高考英语短文改错超级讲义(DOC 12页).doc

1、2016高考英语 短文改错专题讲练 各省历年高考考点平均出现次数考点各省历年高考考点平均出现次数命题趋势2014201320122011动词3432 短文改错文章以记叙文为主，考察词类覆盖面广，涉及名词、动词、冠词、代词、介词、形容词、副词等的基本用法 在短文改错中占相当大比例的是动词的形式变化，包括一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词、现在分词、及被动语态等 其他如名词的单复数变化、主谓一致、词与词之间的搭配等方面的错误也会出现。 错误比例分布 多词 ：缺词 ：错词普遍 1 ： 1 ： 8偶尔 2 ： 1 ： 7偶尔 1 ： 2 ： 7启示：.核对错项时，若的确有一时难以改出的地方，可以

2、参考所改动项是否基本符合“1：1：8”的比例。即多一词1个，缺词1个，错词8个。核对改正的语法项目是否有重复。因为短文改错往往覆盖面广，一般不会出现重复考查某个语法点的现象。名词1111连词2111形容词1102副词0110代词1111冠词1101介词1021全国课标卷I近四年考点范围2015201420132012动词1. Think-thought2. Must found-find3.Since then,we had (been doing)-have1. Used to doing-do2. Passed-passed1. When things did wrong-did 改为we

3、nt2. When I tear apart my改为tore形容词/副词1. A seriously problem-serious2. Much rare animals-many1. Grow wanderfully tomatoes2. (the fruits are juicy and taste-tastyRemember sb very muc-much改为well/clearlyLittle aggressive-less连词Or-andAlthoug-but把but去掉或改为yet1. 两句间加and2. During-when See which was happennin

4、g-改为what名词Airs-airThese year-yearsshouldersToy-toys代词Your-our/theThere are so much-many Himself-himFor a while parent-在parent后面加上myIt-them 冠词In countyside(加the)As result(加a)In a fact(去掉a)介词On the development of (改为with)With the help by(by改为of)Fromtoward-to1. No more toys to you 改为for2. Make my toys

5、to last去掉to上下文逻辑关系(the plants are growing) somewhere-everywhereNever-ever短文改错的常见错误类型 1. 动词错误类型：时态、语态 （历年考试的重点和热点）时态错用（和主体时态矛盾） and 前后动词时态不一致; 主谓不一致 缺少动词,特别是be动词; 第三人称单数形式错用 主动语态和被动语态错用。固定搭配错误 1）历年都有时态错误的小题，而且改动基本集中在一般过去时与一般现在时之间。时态的更改要以上下文的主体时态为依据，以明显的时间状语为依据。eg. I was only four when she passes away

6、. (根据I was only four)注意：主从复合句中，如果主句是一般现在时，从句可以根据需要用各种时态；如果主句是一般过去时，从句需要用相应的过去时态。举例说明：I think that he is a good man/that he did not finish his work yesterday.He said that he had visited the park.2) and/but前后都有谓语动词称为并列谓语，以短文主体时态为准，一定注意两个动词时态是否一致。eg. She liked it very much and reads it to the class. Al

7、l said the story was. As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to3.1)主谓不一致一般都是考简单句：主谓宾/主系表，所以注意主语和谓语实义动词/be动词是否一致就变得不难了。eg. One evening she told me that something happened when her pa

8、rents was out. 3.2) 主语后有with,together with,along with, as well as, like, but, except, rather than, besides, including 等短语时，谓语动词和主语一致。（A together with B 作主语，谓语动词依A来定）Nobody except my parents knows anything about it.3.3）or, neithernor., eitheror, not onlybut also连接并列主语遵循就近原则。He or his brothers was to

9、blame for the broken window.3.4)one of +复数名词后的定语从句谓语动词用复数，但the (only/very/right) one of +复数名词后的定语从句，谓语动词需用单数。Eg. James is the only one of my friends who are lazy.3.5) no, many a, more than on+单数名词表示复数意思，但因中心词是单数，谓语仍用单数。Eg. More than one student have been to Bazhong.3.6）有些名词只有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Clothe

