.l不是人人都有自知之明。l*注意注意:all和not在一个句子内并不全是表部分否定,要注意固定搭配和上下文,否则翻译起来就容易出错。lNow the wea

4、ther is not at all cold.l现在天气一点也不冷。lAll the passengers not going to Beijing must change trains at the next stop.l所有不去北京的旅客必须在下一站换车。三三.否定转移否定转移l l把否定词或否定成分从其原来应处的位置转移到句子的谓语动词前,这就是“否定转移”(Transferred Negation),它可出现在复合句和简单句中,往往可以使否定的语气委婉。3.1 复合句中的复合句中的“否定转移否定转移”l 当主句的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,expect,im

5、agine,fancy等表示“相信”、“臆测”之类的心理活动的动词时常出现“否定转移”现象。这一点跟汉语习惯不同,翻译时要特别注意。lI dont think he is correct.l 我认为他不对。(不说:我不以为他是对的)lI dont imagine they have finished the job yet.l我想他们还没有完成任务。l*但是但是hope,trust,assume,be afraid,fear,presume等动词,不能用于“否定转移”,试比较:lI dont assume that he came.我不相信他来了。lI assume that he didnt

6、 come.相信他没有来。lI am not afraid that he will come tomorrow.l我并不怕他明天来。lIm afraid that he will not come tomorrow.l我恐怕他明天不来。3.2 简单句中的简单句中的“否定转移否定转移”l3.2.1 否定不定式的否定词转移到谓语动词前。这时句中常见的谓语动词是happen,seem,let(us),expect,prove等。lI didnt happen to be at homel(=I happened not to be at home.)我碰巧不在家。lShe doesnt seem

7、to know about it(=she seems not to know about it.)她似乎不知道此事。lDont let us waste time.l(=let us not waste time.)让我们不要浪费时间。l3.2.2 否定方式、目的、时间等状语的否定词转移到谓语动词前。lHe didnt come to school by bus.(=He came to school not by bus.)他不是乘公共汽车上学的。lRome wasnt built in a day.l=Rome was built not in a day.罗马并非一日建成。lI am

8、not feeling very well today.(=I am feeling not very well today.)我今天觉得不怎么舒服。四四.双重否定双重否定l 双重否定是指一个句子中出现两次否定,即否定之否定,实际上是肯定,而其语气较强。在翻译时,译为肯定形式或双重否定。lNo living thing could exist without air.l没有空气,生物就不能生存。l(有空气,生物才能生存。)lHe wont come unless he is invited.l除非有人邀请他,他才会来.lHe never refused to help.l他总是有求必应(这里r

9、efuse“拒绝”之意,本身有否定意义,相当于否定词)。lWe cant not go.我们不能不去。lBut for your help,they should not have finished in time.l要不是你们的帮助，他们是不会按时完成任务的。五五.延续否定延续否定l前面已有了一个否定句,后面又追加一个或数个否定句。这种追加的否定句子叫延续否定。l5.1否定句否定句+nor(neither)+肯定式谓语肯定式谓语+主语主语lHe did not go to the city yesterday.Nor did I.l如果需要连续多次补加否定的内容,可将nor重复使用,但不可重

10、复使用neither。如:lIt was not anger,nor surprise,nor disapproval,nor honor,nor any of the emotions she had been prepared for.l那表情不是生气,不是惊讶,不是不满,不是厌恶,也不是她所估计的任何一种感情。l 也可以重复使用or引出多个追加的否定内容,但是最后一个追加的否定内容必须用nor或neither来引导。如:lThe elephant isnt like a wall,or a spear,or a snake,or a tree,neither is he like a f

11、an。l这只象不象一堵墙,不象长矛,不象蛇,不象树也不象扇子。l5.2主语主语+否定式谓语否定式谓语+to say nothing of(或或let alone)+对称成分对称成分。如:lBefore liberation he was a cart-driver who could hardly keep body and soul together,let alone support his family。解放前,他是个赶大车的,连自己的生活都难以维持,更不用说养家了。lHe cant sing even Chinese songs,to say nothing of English so

12、ngs。l他连中文歌都不会唱,更不用说英文歌了。六六.暗含否定暗含否定l有些句子里并没有否定词not和no,而是用了表达否定意义的动词、名词、形容词、介词、成语介词、习语等表达否定意义,称之为暗含否定。l 6.1肯定形式肯定形式,否定意义否定意义l(1)某些动词表达否定意义。某些动词表达否定意义。如:lPlease refrain from spitting in the public places.l在公共场所请勿吐痰。lWe were forbidden to keep a single bird of our own.l我们哪怕一只鸟也不许养。l(2)某些名词表达否定的意义。某些名词表达

13、否定的意义。如:lHis failure to explain the noise worried us.l他无法解释这噪音的来源,这令我们担心。lBad illness caused his loss of strength.l重病使他毫无力气。l(3)某些形容词表达否定意义。某些形容词表达否定意义。如:lThat was a thin argument.那个论点站不住脚。lThe place is safe from smallpox and plague.l这地方没有天花和鼠疫。lHe is a man of few words.他是个寡言少语的人。lHe is the last man

14、 that I want to see.l他是我最不想见的人。l(4)某些副词表达否定意义。某些副词表达否定意义。如:lWe had little rain last year.l去年我们没有多少雨。lI can scarcely hear him.l 我几乎不能听见他的话。lYou have rarely seen such a beautiful sunrise,have you?l你很少见到如此绚丽的日出,是吗?l(5)某些连词表达否定的意义，某些连词表达否定的意义，如:lThe officer put away his pistol lest his son should touch

15、it.l军官收起了手枪,以防他儿子去摆弄它。lHe prefers chemistry rather than physics.l他喜欢化学,而不喜欢物理。l(6)介词及介词短语表示否定意义。介词及介词短语表示否定意义。如:lThis question is above me.这个问题我不懂。lThe plane is out of control.飞机无法控制了。lThis book is quite beyond his younger brother.l这本书是他弟弟完全读不懂的。lHe is far from being honest.他极不老实。l6.2否定形式否定形式,肯定意义肯定

16、意义lEating too much will do no good to your health.过多饮食有损于你的健康。lWhich family doesnt have problem.l家家有本难念的经。lYou cant be too careful with your work.l 工作中越仔细越好。lI will be back in no time.我马上就回来。l6.3特殊结构的句子表示否定意义的暗含否定特殊结构的句子表示否定意义的暗含否定lIf only I had a new house.l我要是有座新房子多好啊!(虚拟语气的句子表示暗含否定).lGod only kno

17、ws!(No one knows)l天晓得!(感叹句型表否定)lWhat difference would it make?l那样没有任何的不同。(修辞性问句的否定)lHe is more stupid than mad.l说他疯了,不如说他蠢。(morethan句型)l(7).一些被当作固定语的习语和句子一些被当作固定语的习语和句子lcry for the moon渴望得不到的东西lcry sour grape把得不到的东西说成不好的lLet sleeping dogs lie.莫(别)惹事生非(谚语)lMind your own business!不要管闲事!lDo you see any green in my eye?你以为我可欺吗?lThe sands of life are running out.来日无多。lIll see you dead/in hell before that happens!l我绝不答应。