第五章资源、能源及其利用.ppt

1、第五章 资源、能源及其利用Resources,energy sources and their exploitation 地球上的资源地球上的资源 Resources on the Earth 地球上的能源地球上的能源 Energy sources on the Earth 能量及其转化能量及其转化 Energy and its conversion 原材料的开发利用原材料的开发利用 Exploitation of raw materials 第一节知识点分析第一节知识点分析 v 自然资源的概念和类型自然资源的概念和类型The concept and types of natural reso

2、urces v 资源问题资源问题Problems of resources v 土地资源和水资源的特征和现状土地资源和水资源的特征和现状About the characteristics and current situation of land and water resources v 自然资源的概念和类型自然资源的概念和类型The concept and types of natural resources1、概念：、概念：自然环境的组成部分自然环境的组成部分 Component portion of natural environment 可利用的部分可利用的部分 Available

3、portion 其范围随着人类利用能力的增强而扩大其范围随着人类利用能力的增强而扩大 Its scope is expanding with the Increasing of mans ability to exploit it 2、类型、类型 自然要素分类自然要素分类：Classification of natural elements 土地资源、水资源、生物资源、矿产资源土地资源、水资源、生物资源、矿产资源 Land resources,water resources,biotic resources,mineral resources 再生性质分类再生性质分类：Classificati

4、on of regenerative property 不可更新的资源（矿产）不可更新的资源（矿产）Non renewable resources(mineral)可更新的资源（水、森林、土壤）可更新的资源（水、森林、土壤）Renewable resources(water,forest,soil)永可更新的资源（太阳能、风能）永可更新的资源（太阳能、风能）Forever renewable resources(solar energy,wind energy)v 资源问题资源问题 Problems of resources 1、两层含义两层含义：Two meaning 可再生资源被强烈破坏和

5、过度利用，再生速 度和能力逐渐降低，导致环境质量下降 Renewable resources have been violently destroyed and excessively utilized,the speed and ability to renew has gradually decreased,resulting in the decline of environmental quality.不可再生资源随着人类工业活动的不断加强,变得越来越少 Non renewable resources have become less and less,with the incessa

6、ntly increasing of mans industrial activities.是资源供需方面的两种“不平衡”造成的 Result from two kinds of imbalance between the supply and demand of resources第一种：是人类发展对自然资源的总需求和 地球能够提供的自然资源总量之间One kind:is between the mans total demand for natural resources and the total natural resources that the Earth can provide第

7、二种：是资源供需上的地区不平衡The other kind:is the regional imbalance of the supply and demand of resources2、造成原因、造成原因 Causes for the problems v 土地资源和水资源土地资源和水资源1、土地资源 Land resources 具有双重属性的独特资源 Special resources with double propertie 既有自然因素的一面，也越来越受到社会经济因素的影响。With the property of natural factor,also influenced b

8、y social economic factors more and more.以特征和现状为主Mainly about the characteristics and current situation 我国土地资源的特点o 土地类型多样Land type is diverse o 可利用土地相对数量少The amount of usable land is limited o 各类土地资源分布极不均衡Each kind of land resources distributes with extreme imbalanceo 具有生产能力Have production ability o

9、数量有限The quantity is limited o 具有时间性(季节性)Have the characteristic of time(seasonal)o 有固定的空间和地域Be with fixed space and region 基本特征：2、水资源 Water resources 基本特征：淡水资源所占比例小 The proportion of fresh water resources is small.水资源是可再生的自然资源 Water resources are renewable natural resources.水资源与人类关系最密切 Water resourc

10、es have the closest relationship with mankind.我国水资源的特点：用水需求与水资源状况之间存在许多矛盾 There are many contradictions between the need for water and the status of water resources 总量丰富，但人均数量少 The total amount is abundant,but average amount per capita is small 空间分布不均匀 Special distribution is inhomogeneous 时间上分配不均 T

11、emporal distribution is inhomogeneous 1.1.生物资源的特征生物资源的特征:再生性再生性,有限性有限性,多效益性多效益性Basic characteristics of biotic resources:Basic characteristics of biotic resources:Renewable,limited,multi-beneficial Renewable,limited,multi-beneficial 2.2.森林资源森林资源:我国位世界第五我国位世界第五Forest resources of our country rank num

12、ber five in Forest resources of our country rank number five in the worldthe world3.3.草地资源草地资源Lawn resources Lawn resources 4.4.野生动物资源野生动物资源Wild animal resources Wild animal resources v 生物资源生物资源 Biotic resources1.1.矿产资源的特点矿产资源的特点:(1)(1)在地区分布上不均匀在地区分布上不均匀Regional distribution is inhomogeneous Regiona

13、l distribution is inhomogeneous(2)(2)属不可再生资源属不可再生资源,数量是有限的数量是有限的 Belongs to non renewable resources,with limited Belongs to non renewable resources,with limited amountamount(3)(3)具有伴生性具有伴生性Be associatedBe associated2.2.矿产资源现状矿产资源现状Status in quo of mineral resources Status in quo of mineral resources

