课件：高考英语语法.ppt

1、1 1、名词的单、复数、名词的单、复数;2 2、可数与不可数名词的转换；、可数与不可数名词的转换；3 3、名词作定语；、名词作定语；4 4、名词的搭配、名词的搭配;5 5、词语辨析；、词语辨析；高考考点分析-How many does a cow have?-Four.AstomachesBstomach CstomachsDstomachies 以以 s,sh,ch,x等结尾的名词变复数时加等结尾的名词变复数时加 es；但如果以但如果以 ch 结尾的名词发音为结尾的名词发音为 k时，只加时，只加 s。另外，以辅音字母另外，以辅音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，需将结尾的名词变复数时，需将 y

2、变成变成 i，再加，再加-es；以元音字母；以元音字母+y 结尾的则直接结尾的则直接加加-s。以辅音字母加。以辅音字母加 y 结尾的专有名词变复数时，结尾的专有名词变复数时，也直接加也直接加-s。The _ of the building are covered with lots of _.Aroofs;leavesBrooves;leafs Croof;leafDroofs;leafs以以 f 或或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时：结尾的名词变复数时：a.加加 s，如：，如：serf-serfs belief-beliefs roof-roofs chief-chiefs safe-safes

3、gulf-gulfs；b.去去 f,fe 加加 ves，如：，如：half-halvesknife-knives leaf-leaveswolf-wolves wife-wives life-livesthief-thieves；c.均可均可,如：如：handkerchief-handkerchiefs/handkerchieves When the farmer returned home he found three _ missing.Asheeps Bsheepes Csheep Dsheepies 当当sheep;deer;fish表示数量时，单复数同形；表示数量时，单复数同形；如果

4、表示不同种类，则需加如果表示不同种类，则需加 s 或或 es。单复数同形的名词有：单复数同形的名词有：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese,Swiss works,means,head Some _ visited our school last Wednesday.AGermanBGermen CGermansDGermens国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：1、单复数同形：、单复数同形：Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形：、需要变形：Englishman-Englishmen3、加、加 s 或或-es：German

5、 Germans详见下表。详见下表。1.6 不同国家的人的单复数不同国家的人的单复数 名称 总称(谓语用复数）一个人 两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australian two Australians 俄国人the Russians a Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人the Greek a Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Fr

6、enchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美国人the Americans an Americantwo Americans印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes _ will make a t

7、rip around the world during the coming Christmas.(1993 上海上海)A.The EvensB.The Evens C.The EvensesD.The Evenses专有名词的复数与定冠词连用，常用来表示专有名词的复数与定冠词连用，常用来表示“一一家人家人”或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。如：或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。如：-Who did you spend last weekend with?-_.(98上海上海)A PalmersB The Palmers C The PalmersD The Palmers Mr Smith ha

8、s two _,both of whom are teachers in a school.Abrothers-in-lawBbrother-in-laws Cbrothers-in-laws Dbrother-in law以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：复数，如：managers-in-chief;fathers-in-law。如。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加 s。如：。如：grown-ups。He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers.

9、(NMET95)A.wealth;work B.wealths;works C.wealths;work D.wealth;works抽象名词和物质名词被称为不可数名词。本题中抽象名词和物质名词被称为不可数名词。本题中 wealth 为不可数名词，为不可数名词，works 作作“作品作品”解，属解，属单复数同形的可数名词。单复数同形的可数名词。Can you give us some _ about the writer?Ainformations Binformation Cpiece of informations Dpieces information大多数不可数名词都不可能转化为可数名

10、词，常大多数不可数名词都不可能转化为可数名词，常见的有：见的有：information;news;advice;progress;fun 如：如：This is not a match.Were playing chess for _.A habit B hobby C fun D game(2019上海上海春季春季)Many people agree that _of English is a must in international trade today.(NMET96)A.a knowledge B.knowledges C.knowledge D.the knowledge 有些抽

