高职高考英语上册教学课件-第八章-动词.ppt

1、【复习要求】【复习要求】1.识记动词的种类。识记动词的种类。2.识记动词的基本形式（原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词）的用法。识记动词的基本形式（原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词）的用法。3.运用常用的及物动词和不及物动词的用法。运用常用的及物动词和不及物动词的用法。4 4.运用常用的连系动词的用法。5 5.运用助动词be，do，have，shall，will的用法。6 6.运用情态动词can，may，must的用法。7 7.运用一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时（包括表示将来的be going to），现在进行时，现在完成时，过去进行时，过去将来时（包括was/were going to d

2、o），过去完成时的用法。8 8.运用一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在完成时和带情态动词的被动语态。9.9.理解非谓语动词（动词不定式、分词、动名词）的用法。1010.理解虚拟语气。（内容见虚拟语气一章）【知识要点】一、动词种类 动词是表示动作或状态的词。动词可分为四类：行为动词，连系动词，情态动词和助动词。1 1.行为动词 行为动词又称实义动词，含有实在的词义，并能独立作谓语动词。行为动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。如：She took pictures of the trees.（及物动词）The sun shone brightly this morning.（不及物动词）2 2

3、.连系动词 连系动词在句中作谓语动词，后面跟表语。英语连系动词有：be，seem，look（看来），keep（保持），become，get（变得），grow（变得），feel，turn（变得，变成），appear（显得），remain（仍旧是）等。如：It is never too late to learn.He looks very strong.Keep quiet，please!3 3.助动词 协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词。助动词主要有be，do，have，shall，will等。（1 1）表示时态。如：He is singing.He has got married.（2

4、 2）表示语态。如：He was sent to England.（3 3）构成疑问句。如：Do you like college life?Did you study English before you came here?（4 4）与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。如：I don t like him.（5 5）加强语气。如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening.明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that.他的确知道那件事。（6 6）替代动词词组。如：Do you often watch TV in the evening?你经常看电视

5、吗？Yes，I do.=Yes，I often watch TV in the evening.是的，我经常看。4 4.情态动词 情态动词表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词。情态动词有can，may，must，need，dare，ought to，will，shall等及其过去式could，might，would，should等。（1 1）can 和could表示能力、可能、许可等。如：Can you dance?No，I can t.But John can.（表示能力）Can you be here earlier tomorrow?（表示可能）

6、You can use my bike.（can=may）（表示许可）I could read when I was seven.（表示“过去的能力”）Could you help me with my English?（语气婉转）（2 2）may和might表示许可、可能、愿望。如：You may go now.（许可）You may be right.（可能）May you succeed!（愿望）Father said we might go.（过去许可）（3 3）must表示必须、应该、推测。如：You must tell me about it.（表示义务）You mustn t l

7、end it to others.（准许）This must be your room.（猜测）He must have arrived there by now.（对过去的猜测）注：在回答must 开头的句子中，否定式常用 needn t。如：Must I be home before eight o clock?No，you needn t.（Yes，you must.）（4 4）need用作情态动词时，表示“需要”，主要用于否定句和疑问句。如：Need you return the magazines today?You needn t hurry.注：need也可作行为动词，常用于疑问

8、句和否定句中，可与助动词连用，其后跟带to 的不定式。如：We don t need to bring our books that day.（5 5）dare用作情态动词时，表示“敢于”，用法同need。如：He dare not try.How dare you say so?（6 6）要注意以下几组区别 must和have to的区别：must表示说话人主观认为,“必须”做某事。have to表示由某种外界原因而“必须”或“不得不”做某事。如：You must go to work on time.When I was at your age，I had to go to work.而且

9、，must只有一种形式，而have to有更多的形式。如：I ll have to get there on time.can 和be able to的区别：can和be able to都表示做某事的能力，但can更强调主观性，can有现在时和过去时两种形式，没有人称和数的变化。be able to更强调客观性，表示本身有能力做某事，be有人称和数的变化。如：I can go to school on time.She will soon be able to finish the work well.时态时态现在现在过去过去将来将来过去将来过去将来一般一般I workI workedI sh

10、all（will）workI should（would）work进行进行 I am workingI was working略略略略完成完成 I have worked I had worked 略略略略完完成成进行进行I have been working略略略略略略二、动词时态二、动词时态 英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9 9种，现以动词种，现以动词work为例，将这为例，将这9 9种时态列表如下：种时态列表如下：1 1.一般现在时 一般

11、现在时由动词原形构成。如果主语是第三人称单数，则在动词后加-s或-es，系动词be要随不同人称而变化。一般现在时的用法为：（1 1）表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often，always，usually，sometimes，every day，from time to time 等时间状语。如：He usually goes to work at 7 7o clock every morning.（2 2）表示客观规律和普遍真理。The earth goes around the sun.（3 3）表示主语的现在状况和特点。She has a brother who lives in Ne