14、 v 矿产资源矿产资源 Mineral resources 第二节知识点分析 能源问题及分类 Problems of energy sources and the classification 几种能源 Several kinds of energy sources 能源问题及分类能源问题及分类 Problems of energy sources and the classification 1、能源问题 Problems of energy sources 一方面：面临着能源的日益短缺另一方面：对能源的需要不断增长，且要解决污染问题解决方法：Solution 开源(Broaden reso

15、urces)：用再生资源和原子核能代替矿产能源节流(Reduce expenditures)：节约能源，特别重视节约矿物燃料提高利用率Increasing the rate of utilization 控制人口增长Control population growth 2、能源分类 Classification of energy sources 一次能源二次能源再生能源和非再生能源Renewable energy sources and non renewable energy sources 常规能源和新能源Routine energy sources and new energy sour

16、ces 第一、第二、第三能源The first,the second,and the third energy sources（教材P317-318，表5-6、7、8）Primary energy sources Secondary energy sources 几种能源几种能源 Several kinds of energy sources 煤、石油、天然气、核能等均是来自地球的能源The coal,petroleum,natural gas,nuclear energy.etc.are energy sources from the Earth1、煤 coal主要问题：供应不足、使用浪费、

17、造成污染Insufficient supply,improvident use,and subsequent pollution合理使用途径：Proper ways of using coal 干馏Carbonization 气化Verification：得到无公害的煤气 液化Liquefaction：人造石油2、石油和天然气 Petroleum and natural gas 石油成分：Components of petroleum 各种碳氢化合物（烷烃、环烷烃和芳香烃）石油炼制：Petroleum refining 分馏：Fractionation 原理：按沸点不同在分馏塔的不同部位出口产

18、物：汽油、煤油和轻柴油裂化和裂解：Cracking and splitting 目的不同提高汽油的产量和质量 （5000C以下）得到石油化工原料重整 Reforming：改变汽油成分，提高汽油质量3、核能 Nuclear energy 裂变：Fission重原子核分裂成两个中等质量的原子核聚变：Fusion 两个氢原子核聚合成一个较重的原子核4、太阳能（来自地球以外的能源）是再生资源Belongs to renewable resources 优点:能量很大With powerful energy 没有污染Causing no pollution 缺点：受昼夜和天气影响 Affected by

19、 day and night,and by whether 目前利用成本高 At present,the cost of utilization is high 太阳能利用Utilization of solar energy 将太阳能转化为内能：太阳能热水器等将太阳能直接转化为电能：太阳能电池将太阳能转化为生物能：光合作用Solar energy(extraterrestrial energy sources)第三节知识点分析 氧化作用Oxygenation 机械能、内能及其转化Mechanical energy,internal energy and their conversion 热力

20、学第一定律The first law of thermodynamics 电功、功率及代谢率Electric work,electric power and electric metabolism rate 电流的效应及能的转化和守恒定律Effects of electric current,law of conservation and conversion of energy 氧化作用氧化作用 Oxygenation 剧烈氧化、缓慢氧化和生物氧化 Violent oxygenation,slow oxygenation,and biological oxygenation 从能量转化角度来

21、理解：剧烈氧化（爆炸、燃烧）：反应速度快，化学能转化成大量的光和热 缓慢氧化（自燃）：反应速度慢，化学能转化成热 生物氧化：属缓慢氧化（有酶参与）机械能 Mechanical energy 动能、重力势能和弹性势能（相互转化）Kinetic energy,gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy(convert mutually)机械能转化和守恒定律在重力势能和动能相互转化过程中，总机械能不变 Law of conservation and conversion of mechanical energyin the

22、mutual conversion between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy,the total mechanical energy remain the same.动能：物体由于运动反映出它做功的本领Kinetic energy:The ability to work of an object is reflected by movement.势能（重力势能）：物体因为相对于地球的位置而具有的能Potential energy(gravitational potential energy):An object obta

23、ins this energy because of its position to the Earth.当物体自由下落时，势能转化为动能When an object freely falls,gravitational potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.v 分子动能和分子势能Molecular kinetic energy and molecular potential energ v 温度影响分子动能、体积影响分子势能 Temperature influences molecular kinetic energy,and v

24、olume influences molecular potential energy.v 内能是物体固有的属性Internal energy is the inherent property of an object.内能内能 Internal energy and its conversion 内能的表示：内能的表示：Methods for changing internal energyMethods for changing internal energy 做功的大小、热量的交换做功的大小、热量的交换 Amount of work,and exchange of caloryAmoun

25、t of work,and exchange of calory.对对系统做功或对系统传递系统做功或对系统传递热量，系统内能增加；热量，系统内能增加；Exert work on or transfer caloryExert work on or transfer calory to a system,the to a system,the internal energy of this system will be increased.internal energy of this system will be increased.系统对外做功或向外界传递热量，系统内能减少系统对外做功或向外