11、象名词和物质名词也可转化为可数名词，有些抽象名词和物质名词也可转化为可数名词，用来表示某种特定的意义。用来表示某种特定的意义。a knowledge of 表示表示“对对有所了解有所了解“。又如：。又如：This meeting is a great success.请看下面的可数与不可数名词的转化：请看下面的可数与不可数名词的转化：a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。当物质名词转化为个体名词时。Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。蛋糕是一种食物。(U)These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。这些蛋糕很好吃。(C)b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词

12、可数。当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。This factory produces steel.(U)We need various steels.(C)c.当物质名词表示份数时，可数。当物质名词表示份数时，可数。Our country is famous for tea.Two teas,please.请来两杯茶。请来两杯茶。d.抽象名词有时也可数。抽象名词有时也可数。four freedoms 四大自由四大自由 the four modernizations 四个现代化四个现代化 many interests 许多兴趣许多兴趣 The _ is just around the cor

13、ner and you wont miss it.(01北京春季北京春季)A.bicycles shop B.bicycle shop C.bicycles shop D.bicycles shop名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。用复数作定语。如：如：sports meeting 运动会运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系外语系 2)有些原有有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，结尾的名词，作

14、定语时，s保留。保留。如：如：goods train(货车货车)arms produce武器生产武器生产 customs papers 海关文件海关文件 clothes brush衣刷衣刷 It took us quite a long time to get here.It was _ journey.（05北京春季）北京春季）A.three-hour B.a three hour C.a three-hour D.three hours“数词数词+名词名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。单数形式。如：如：a ten-mile walk

15、；a five-year plan但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。The village is far away from here indeed.Its _ walk.（04上海春季）上海春季）A.a four hour B.a four hours C.a four-hours D.a four hours There are only twelve _ in the hospital.Awoman doctors Bwomen doctors Cwomen doctor Dwoman doctor man,woman,gentleman等作

16、定语时，其单复等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：如：a man worker men workers a woman teacher women teachers a gentleman official gentlemen officials Weve missed the last bus.Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi.(N 20193)A.way B.choice C.possibilityD.selection 可以将可以将“have no choice but to do ”视为一视

17、为一个结构，现在考查这类搭配的题有很多，如：个结构，现在考查这类搭配的题有很多，如：I am sure David will be able to find the library he has a pretty good _ of direction.（05浙江卷）浙江卷）Aidea Bfeeling Cexperience Dsense类似的题还有：类似的题还有：配套视频教程配套视频教程mba5181.Heres my card.Lets keep in _.(N 1994)(A)A.touchB.relationC.connectionD.friendship2.You can take

18、 as many as you like because they are free of _.(2019 上海上海)(B)A.fareB.chargeC.moneyD.pay3.The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well.（03北京春季）（北京春季）（B）AideaBsenseCthoughtDThinking4.I keep medicines on the top shelf,out of the childrens _.（04天津）天津）(A)A reachB handC holdD place

19、配套视频教程配套视频教程mba518 A rough estimate,Nigeria is_ Great Britain.（05上海卷）上海卷）A.three times the size as B.the size three times of C.three times as the size of D.three times the size of 注意名词用来表示比较的特殊用法。它的结构为注意名词用来表示比较的特殊用法。它的结构为“倍数倍数+the+名词名词+of+对象对象”。常用在该结构。常用在该结构中的名词为：中的名词为：the size of;the weight of;the

20、 length of.Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_.（05天津卷）天津卷）(C)A.ability B.force C.strength D.mind 高考试卷中考查名词词义辨析的题目越来越高考试卷中考查名词词义辨析的题目越来越多了，这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中注意同多了，这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中注意同类词的比较和辨析，同时尽可能从阅读过程中汲类词的比较和辨析，同时尽可能从阅读过程中汲取更多的知识。本题的意思是取更多的知识。本题的意思是参加体育锻炼的目参加体育锻炼的目的是增强体质和力气。的是增强体质

