(完整版)2019年高考英语阅读理解猜测词意.doc

1、高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略浏阳五中高三备课组在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。定义或者同义解释：作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中，定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等等。利用同义解释猜词同义解释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用or，that is(to say)，in

2、other words，namely等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。1)Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 2)It will be very hard but very brittle that is, it will break easily.3). This was a very domesticated bird that needed help or it would not survive.A. Having been abandonedB. Having been u

3、sed to home lifeC. Having been used to life in the wildD. Having been weak and hungry4). He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.5). She is bilingual. In other words, she speaks English and French equally well.6). Transparent animals let light pass through their b

4、odies the same way light passes through a window. 7). The schools are reluctant to take time offeven teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off. The underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_.A. kind B. unwilling C. free D. careless同义词（近义词 ）在同一句、同一段或同一篇文

5、章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。并列关系(同义关系）提示词：and, also, as as, the same as利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义 。例如：I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, Ive done 89 trips- of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little bo

6、x because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.题目.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “

7、courier” in Paragraph1? A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor9). Mr. White loves to talk; his wife is also as loquacious as him. 10). Mark Twain was not the authors real name; it was a pseudonym. 11). The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.

8、12). If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. 13). Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 利用构词法猜词英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。根据构词法猜测词义英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。(1) Overwork

9、 may cause diseases.(2) There was a dissatisfied look in the managers eyes. 合成词 For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs.Down-to-earth spirit is a necessity. Sharp words from a teacher can usually bring a day-dreaming student down-to-earth.Her name was Rachel, and I mooned

10、 my way through the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her, tongue-tied in her presence. At any rate, my love for Rachel remained without result. We graduated from high school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army. I was sent overseas during the war. For a time we wrote, a

11、nd her letters were the highlight of those terrible endless years.词性转换（解释意思）He is a man with broad shoulders. We will shoulder the responsibilities at any time. Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. (trouble 词性与意义？) 真题演练 A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness

12、,or worry.利用语境及逻辑关系猜词利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同时要特别留心某些词语，如or，that is，in other words，including，although，but，even if，on the other hand，on the contrary，other than，rather than，more than，instead of等。(1)重述 作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或

13、括号)或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等等。典例 In the library, I found my way into the“Childrens Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a pict

14、ure of a beagle. I had recently had a beagle, the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child. (2) 举例：作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助读者理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such .as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。典例 Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, o

15、r that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. 1). Tom must be very affluent. He wears expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and owns a $1,750,000 house in London.2). You can take any of the periodicals: The World of En

16、glish, English Learning, or Readers Digest.(3)对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether).or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand， but, however, although ,

17、 though，while(然而), rather than, instead of 等标志词。典例 If youre tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class thatll keep your workout on track.73The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “_”. Acheerful BaverageC

18、serious Dtemporary1. He had been getting better, However, during the night his condition deteriorated.2. A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. 3. Though Toms face has been w

19、ashed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 4. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends. 5. She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.6. Time is something from which we cant e

20、scape. Even if we ignore it, its still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Whos in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.The underlined word

21、 “ally” most likely means somebody or something that is _.A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps youB. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you（4）因果关系法：根据前后句因果关系猜测词义。Signal words: because，since ,so, suchthat, sothat, for, ect. I could see nothing bec

22、ause the light was too faint. I feel that since you are my superior（上司）， it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “ ” .Afull of respect B rude and too confident Clacking in experience Dtoo shy and quiet 1). The collision of the two cars

23、 caused a lot of damage to both.a). side-by-side b). striking c). acting2). My dog is hostile to strangers and therefore will bark at you and may bite you until he gets to know you.a). friendly b). kind c). unfriendly 3). The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is

24、 shallow。4) . That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.5). The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.6）Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destro

25、y desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably mean?A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.B. Take away everything

26、you bring in.C. Carry all the necessary food.D. Look after your personal belongings.典例 There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so

