2021届高考英语词义猜测题题型分类与练习.doc

1、2021届高考英语词义猜测题题型分类与练习1词义猜测题多措并举猜词义此类试题主要考查在特定语境中对生词或熟词生义的猜测能力。做此类试题通常采用同义解释法，因果推断法、前后对比法、定义释例法、基本构词法和语境理解法。总之，对于任何词汇的猜测都要基于对特定的语境理解和对主题的恰当把握。(1)利用构词法猜词阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。例题：In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal

2、compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.根据构词法知识可知，zation为动词构成名词的后缀，意为“化”，因此，可猜测industrialization为“工业化”之意，而global

3、ization的含义为_全球化_。(2)利用同义近义词猜词在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。表示同义近义的信号词/词组常见的有：and，or，similarly，likewise等。例题：By translating the rich and humorous text of Loves Labours Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeares comedy and

4、 aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.根据上文“By translating the rich and humourous text of Loves Labours Lost into the physical language of BSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为：_翻译_。(3)利用反义词猜词有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这

5、时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether).or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，rather than，in contrast，on the contrary，on the other hand等。例题If youre tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored，you can attend an upbeat group fitness class thatll keep y

6、our workout on track.根据上文语境，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，可猜测为_快乐的；乐观的_。(4)利用逻辑关系猜词任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、解释关系等。典例 ：Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldnt tell how much they

7、d had：those given extralarge shares ate more than everyone else，but were none_the_wiserthey didnt feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.The underlined phrase“none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were _.Anot aware of eating more than usualBnot willing

8、to share food with othersCnot conscious of the food qualityDnot fond of the food provided根据画线部分的前句they couldnt tell how much theyd had：those given extralarge shares ate more than everyone else，可知，在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据画线后的句子they didnt feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.可知，他们虽然吃得很多，但并没

9、有感觉更饱，仍然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己吃多了，前后句之间是解释关系，故选_A_。(5)利用定义和解释猜词有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，考生可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语(从句)、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e.，is，are，is/are，called，mean，refer to，known as，that is，namely等等。典例1 Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong pe

10、ople；one player tried to get the other down on the floor.通过后面的定义解释：Wrestling是“两人进行的，彼此尽力把对方弄倒在地的比赛”，可以猜出wrestling的含义是_摔跤_。典例2：For Canaan Elementarys second grade in Patchogue，N.Y.，today is speech day，and right now its Chris Palaezs turn.The 8yearold is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes，h

11、e seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.But hes nervous.“Im here to tell you today why you should.should.” Chris trips on the “ld，” a pronunciation difficulty for many nonnative English speakers.His teacher，Thomas Whaley，is next to him，whispering support.“.Vote for.me.”Except fo

12、r some stumbles，Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion，Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?AImproper pauses.BBad manners.CSpelling mistakes.DSilly jokes.根据第二段中的“you should.should.”以及

13、“.Vote for.me.”这样的语句特点可知，Chris的演讲不流畅，也就是说有不适当的停顿。这是他表现不好的地方，与画线词后的句意“他完成得非常好”构成转折关系，与短语except for的语意相呼应。注意：高考阅读中的熟词生义现象非常关键，例如，如果能够注意到第二段第三句中trips一词在此语境中的特殊意义(意为“绊倒”)则有助于快速解答此题。故选_A_。(6)利用例证猜词为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助考生猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如such as，like，for example，for instance等。典例：I

14、n recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chi

15、nese are increasingly taking over.Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?AComplex.BAdvanced.CPowerful.DModern.根据dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominant languages意为强有力的语言。故选_C_。(7)利用同等关系词

16、同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概的意思。常见的表示同等关系的信号词有：or，namely，that is，in other words，that is to say，to be more exact，to put in another way等。例题：Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along hi

17、ghways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台)The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these_headwinds，plastic bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as mos

18、t people assume.What does the word “headwinds” in Paragraph 2 refer to？_A_ABans on plastic bags.BEffects of city development.CHeadaches caused by garbage.DPlastic bags hung in trees.上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。根据画线词下文的内容可知these headwinds就是指代上文提到的禁止使用塑料袋。故选_

19、A_。(8)利用经验和常识猜词 典例 ：Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings？The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.What do the words “more is more” in

20、 Paragraph 1 probably mean？AThe more，the better.BEnough is enough.CMore money，more worries.DEarn more and spend more.本题考查对短句more is more的意思猜测。根据生活常识可知，父母对孩子总是倾注所有，所以可以猜测这个短句应该是“多多益善”的意思。此外，第一个句子表明成年人明白到处堆满物品是什么感觉，后面用why提出反问可知more is more应该和前句中的be flooded with所表达的意思相似，表示很多。同时，第三句又从反面呼应了第二句话，表示好消息是我早早

21、教会自己的孩子从较少的东西中获得较多的乐趣。结合生活常识，再加上三句话在意思上相互印证，就可以选出答案。Enough is enough意为“够了，适可而止”。More money，more worries意为“钱多烦恼多”。Earn more and spend more意为“挣得多花得多”。故选_A_。(9)利用上下文语境猜词义在一篇文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，它总要通过上下文和其他单词产生着不同的联系，考生可以通过这些联系猜测出单词的意思。典例1 ：If you have a_juicer，you can simply feed in frozen bananas and so

22、me berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert，to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a childrens party；they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.What is “a juicer” in the last Paragraph?AA de