21、和力气。配套视频教程配套视频教程mba5181 1、用、用and连接两个并列成分；连接两个并列成分；2 2、介词、介词with 伴随伴随主语；主语；3 3、就近原则；、就近原则；4 4、各种代词的主谓一致、各种代词的主谓一致;5 5、短语和从句作主语；、短语和从句作主语；6 6、定语从句中的主谓一致。、定语从句中的主谓一致。高考考点分析When and where to build the new factory _ yet.（1991 NMET）A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided 这个

22、句子看上去是这个句子看上去是and连接的两个并列短语充当主连接的两个并列短语充当主语，本应用复数形式的谓语，但这两个短语表达语，本应用复数形式的谓语，但这两个短语表达的是同一事件的两个方面，可以看成是一个整体，的是同一事件的两个方面，可以看成是一个整体，因此使用单数的谓语动词；而从句意可判断此句因此使用单数的谓语动词；而从句意可判断此句谓语动词需使用被动语态，谓语动词需使用被动语态，配套视频教程配套视频教程mba518归纳一：归纳一：1两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连连接，谓语用复数接，谓语用复数Tom and Dick are good friends

23、.但若表示一个集合体时则用单数。但若表示一个集合体时则用单数。A singer and dancer was present at the party.The worker and writer is talking to the students。Bread and butter tastes good.类似的表达式有：类似的表达式有：(a needle and thread,a horse and cart,a watch and chain,a coat and tie,truth and honesty,medical help and cure)2用用 and 连接的两个名词若被连接

24、的两个名词若被 no,each,every,many a 修饰，则谓语动词用单数。修饰，则谓语动词用单数。No bird and no beast is seen in the bare island.Many a boy and many a girl has made such a funny experiment.At Christmas each boy and each girl is given a present.3.如果如果 and 后面加后面加 no 或或 not,谓语也用单数形式，谓语也用单数形式，My friend,and not hers,is chosen to jo

25、in the army.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift.（1990NMET）A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offered主语后有主语后有as well as,like,with,together with,but,except,besides,等，谓语应于前面主语保持一致等，谓语应于前面主语保持一致A professor,together with som

26、e students,was sent to help in the work.No one but the teachers is allowed to use the room.配套视频教程配套视频教程mba518 Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another.(1989)A.is B.are C.am D.be 以连词以连词or,eitheror,neither nor,there be,not onlybut also 连接的复合主语，其谓语与其相连接的复合主语，其谓语

27、与其相邻的那个名词的数保持一致。邻的那个名词的数保持一致。Eg.You or I am to be invited.Nobody but Jane _the secret.(1986)A.know B.knows C.have known D.is known either,neither,each,every 或或no+单数名词和单数名词和由由some,any,no,every 构成的复合不定代词都作构成的复合不定代词都作单数看待。单数看待。Each of us has a new pen.Everything around us is matter.The number of people

28、 invited _ fifty,but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.(2019 NMET)A.were,was B.was,was C.was,were D.were;were.a number of 表示表示“很多很多”的意思，修饰可的意思，修饰可数名词的复数。数名词的复数。The number of表示表示“数量，号码数量，号码”作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式。作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式。_ of the southern hemisphere(南半球南半球)_ with water.A.Four-five;is cov

29、ered B.Four-fifths;is covered C.Four-fifth,are covered D.Four-fifths,are covered.由由“a lot of,(lots of,plenty of,the rest of)+名词名词”构成的短语以及由构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数名词分数或百分数名词”构成构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。后面名词的数而定。Three-fourths of the surface is sea.配套视频教程配套视频教程mba518 All but one_here

30、just now.(2019 NMET)A.is B.was C.have been D.were what,who,which,any,more,most,all 等代词等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要依意思而定。可以是单数，也可是复数，主要依意思而定。Which is your pen?哪是你的笔？哪是你的笔？Which are your pens?哪些是你们的笔？哪些是你们的笔？B)All can be done has been done.All have gone to the park.He is the only one of the students who _ a winn