10、s, glasses眼镜，shoes，chopsticks筷子，scissors剪刀, trousers, jeans, stocks. Eg. This pair of trousers belong to my sister. Mine are being washed.主谓一致(语法一致原则/就近一致原则/意义一致原则)更多参见一轮复习书P160-161.4)简单句句子结构：主系表/主谓宾，注意完整性。She is a student. I like music.eg. There will an important game next month. 5) 第三人称单数名词代词作主语，谓

11、语动词要用单数，be动词was，is；实义动词加s （一般情况加s如takes，reads；辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i+es如：try-tries，reply-replies;以/s/,/,/t/音素结尾和o结尾的动词+es如：do-does，watch-watches，guess-guesses）have-has是特殊。若非第三人称单数作主语，谓语动词不能乱用单数。eg. My dream school look like a big garden. 6) 被动语态的结构：be done/be being done/have/has been done.但不及物动词（短语）无被动：come

12、out, run out, belong to, date back to, come up(被提出)，happen，occur(发生)，consist of, appear, die, lie, rise,.eg. This book was belonged to me. 7）动词短语考搭配，一般都是一些基础的常用短语，需要大家熟记分清。Eg. My sister is going to graduate college soon and find a job. 2. 名词单复数和名词所有格错误类型可数名词：单复数错用 （高频考点） 可数名词和不可数名词混用名词所有格中“s”的误置 无生命

13、所有格of漏用/误用1.1）单复数错用改动依据一：名词前的修饰限定成份（单数名词前常有a/an; 复数名词前有many，several, a few等；不可数名词没复数，其前常有much，little 等 ）；改动依据二：上下文的逻辑关系，谓语动词的单复数（be动词is,was 配单数名词；be动词are，were 配复数名词；实义动词原形配复数名词；实义动词第三人称单数配单数名词）1.2）名词复数规则要记清：（详见一轮复习书P14） (1) There are advantage for students to work. (2) That was a dinner we had waite

14、d for several month. (3) a few minute on the Internet. (4) But one and a half year later. (one and a half意思为一个半)2）不可数名词无复数，不能直接用冠词或数词修饰，常见的要记清：clothing服装（总称，information, advice, news, weather, equipment, traffic, trouble, furniture, fun, paper纸, sugar，work（工作）luggage行李. 既是可数名词又是不可数名词的。词性取决于语境。 名词作“不

15、可数”时复数形式名词作“不可数”时复数形式coffee咖啡几杯咖啡custom习惯；习俗海关silk丝绸各种丝绸force力气；力量军队hair头发几根头发glass杯子；玻璃眼镜time时间次数；倍数；时代sand沙子沙滩；沙漠food食物各种食物work工作作品；工厂fruit水果若干种水果chicken鸡肉鸡wood树木树林manner举止，态度礼貌iron铁熨斗arm手臂武器paper纸试卷；论文；报纸word消息字；词；话 Eg. We have called several time about Hippys early morning barking.Their word wer

16、e a great encouragement to me.3.1) 表示“的”通常在名词词尾直接加-s;以s结尾的复数名词直接加“ ”即可如：friends, friendsbut she marked strictly on students actual performance. 3.2)注意一些习惯用法：表示店铺，某人的家，诊所等; at the barbers/dentists, at my aunts 等 表示时间，距离，集体，城市，团体，机构的，yesterdays newspaper, five minutes walk 走路五分钟的路程Eg. I forgot my favo

17、rite book at my friend this weekend.4）无生命所有格，“of+名词”如：a picture of my family 一张我家的全家福Eg. Without the help by his parents, he bravely got out of the financial problem. 3. 形容词、副词错误类型系动词后误放副词 误用副词修饰名词;误用形容词修饰动词、形容词 误用形容词作评注性状语误用副词修饰主语表状态 v-ing 和v-ed形容词混用误用形容词或副词的原级、比较级和最高级 近义词误用误用带-ly的副词与不带-ly的副词最后，注意根