23、ssert.BA drink.CA container.DA machine.本题考查a juicer的类别，属于判断词义范围而不需要猜出确切意义的词义猜测题。根据上下文可知，a juicer是这样的一个东西，你把水果等东西放进去，出来的就是奶油状甜点，可以马上吃。因此，我们可以猜测出来，这是一个改变水果形状的机械。当然，我们根据构词法也可以看出这个单词的构成：juice(果汁)er(人或物)。据此可以推出juicer是制造果汁的器械。故选_D_。2上下求索寻指代代词指代此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词(this, that, it, they, them, one, which等)或助动词(

24、do, does, did等)究竟指代什么。具体方法：(1)返回原文，找出指代词(it, they, them, this.)。(2)向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子(就近原则)。(3)将找到的词、词组或句子代入替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺，并最终确定最佳答案。典例 Despite the celebrations, though, in the US.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger gen

25、erations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that.As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?AJazz becoming more access

26、ible.BThe production of jazz growing faster.CJazz being less popular with the young.DThe jazz audience becoming larger.根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebrations，though，in the US. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内容

27、，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选_C_。3句意猜测题意义吻合定句意句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章。用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。(1)返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对于需要推理的句意理解，首先要理解句子前后的语境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。(2)一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思。 典例 ：Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked

28、.Its a plants way of crying out.But is anyone listening? Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbors react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Onc

29、e they arrive, the_tables_are_turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3?AThe attackers get attacked.BThe insects gather under the table.CThe plants get ready to fight back.DThe perfumes attract natural enemies.由画线词前一句可知

30、，有些植物散发出气味意在吸引不同的昆虫，这些昆虫是袭击者的天敌；再由画线部分后可知，正在吃午餐的袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击。故画线部分的意思是袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击。故选_A_。课后练习（一）Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old.Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune.A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has o

31、ften been in prison.Driven by heavenknowswhat motives，he determines to write a book.The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years.That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote(堂吉诃德)And the story poses an interesting question：why do some people

32、discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before?Weve all known people who run_out_of_steam before they reach lifes halfway mark.Im not talking about those who fail to get to the top.We cant all get there.Im talking about people who have stopped learn

33、ing on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives.We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it.Nothing surprises us.We lose our sense of wond

34、er.But，if we are willing to learn，the opportunities are everywhere.The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills.We learn to bear with the things we cant change.We learn to avoid selfpity.We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love usan ide

35、a that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning.Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life.However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我)，whether

36、to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.Many of us equate(视等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing.But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment.People who work toward such excellencewhether they are drivin

37、g a truck，or running a storemake the world better just by being the kind of people they are.Theyve learned lifes most valuable lesson.1The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that Aloss of freedom stimulates ones creativityBage is not a barrier to achieving ones goalCmisery inspires a

38、 man to fight against his fateDdisability cannot stop a mans pursuit of success2What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？AEnd ones struggle for liberty.BWaste ones energy taking risks.CMiss the opportunity to succeed.DLose the interest to continue learning.3What could be inferred f

39、rom Paragraph 4？AThose who dare to try often get themselves trapped.BThose who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.COpportunity favors those with a curious mind.DOpportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.4What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？AA tough man can tolerate sufferin

40、g.BA wise man can live without selfpity.CA man should try to satisfy people around him.DA man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.5What is the authors purpose in writing the passage？ATo provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.BTo stress the need of shouldering responsibilities a

41、t work.CTo state the importance of generating motivation for learning.DTo suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.参考答案：BDCDA课后练习（二）Forests are always losers at the Olympics, and thats unlikely to change anytime soon.For the winter games in Pyeongchang, ROK, virgin forest was dest

42、royed on Mount Gariwang to accommodate ski runs. For the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, a ski run is set to wipe out part of the Songshan National Nature Reserve. And lets not forget the 240 acres of Atlantic Forest that were leveled for the 2016 games in Rio de Janeiro to make way for a golf cour

43、se.For the upcoming Tokyo games, environmental and human rights advocates have been raising alarms about the use of tropical wood to build the New National Stadium. Activists have fought against such environmental destruction. The damage is often permanent，threatens endangered plants and animals and

44、, in some cases, causes conflicts with native people. But frequently the countrys organizing committee, and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) have found ways to make it reasonabledespite a paragraph in the Olympic Charter that states that the IOCs role is to “encourage and support a responsi

45、ble concern for environmental issues.”“As it stands now, the IOC has little authority over a citys local organizing committee，which finally plans the event，” Chappelet, professor of public management at the University of Lausanne, told Earther. “Even if the IOC is dissatisfied with the way host citi

46、es have prepared for the games, they have no builtin systems to supervise (监督) them so that they strictly follow the Olympic Charter. The only thing they can do if theyre not happy is to withdraw the right to organize the game. But the IOC could include more enforcement (执行) systems into the contrac

47、t (合同) they make with the host city，” he added. That contract must be signed and obeyed by everyone. Those who break it could be fined.Boykoff, the author of several books on the Olympics, suggested a similar solution.“The IOC could insist that host cities prioritize their ecological promises, but i

48、nstead they look the other way, time and time again，” he said.6What is Paragraph 2 mainly about？APopularity of the Olympics.BDifferent needs of the Olympics.CImportance of protecting forests.DProblems caused by the Olympics.7What is the IOC expected to do according to the Olympic Charter？ALead the fight against destruction.BWithdraw the rights of host cities.CBan the destruction of the environment.DPromote a