12、w York.Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.（4 4）在时间、方式、让步、条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示一般将来时。If he accepts the job，he will get more money soon.I won t leave until he comes.2 2.一般过去时 一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。规则动词的过去式是在动词原形后加-ed或-d，不规则动词的过去式有其特殊形式。一般过去时常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday，last week，in 19451945，at that time，once

13、，a few days ago等。其用法为：（1 1）表示过去某个时间发生或存在的动作。I was born in 19801980.（2 2）表示过去经常发生的或习惯性的动作。When I lived there，we often went to see him.（3 3）过去经常发生的动作，也可用used to+do来表示，to为不定式，后接动词原形。He used to smoke a lot.3 3.一般将来时 一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。第一人称I/we既可用shall也可用will，其余人称均用will。（1 1）一般将来时的用法：表示将来某个时间要发

14、生的动作或存在的状态。常和tomorrow，next year等表示将来的时间状语连用。We will meet again next week.表示将来经常发生或重复发生的动作。They will go to the cinema twice a month.Note：一般将来时用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.（2 2）一般将来时的其他表示法：“am（is，are）going to+动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的

15、事。I am going to tell you a story.“am（is，are）about to+动词原形”表示按照预定计划或眼前将要发生的事情。The meeting is about to begin.某些表示位置移动的动词，如arrive，come，go，leave，start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。如：I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.4 4.现在进行时 现在进行时由“is/am/are+动词现在分词”构成。现在进行时的用法为：（1 1）表示现在（说话时）正在进行或发生的动作 We are having an English class.

16、（2 2）表示目前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作 The little boy is always making trouble.Note：有些表示感觉、情感和状态的词，如：be，have，like，love，hate，want，hope，think，hear，understand，believe，see，smell，taste等，没有进行时。5 5.过去进行时 过去进行时由“was/were+现在分词”构成。其用法为：（1 1）表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。如：What were you doing at nine last night?We were cleanin

17、g the room.The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.（2 2）表示过去将要发生的动作。如：She said she was going with us.6 6.现在完成时 现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成。其用法为：（1 1）表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。I have finished my homework.（2 2）表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和表示一段时间的状语连用，如for，since，these days 等连用，动词必须是延续性动词

18、。如：They have lived in Beijing for ten years.They have lived in Beijing since 19951995.（3 3）现在完成时不和明确表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday，last year，in 19871987，two years ago，just now，when he came 等。但可以和一些不确定的时间状语连用，如：yet，already，sometimes，often，before，lately；recently，just，never，up to now；till now；so far，ever等。（4

19、4）短暂性（终止性）动词如：come，go，buy，die，begin等用在完成时态时，不能与连续性时间状语连用。错：He has died for two years.对：He has been dead for two years.对：He died two years ago.对：It is two years since he died.（5 5）现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况。因此，不能与单纯表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它不能与连续性时间状语连用。I have liv

20、ed in the country since 19701970.I lived in the country in 1970 1970.7 7.过去完成时 过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成。其用法为：（1 1）表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语。用by，before 等构成的短语。如：By the end of last term we had finished the book.They had got to the park before seven o clock.用before，after，until等引导的从句。They had

21、 finished their homework before I got home（2 2）表示从过去某一时间开始，并持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，往往和for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。如：I had been here for two hours when he came to see me.（3 3）用 于h a rd l y/s c a rc el y.w h e n.；n o sooner.than.句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had

22、no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.（注意主谓倒装）（4 4）动词hope，expect，think，intend，mean，want，suppose，plan 等用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。I had hoped that I could do the job.I had intended to see you，but I was too busy.8 8.过去将来时 过去将来时由“助动词would（shou

23、ld）+动词原形”构成。其用法为：（1 1）表示对过去某一时间而言将要发生的动作或状态，主要用在宾语从句中。The man said he would die.（2 2）由“was/were going to+动词原形”构成，表示曾经打算或准备要做的动作。She said she was going to attend a meeting this afternoon.9 9.现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时由“have/has+been+现在分词”构成。其用法为：（1 1）表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续进行到现在，可能刚停止，也可能还要继续下去。汉语常译成“一直”。I have been

24、 teaching English for 1515 years.I have been waiting for you for an hour.（2 2）短暂性（终止性）动词如：come，go，buy，die，begin等不能用在此时态中。三、动词的语态 语态是动词的一种形式，表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之间的主动和被动关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作执行者时，动词用主动语态；主语是动作承受者时，用被动语态。如：My grandfather planted this tree.我祖父种了这棵树。This tree was planted by my grandfathe