18、据上下文该用比较级而未用的“暗中比较”特别指正：1) 系动词后常用形容词（be/am/is/are/was/were/become/go/感官性动词 smell /feel）The memory stayed fresh. The food tastes good.2)修饰名词用形容词 serious problem；3）修饰动词、形容词、过去分词及整个句子用副词：She sings well; I firmly believe you can succeed；I had an extremely special birthday. She was particularly intereste

19、d in English. 4) 副词 (un)fortunately, surprisingly, luckily 等放句首作评注性状语修饰整个句子。改错题热门考点eg. Unfortunately, I failed to go the party. 不幸的是，我没能去参加聚会。5）形容词可以作状语修饰句子主语。eg. Tired but happy, we won the game.6）Ving的adj常修饰物，“令人的”，ved的adj常修饰人，“感到.”She was surprised at the latest surprising news. She had a very su

20、rprised book on her face.7.1) much 可以修饰形副词的比较级，many不可以。eg. The Internet plays a much more / more important role in our life.7.2) the+比较级，the+比较级 “越越”常成为考点，注意前后一致，都要用比较级。eg. The more progress we have made, the easier the life is. 7.3) adj/adv比较级+than “比更”注意than前要用比较级。He is better at English than me.

21、8)注意一些近义词的区别：lonely, alone; farther, further; alive, live, lively; likely, possible, probable, likely.9) 注意一些形容词可以做副词， 而+ly也为副词，但意义不同。尤其注意late， lately；close，closely；high，highly; hard, hardly; most, mostly; like, likely 的区别。（可参阅一轮复习书P77）Tips: 形容词变副词规则要记牢：一般词尾+ly, fortunate, interesting,helpful,，以le结尾

22、去e+ly, gentle,possible, ；以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i+ly, happy, heavy,angry.强化练习：1. They came back lately and had some tea. 2. you always gave me specially attention. 3. . they fly down immediate and catch them without delay. 4. Yes，it is clearly that your life in your country is quite different from . 5. I know

23、you are particular interested in Human Rights. 4. 非谓语错误类型（动名词、不定式、ving分词、ved分词）不定式符号to的添、删 谓语和非谓语混用ving分词/ved分词作状语混用 忽视动名词doing作主语、宾语 and 连接的不定式或动名词前后不一致（尤其距离较远时） 1.1）接不定式作宾补省略to的有“11个半”（半个帮助help，一个感觉feel，两个听 listen to, hear,三个使役动词make，let，have，五个看see, watch, look at, observe, notice）注意：在被动句中to不能省略。

24、eg1. They were made do the job from morning till night.eg2. to help each other and to make their friendship to last long.1.2) 情态动词后及短语动词had better, would better, cant (help) but,do nothing but,cant choose but, prefer to do rather than等后的不定式要省略to。 Eg. Id rather stay at home than to go to see a film w

25、ith Jane.2) As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.3)过去分词和现在分词短语作状语时，有特征：动词短语放句首/中/尾，有逗号隔开。现在分词与主语存在逻辑上的主谓（主动）关系，表示主动和进行；过去分词与主语存在逻辑上的动宾（被动）关系，表示被动或完成。One night, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue. (一个主语，两个动词且有逗号隔开，无连接词but/and/or 判定有一个动词需用ving/ved分词作状语)4）动名词

26、作主语谓语动词用单数；动名词放在特定动词后作宾语：suggest doing sth.Playing football not only makes us grow tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit5. 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词的错误类型 女性代词指代男性或相反； （she,he 反用; him, her 反用；物主代词his,her 反用） “你（们的）”、“我（们的）、他（们的)”混用； （尤其our，your，their混用） 单数指代复数或相反； eg. It-the

27、m） 代词词性误用；物主代词-名词性物主代词，宾格-反身代词缺少人称代词不定代词混用something/anything;some,any;both,all;neither,either,none;other,another改正方法：看到代词寻找指代对象，联系上下文推敲逻辑关系核实是否一致不定代词需关注：another三者及以上中的另一个，one.anotherthe other 两者中另一个onethe otherother+复数名词；some.others.一些.另一些都任何都不 两者botheitherneither三者或以上allanynonesomething常用于肯定句，否定句常用