26、界传递热量，系统内能减少When a system exerts work on or transfers caloryWhen a system exerts work on or transfers calory to to the outside world,the internal energy of this the outside world,the internal energy of this system will be decreased.system will be decreased.热力学第一定律定义：包括热现象在内的能量守恒与转换定律Law of conservat

27、ion and conversion of energy,including the caloric phenomena.内容：系统由外界吸收的热量，一部分使系统的内能增加，另一部分是系统对外作功Some of the calory,the system has absorbed from the outside world,will increase the internal energy of the system,and the rest will be used by the system to exert work to the outside world.The first law

28、 of thermodynamics 电功、功率及代谢率电功、功率及代谢率 Electric work,electric power and electric metabolism rate 功 率：P=W/t(焦耳/秒瓦特)代谢率：N=W/t（动物）电功:W=U I t(焦耳、伏特、安培、秒）电功率：P=W/t=U I=I 2 R1、热效应 Thermal effects 电流通过金属导体产生热量，电能转化为内能（电灯、电烙铁、电热水器等）Electric energy is converted into internal energy when the electric current p

29、asses mental conductor and generates heat.(such as electric light,electric iron and electric water heater)电流的效应电流的效应 Effects of electric current 2、电能的化学效应Chemical effects of electric energy 电能转为化学能 Electric energy is converted into chemical energy（电解食盐水制取氯气和氢氧化钠、电镀、电冶）3、电能的磁效应：Magnetic effects of el

30、ectric energy 电能转化为磁场 Electric energy is converted into magnetic field 第四节知识点分析 无机物原材料 Inorganic raw material 金属材料 Metal material 合成高分子材料 Synthetic macromolecular material 无机物原材料无机物原材料 Inorganic raw material 1、合成氨工业 Synthetic ammonia industry 重点：结合合成氨工业反应搞清影响化学反应速度的因素和化学平衡原理Together with the reactio

31、n of synthetic ammonia industry,understand the factors that influence the chemical reaction velocity and the principle of chemical equilibrium.N2+3H2 2NH3 +92.3 J（可逆反应）(reversible reaction)5 0 0 0 C，310 7 Pa催化剂如何使合成氨的产率较高？影响化学反应速度的因素：Factors that influence the chemical reaction velocity 升高温度、增加压强、催化

32、剂Raise temperature,increase pressure,add catalysts 影响化学反应平衡的因素Factors that influence chemical reaction equilibrium 提高温度和加催化剂：缩短氨的平衡时间达到平衡时，催化剂对平衡产率没有影响温度升高：平衡向吸热方向移动提高压强:平衡向体积减小的方向移动从速度考虑要采取高温、高压As far as velocity is concerned,there is need to adopt high temperature,high pressure从平衡原理考虑要采取低温、高压As fa

33、r as the principle of equilibrium is concerned,there is need to adopt low temperature,high pressure 提高压力，有利于加快反应速度和提高氨的平衡产率。但要考虑设备的而压和成本。提高温度，有利于缩短氨的平衡时间但降低产出率；选择催化剂最适合的温度 500 0 C合成氨最适条件的分析：Analysis of the most suitable condition for synthesis of ammonia:2、电解食盐水、电解食盐水Electrolyze salty water v 电解过程自习

34、v 两极上分别发生的氧化、还原反应Oxidation reduction reactions respectively occur on the two electrodes.阴极：2H+2e=H2（还原）阳极：2Cl-+2e=Cl2（氧化）金属材料金属材料Metal material 1、铁Iron 重点：铁的化学性质和钢铁冶炼的主 要原理 化学性质Chemical property 铁元素在化合物中显示的化合价为+2或+3（FeO Fe2 O3）炼铁的主要原理The main principle of iron making 利用CO的还原氧化铁，炼得生铁 Fe2 O3 +CO =2Fe+

35、3 CO2 炼钢的主要原理The main principle of steel-making 用 O2 氧化生铁中的一部分碳及硫磷等杂质，炼得碳钢2、铝、铝 Aluminum重点：铝的性质和用途主要性质：Main property 优良的导体、传热性、延展性、对光的反向性用途：Use 制造电线、炊具、门窗、飞机、汽车等3、金属腐蚀及其防护、金属腐蚀及其防护 原因：化学腐蚀：直接发生化学反应而引起的 Chemical erosion:directly results from chemical reaction电化学腐蚀：发生原电池反应而引起的Electrochemical erosion:r

36、esults from primary cell reaction 防护方法：Prevention methods 覆盖保护层Cover with protective layer 改变金属结构Change metals structure 电化学保护Electrochemical protection Erosion of metal and the corresponding prevention methods 合成高分子材料合成高分子材料Synthetic macromolecular material塑料Plastic：聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯（聚乙烯可制成食用塑料）合成纤维Synthetic fiber：聚酯纤维、聚酰胺纤维、聚丙烯晴纤维合成橡胶Synthetic rubber：