25、r.这棵树是我祖父种的。1 1.被动语态的构成形式 被动语态由“助动词be过去分词”构成，be随时态的变化而变化。被动语态通常有八种时态的被动形式。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式举例说明如下：（1 1）一般现在时：am/is/are+done（过去分词）English is taught in that school.（2 2）一般过去时：was/were+done I was given ten minutes to decide whether to go or not.（3 3）一般将来时：shall/will be done Hundreds of jobs will be los

26、t if the factory closes.（4 4）现在进行时：am/is/are being done A new cinema is being built here.（5 5）过去进行时：was/were being done A meeting was being held when I was there.（6 6）现在完成时：has/have been done All the work has been finished.（7 7）过去完成时：had been done By the end of last year，another new project had been

27、 completed in Beijing.（8 8）一般现在时带情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+done His new clothes must be made very soon.The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2 2.主动语态变被动语态的方法（1 1）把主动语态的宾语移到句首作被动语态的主语。（2 2）把谓语改成被动结构（be过去分词）（根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。（3 3）把主动句中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。如：All

28、the people laughed at him.He was laughed at by all the people.They make bikes in the factory.Bikes are made in the factory by them.3 3.被动语态的用法（1 1）常用被动语态的情况 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者（这时可省by短语）。My bike was stolen last night.突出动作的承受者 I was given ten minutes to finish the work.（2 2）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题 有些动词如：

29、give，get，pay，buy，make，send，lend，bring，show，throw等，可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，其直接宾语和间接宾语均可变为被动语态的主语。如：His mother gave him a present for his birthday.He was given a present for his birthday by his mother.或 A present was given to him for his birthday by his mother.当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”复合宾语结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动（宾

30、语补足语已变成主语补足语）。Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.在使役动词have，make，let以及感官动词see，watch，notice，hear，feel，observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.A stranger was seen to walk into the building.有些相当于及物动词的动

31、词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。They are to put off the meeting till Friday.The meeting is to be put off till Friday.用被动语态表示“据说”或“相信”等的词组 It is said that.据说。It is reported that.据报道。It is believed that.大家相信。It is hoped that.大家希望。It is well known that.众所周知。（3 3）不用被动语态的情况 不

32、及物动词无被动语态。如：比较：rise，take place，happen，break out是不及物动词（词组）；raise，seat是及物动词。（错）The price has been risen.（对）The price has been raised.（错）The accident was happened last week.（对）The accident happened last week.（错）The war was broken out.（对）The war broke out.（错）Please seat.（对）Please be seated.系动词无被动语态。如：（错

33、）It is sounded good.某些词的主动形式表示被动意义：wash，clean，cook，iron，look，cut，sell，read，wear，feel，sell 等。如：The book sells well.这本书销路好。This knife cuts easily.这刀子很好用。在need，require，want，worth（形容词）后的动名词必须用主动形式，但表示被动含义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。如：The door needs repairing.（=The door needs to be repaired.）门需要修理。This book is wor

34、th reading.（=This book is worthy to be read.）这本书值得一读。四、非谓语动词 非谓语动词在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用。动词的非谓语形式分为动词不定式、分词、动名词。He gets up early to catch the first bus.（to catch 不定式）Do you know the man wearing a white shirt.（wearing 现在分词）Climbing mountain is a good exercise.（Climbing 动名词）非谓语动词的时态和语态形式，以动词do为例，列表如下：种种类类时时

35、态态主主 动动被被动动不定式不定式一般一般 to doto be done进行进行 to be doing/完成完成to have doneto have been done完成进行完成进行to have been doing/现在分词现在分词动名词动名词一般一般doingbeing done完成完成having donehaving been done过去分词过去分词一般一般/done 1.1.动词不定式 动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成，有时可以不带to，动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用。（1 1）动词不定式（或不定式短语）的用法 作主语 To maste

36、r a language is not an easy thing.To teach English is my favorite.动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。如：It s very kind of you to have given us much help.It s my pleasure to help you.It s necessary for us to help each other.作宾语 某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语，这些动词有want，like，wish，hate，hope，try，ask，start，forget，begi

37、n，decide，refuse，determine，expect，fail，intend，manage，attempt，agree，plan，learn等。如：I wish to learn English well.I like to help others if I can.作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语的结构中，有两种情况：（A）常见的带to的不定式作宾语补足语的及物动词有：advise，ask，allow，beg，cause，command，encourage，expect，force，get，hate，invite，intend，instruct，leave，like，order，p

38、ermit，persuade，prefer，remind，request，urge，warn，want，wish。如：Don t allow him to come in at this moment.Tom will get someone to repair your video-recorder.Please remind me to post the letter this afternoon.（B）不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的及物动词有：feel，hear，have，let，make，notice，see，watch等表示感觉或使役意义的动词。The story made all