27、its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.30What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean? AA practical idea. BA vain hope.CA brilliant plan. DA selfish desire. 典例 This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Ch

28、icago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small woodframe buildings could be lifted fairly easily.63The underlined word “hoist

29、” in Paragraph 4 means “_”AchangeBlift Crepair Ddecorate根据语法知识猜测词义在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。典例 Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon wer

30、e both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.65What does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?ACountries where their people need help.BPowerful states with higher civilization. CSplendid empires where people enjoy freedom.DGovernments ruled with absolute power

31、. 根据生活常识断定生活常识经验：根据自身的直接或间接的经验，运用自己已有的常识, 以及英美国家的风俗习惯、宗教信仰、社会生活等将生词推测出来。1). Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽）, or young leaves of trees.The word “pruning” means_A. Regular cutting of the plants B. Frequent wateringC. Regular use of chemicals D. Growing the pl

32、ants high in the mountain2). Husband：Its really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are almost numb. How about lighting the fireplace? a). dying b). frozen c). hurt3). The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some m

33、aterials slow and scatter (散射) light，bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light，stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it，so you can see it easily.The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means _Asilen

34、tlyBgradually Cregularly Dcompletely4). My color television has given me nothing but a headache. I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldnt fit. I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued

35、model. I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy five dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately，I didnt get any channels showing all ni

36、ght movies or I would never have gotten to bed.Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?_Aended all their programsBprovided fewer channelsCchanged to commercialsDshowed all night movies 代词指代猜测题代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it(指动物、无生命的事物、特定的事件或人)

37、，they/them(指代人、物、事件的复数名词)，he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this，that，these，those 等在文章中的指代意义，以考查考生对文章中叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。 例 Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta. The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots

38、of support workers. They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.What does the underlined word “They” refer to?_AFlooded waters. BWildlife journeys.CSafari camps. DUnique rides. 例 However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical.

39、And, in addition to that, in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practicing. In Paragraph 2, the underlined word “that” refers to _.A. being good at somethingB. setting a practical goalC. putting in more timeD. succeeding in life 例 It was hard

40、 to lift her. She was just out. But he managed to raise her the four feet to the platform so that bystanders could hold her by the grins and drag her away from the edge. That was where Lisa briefly regained consciousness, felt herself being pulled along the ground, and saw someone else holding her p

41、urse.l When did Lisa become conscious again?A. When the train was leaving. B. After she was back on the platform.C. After the police and fire officials came. D. When a man was cleaning the blood from her head.例 Twains racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passa

42、ge in his autobiography (自传) about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youthmostly with white men performing in black-faceand his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on

43、slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not. l What does the underlined word “they” refer to?A. The attacks B. Slavery and prejudice C. White men D. The shows例 Two 12-year-old boys, Christian and Jack, rowed out a boat to search a football. Once theyd rowed beyond the calm wat

44、ers, a beach umbrella tied to the boat caught the wind and pulled the boat into open water. The pair panicked and tried to row back to shore. But they were no match for it and the boat was out of control.l What does “it” refer to?A. The beachB. The waterC. The boatD. The wind例 However，physicist Jose

45、ph West thinks there might have been a simpler way，who led the new study. West said，“I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction. I thought，Why dont they just try rolling the things？”A square could be turned into a rough sort of wh

46、eel by attaching wooden poles to its sides，he realized. That，he notes，should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”So he tried itl What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 7 refer to?_ARolling the blocks with poles attached.BRolling the blocks on wooden wheels.CRolling pol

47、es to move the blocks.DRolling the blocks with fat. 名师点津：解答代词指代题时，我们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。因此，理解上下文(特别是上句)的意思和代词所在句的意思是解题的关键。针对句子句意猜测题名师点津：考查句意理解的试题一般出现在长难句中。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。 例 While，deep down，we know we can do it，our mindor the minds of those close to ususually says we cant. That isnt a reason to stop，its just the mind，that lit