31、er of scholarship for three years.(02上海春上海春)A.is B.are C.have been D.has been who,which,that 作定语从句的主语时，其谓语取决作定语从句的主语时，其谓语取决于先行词。于先行词。Those who want to go should sign your names here.He is one of the students who have passed the exam.He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.配套视频教程配套

32、视频教程mba518Mathematics _ the language of science.(1978)A.is B.are going to be C.are 以以-ics结尾的学科名词，如结尾的学科名词，如“mathematics,politics,physics 以及以及news,等，形式上为复数，实际为单数，等，形式上为复数，实际为单数，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。另外：复数名词用作书，电影、戏剧、报刊、国家等另外：复数名词用作书，电影、戏剧、报刊、国家等名称时，谓语动词用单数。名称时，谓语动词用单数。His“selected Poe

33、ms”_ first published in 1965.(78)A.were B.was C.has been His family _ all football fans.A.is B.has been C.are being D.are一些集体名词做主语，如果看作一个整体，谓语一些集体名词做主语，如果看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果指其中的成员，谓语用复动词用单数；如果指其中的成员，谓语用复数但数但people,police,cattle等只能用复数等只能用复数My family is a big family.My family are listening to the radio.

34、The police are trying to catch the thief.The rich _ not always happy.A.is B.has C.have D.are 形容词加定冠词形容词加定冠词 the 表示一类人时，谓语动表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。词用复数。What a life the poor were living!The young are happy to give their seats to the old.1.Growing vegetables _ constant watering.A.need B.are needed C.is needed D

35、.needs2.What I say and think _ no business of yours.A.is B.are C.were D.both A and B 当动名词短语、不定式短语和从句作主语时，当动名词短语、不定式短语和从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如果用谓语动词用单数。如果用 and 连接两个从句或短连接两个从句或短语作主语，则需看是表示一个整体还是不同的两语作主语，则需看是表示一个整体还是不同的两件事。题（件事。题（2）中的）中的“What I say and think”既既可理解为同一件事也可理解为不同的两个动作。可理解为同一件事也可理解为不同的两个动作。（注意：从句作

36、主语时有时需根据表语来定。）（注意：从句作主语时有时需根据表语来定。）配套视频教程配套视频教程mba5181、人称代词的替代和转换、人称代词的替代和转换;2、物主代词的性；、物主代词的性；3、else 的用法；的用法；4、不定代词的用法比较、不定代词的用法比较;5、it 的用法；的用法；高考考点分析 人称代词的指代问题人称代词的指代问题：It was _ who did it,but it was _ that we are talking about.A.he she B.him her C.him she D.he her 人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或表语，例如：John waited

37、a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作表语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：I saw her with them,at least,I thought it was her.问题中前后两个分句都是强调句，前面的代词作 did it 的主语，而后面的代词作 talking about 的宾语。D2）在使用人称代词时，要注意其人称、数和格的一致。如：Jim and I saw the man passing by.Between you and me,he stole

38、a lot of money from somewhere.(私下跟你说吧，不知他从哪里偷了一大笔钱呢。)He asked three of us,John,Joan and me,to have dinner with him.Meat and fish are more expensive than they used to be.不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，no one，及 whoever 和 person 在正 式场合使用时，可用 he,his,him 代替。Nobody came,did he?谁也没来，

39、是吗?配套视频教程配套视频教程mba5182.人称代词之主、宾格的替换人称代词之主、宾格的替换 Susan,go and join your sister cleaning the yard.Why?John is sitting there doing nothing.（03全国卷）全国卷）AhimBheCI Dme 在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在 not 后，多用宾格。-I like English.-我喜欢英语。-Me too.-我也喜欢。-Have more wine?-再来点酒喝吗?-Not me.-我可不要了。D -May I speak to John?-This is _