28、anything.强化训练：1. The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.2. I have a good friend whos name is Liu Mei.3. It was about noon when we arrived at the foot of the mountain. The three of them were very excited.4. Soon I began to enjoy talking to myself on paper as I was learning to express me in s

29、imple English.5. One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher.6. 介词的错误类型 固定搭配错误 习惯用法错误考察方向：多用、漏用、误用 特别指正：1） 时间名词前有特定词如this, that, last, next, there, one, every, yesterday, today，不再用介词on, at, in 等。eg. I visited Beijing with my parents on last month.2） 及物动词后不用介词；动词不定式作后置定语修饰名词时，与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系

30、，如果不定式是不及物动词，其后需加介词。eg. He found no room to live in. 3）the moment, the minute, every time 等名词短语充当连词引导时间状语从句“一就”其前不用介词4) 熟记和介词搭配的短语，(常见短语，易混短语)常见短语如：belong to， look forward to， take care of， listen to， laugh at，make fun of，make use of，take advantage of，play tricks on, pay attention to, get rid of易混短语

31、如：pick up -pick out，come up-come up with, give in-give up . Tips：固定搭配要记牢，介词后边跟宾语，结合语境细推敲.牢固掌握介词的基本用法更易得分，当然介词常和动词搭配考，所以看到动词短语，一看搭配介词是否正确是否符合句意，二看是否少介词，三看是否和易混短语弄错；强化练习1. After autumn arrives，the city looks as an old man with leaves . 2. .he can no longer expect others to pay his food, his clothes. 3

32、. Could you share your experience for us? 4. My mother was a career woman and had her own problems to take care.5. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. 7. 冠词的错误（ a/ an/ the） 英语中冠词只有三个，从高考英语改错题的角度来看，只能从以下四个方向出题：不定冠词a和an互改；（易得分）不定冠词a / an和定冠词the互改；（高频）根据需要增加冠词根据需

33、要删除冠词高频考点特别指正：（冠词其他用法详见一轮复习书P45-46）1）冠词的固定搭配用法要留心 eg. as a result, have a cold, in the morning, out of control2）首次提到某物，单数名词前要用不定冠词a/ an. eg. He bought a car and it cost much.3) 定冠词the表特指可用在所有名词前，上文提到过的人/物，或双方都知道的人或物；I started writing down words from the books that I read. (the 表定指时，名词前后常有修饰限定的成分)4）a

34、dj最高级，序数词, same, only, very(正是那个)前需用the. He is the second to reach the finishing line. He is the very man that the director is looking for. 5）在天体、方位、方向、乐器名词前用定冠词the，如：the earth, the east, the piano6) 用于hit/pat/ sb +介词+the+身体部位，如 hit sb on the head/back7)不可数名词前一般不用冠词，如It is great fun to have a trip t

35、o Europe.；抽象名词具体化变成可数名词时可用冠词。He is a success.8）复数名词和不可数名词前不用冠词，表泛指; People like to read books. Money is not everthing.9) 表季节、月份、星期、节假日, 三餐，学科，语言，球类，棋牌名词前不用冠词，如：spring, November, Monday, Childrens Day，have lunch, maths, Chinese, play basketball.10) by后接交通工具或通讯工具名词，不用冠词，如by air/sea/car/ phone11) go to

36、 +n 表示“去做与名词相关的事”，名词前不用冠词，如：go to school/ college/ church/ prison/hospital/ court/ bed/ town.12）by和计量单位之间要有定冠词。如：He was paid by the hour. 他的工资是按小时计算的。a 与 an的使用区别：l a：用在以辅音开始的单数名词前l an用于以元音开始的单数名词前。l 注意：指的是单词开头的第一个音素，而不是单词开头的字母。1. U是元音字母，但在单词university、universe、used、useful等单词中，第一个音素是j，这是个辅音，所以冠词应用a而不

37、要用an。如：It is a European country.It is a useful dictionary.I bought a used car.但umbrella这个单词中，U发的是/Q/，这是个元音，所以前面要用an,如：I need an umbrella because it looks like raining.2. There is a “n” in the word.是错句，应为：There is an “n”in the word.因字母n的发音的第一个音素是元音，所以前面要用an.3. hour因其第一个字母h不发音，所以应该用an hour。如：I need an