39、of us laugh.Be sure to have him come before dark.Nobody noticed them leave the house.作表语 What I should do is to finish the task soon.The most important thing is to find the boy immediately.作定语 There are many ways to solve the problem.I have something important to tell you.作状语 We went to see our teac

40、her.She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine.（2 2）动词不定式的否定形式：动词不定式的否定形式由“not+to+动词原形”构成。如：The teacher told us not to swim in that river.It s unfair not to tell us.（3 3）动词不定式和疑问词连用：疑问词who，what，which，when，where，how，why 可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等。Where to go is not known yet.I don

41、t know when to begin.Can you tell me where to get the battery.Do you know how to get to the station.2 2.分词 分词包括：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词由动词原形加-ing 构成，规则动词的过去分词是在动词原形后加-ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词有其特殊形式。（1 1）分词的用法 作定语 单个分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词的前面。分词短语作定语时，则放在被修饰词之后。如：The rising sun looks very beautiful.The man standing there is o

42、ur teacher.He likes to drink cold boiled water.The girl dressed in red is my sister.作表语 分词作表语表示主语的性质，这时通常可以看作形容词，可以用very，so或much等修饰。如：The news that our team won in the match was very surprising.The sound we heard last night was so frightening.He looked disappointed.We were delighted at the news.作宾语补

43、足语 We saw him walking across the road.You d better have your bike repaired.现在分词作宾补表明宾语正在进行的动作。可以带现在分词作宾补的动词有find，see，hear，watch，notice，get，keep等。如：When I came in，I found him lying in bed.作状语 分词作状语可以表示时间、方式、伴随、原因等。如：Coming into the classroom，the teacher found that all the students were seated.（时间）All

44、 the students sat in the classroom，waiting for their new teacher.（伴随）Encouraged by the teacher，she decided to study hard.（原因）My parents went to a birthday party yesterday，leaving me alone at home.（结果）值得注意的是,分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语必须和句子主语一致。（2 2）现在分词和过去分词的区别 现在分词通常表示主动意义，过去分词通常表示被动意义。如：the frightening news 可怕的

45、消息 the frightened people（被）吓呆了的人们 现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。如：falling leaves 正在落下的树叶 fallen leaves 落叶 3 3.动名词 动名词是非谓语动词的一种形式，其构成与现在分词一样，由动词原形加-ing 构成。动名词在句中不可作谓语，但它仍具有动词的某些特征，即可带自己的宾语或状语，并与其宾语或状语构成动名词短语，动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的作用。其用法为：（1 1）作主语 动名词作主语的几种常见类型：直接位于句首做主语。如：Swimming is a good sport in summer

46、.Running is good for health.用 it 作形式主语，把动名词（真实主语）置于句尾作后置主语。用 It is 后接 no use，no good，no fun 等的句型。如：It is no use telling him not to worry.It is no good waiting here.Let s walk home.It is no fun being lost in the rain.用于布告形式的省略结构中。如：No smoking！=No smoking is allowed（here）！No parking！（2 2）作表语 My cat s

47、favorite activity is sleeping.Seeing is believing.（主语seeing，表语believing）（3 3）作宾语 作动词/动词短语的宾语（置于动词或动词短语的后面）I cannot help laughing.You should avoid quarrelling with your sister.You should practise speaking English more.上面三个句子中的动词：cannot help，avoid，practice 只能用动名词作宾语。这类动词还有：suggest，finish，mind，enjoy，mi

48、ss，dislike，admit，enjoy，deny，postpone（延迟），mind，miss，risk（冒风险），delay（耽误），consider等。还有短语：keep（on），give up，put off（延迟），leave off（停止）等。Note：下列动词后既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词，但含义不同：forget to do（忘记了要干什么）forget doing（忘了干过的事情）regret to do（遗憾地去做什么）regret doing（后悔做了什么事情）try to do（努力干）try doing（尝试干）stop doing（停止干）stop to do（停

49、下来去干另一件事情）mean to do（打算干）mean doing（意味着干）go on to do（继续去干另一件事情）go on doing（继续干同一件事情）作介词宾语 I doesn t feel like eating anything.Excuse me for coming late.有些介词在句中省略，但仍需要动名词作介词宾语，如：spend（in）doing have difficulty（in）doing（4 4）作定语 动名词作定语时表示被修饰词的用途和作用。如：Don t forget to take a shopping basket with you.别忘了带上

50、购物篮子。现在分词与动名词作定语的区别：现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系，而动名词作定语表示作用与用途。如：Let sleeping dogs lie.别招惹麻烦。（现在分词。相当于定语从句 which are sleeping）I think some sleeping pills may help you.我想安眠药可以助你入睡。（动名词。表示用途，相当于pills for sleeping）（5 5）动名词的复合结构 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词所有格或形容词性物主代词，构成动名词的复合结构（名词所有格或形容词性物主代词作动名词的逻辑主语）。动名词的复合结