40、 speaking.A.heB.hisC.himD.himselfa.在介词在介词 but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。后，有时可用主格代替宾格。All but _ to the concert tomorrow.A.he and I am going B.he and I are going C.he and me are goingD.his and me am going b.在电话用语中常用主格。在电话用语中常用主格。-I wish to speak to Mary.-我想和玛丽通话。-This is she.-我就是玛丽。AB3.物主代词的性物主代词的性问题问题4：-Is

41、 this camera like Bills and Anns?-No,but its almost the same as _.(1994)A.her B.yours C.them D.theirB解析：解析：形容词性的物主代词修饰名词，不能独用;名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-s所有格结构，例如：That is my book.That book is mine.Theirs is a very large university.另外，在动名词前常加上形容词性的物主代词构成动名词的复合结构。如：Would you mind my opening the window?配套

42、视频教程配套视频教程mba5184.反身代词反身代词问题问题5：You will find as you read fiats book that you just cant keep some of these stones to _.You will want to share them with a friend.（05湖湖南）南）A.itself B.yourself C.himself D.themselves B反身代词通常作宾语、表语和同位语。反身代词通常作宾语、表语和同位语。a.作宾语：有些动词需有反身代词 absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,en

43、joy,hurt,introduce,behave,help,dress,keep,We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.Please help yourself to some fish.b.作表语；be oneself:I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。c.作同位语 The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。A、some/any问题问题1 Theres_ cooking oil left in the house.Would you go to the corner store

44、 and get_?（04北京）北京）A.little;someB.little;any C.a little;someD.a little;any问题问题2 I asked him for some oil,but he hadnt _.(1986)A.any B.some C.no D.anythingAA配套视频教程配套视频教程mba518 说明：说明：some “一些一些”，一般用于肯定句中。，一般用于肯定句中。1)可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2)当做当做“某一某一”解时，也可与单数名词连用。解时，也可与单数名词连用。(=a certain)You wi

45、ll be sorry for this some day.A certain(some)person has seen you break the rule.注意注意：some 用于其他句式中用于其他句式中:a.肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。或期望得到肯定回答时。Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：Would you like some coffee?b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：If you need so

46、me help，let me know.c.some 位于主语部分位于主语部分,Some students havent been there before.d.当否定的是整体中的部分时，当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：可用于否定句。如：I havent heard from some of my old friends these years.这这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信 any “一些一些”，多用于否定句和疑问句和条件句中。，多用于否定句和疑问句和条件句中。当表示当表示“任何一个任何一个”的意思时，的意思时，any 可用于肯定句。可用于肯

47、定句。Here are three novels.You may read any.这有三本小说，你可任读一本。这有三本小说，你可任读一本。问题问题3：We havent enough books for ;some of you will have to share.（05全国卷1）Asomebody Banybody Ceverybody Dnobody 问题问题4：-One weeks time has been wasted.-I cant believe we did all that work for .(04重庆）A.something B.nothing C.everythin

48、g D.anythingCB：some,any,every 所构成的合成不定代词不能与 of 连用，只有分开才可接 of 短语。如：some one of us;every one of them 但要注意：none of them(no one 后不接后不接 of 短语短语)配套视频教程配套视频教程mba518B、one，that 和和 it Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,_ I will always treasure.（02N）thatoneitwhat The Parkers bou

49、ght a new house but _ will need a lot of work before they can move in.(2019 N)A.theyB.itC.oneD.which I prefer a flat in Inverness to _in Perth,because I want to live near my Moms.（05天津卷）A.one B.that C.it D.this Cars do cause us some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do.(0

50、5江西卷)AoneBonesCitDthose BBAB 说明：说明：one 表示泛指，that 和 it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而 it 与所指名词为同一个。I cant find my hat.I think I must buy one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。I cant find my hat.I don t know where I put it.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了