38、 hour to finish the work.所以应用an.常用的情况有：an old man, an English/American teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy强化训练1. . the popular teacher is at same time the one who should be strict with himself.2. And if he breaks the law of society ., he may go to the prison.3. . so we will hav

39、e plenty of spare time to visit the area and have a fun.4. As everyone knows, its famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. 5. We may be one family and live under a same roof, but-8. 连词、复合句的引导词 第一，看到连词就要判断连词是否正确，是否符合句子意思；连接的是词还是句子，是否符合逻辑关系。1）and并列，but转折，or或者，so所以常混淆；2）however转折，therefore

40、因此，besides而且都和逗号在一起常混淆；3）看到not onlybut （also） eitheror, neither nor等是否残缺、混用；4）though不与but连用，because不与so连用等第二，看到从句，请注意：句子结构是否完整，成份是否冗缺；从句的关系词或引导词是否得当1） 名词性从句注意that和what混用；2） 定语从句，注意非限定性定语从句不用that；先行词为地点、时间、原因名词，考虑是否用where/when/why替换which第三，出现在句首的连词，修改时注意首字母要大写 1. It started to rise higher again. So i

41、t was still too close to the water. 2. I became very active but made new friends. 3. My hometown is a pretty city, so people there are kind and polite. 5. Both your aunt or I look forward to seeing you again. 9. 特殊句型 There be 和have表示“有”混用祈使句（动词原形do开头）+and/or+陈述句感叹句how和what 混用（How+adj+主+谓！What +(a/an

42、+adj)+n.+主+谓！）强调句和定语从句、状语从句的混用（It bethat） 解题技巧总结1、利用排除法进行短文改错，所谓“排除法”就是在理解单句或短文大意基本把握住文章整体时态的前提下，行不离句，句不离文，将句子分成若干语段，逐一排除，使错误缩小到最小范围。再根据基础知识进行扩散性思考，从而快速找到答案。2、发现有平行结构，就要检查是否有用词不一致或因成分短缺而引起的句子不平衡错误。如：She was eating her sandwich and drank her milk at the table when I arrived .此句中并列的平行结构是两个语法上相同的谓语,故应把

43、drank改drinking.3、发现有比较结构，就要检查是否有形容词、副词的比较级，比较的对象等方面的错误。如：In some places you can borrow many books as you want ,根据上下文不难发现该句含“asas”结构的句子，所以应在many前加上as。4、发现有转折、因果、对比等结构时，就要检查是否有行文逻辑方面的错误。如：His company publishes books and he buys books all over the world .按行文逻辑，应把buys 改sells.又如：I like singing ,my brothe

44、r likes dancing .英语中两个分句之间不能仅仅用逗号，而要用合适的连词连接。故以上两个分句之间要加上连词while 表示对比。5、发现句子有多重结构，就要检查是否有时态、语态、连词或成分短缺等错误。如:He wrote to me immediately as soon as he got there .该句犯了连词重复使用的错误，应去掉immediately.6、发现有特殊疑问句结构，就要检查是否有疑问词使用不当的错误。如：-How many was the price of your car ?-I bought the car at cheap price ,only S2

45、,000.英语中问价格时，可用what price 或how much 提问。回答时常用high price low price .所以应把句子中的How many 改为What ,把答句中cheap 改为low.7、发现有名词和代词时，就要检查是否有数、所有格或指代不一致的错误。如：Some people read the books or watch TV, while others have sports .去掉books前的the ,books在此表示泛指。8、发现有固定短语时，就要检查副词、介词、冠词是否使用错误。如：Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd .caught sight of (看见)是固定词组，所以要去掉a.9、发现并列主语、从句、不定代词、集合名词、非谓语动词、时间、金钱等作主语，together with, as well as 等引导的成份修饰主语时，就要检查是否有主谓不一致的错误。如：Playing football not only makes us grow tall and strong but also give us a sense of