阅读十大题型教学课件.ppt

1、1 Reading measures the ability to understand academic reading matter准确、迅速准确、迅速把握关键信息的能力把握关键信息的能力2 托福阅读考试简介四项中的第一项，一般考3篇文章（如果加试，则是4篇）。文章一般为议论文或说明文，每篇700词左右，之后有13-14道题目。除特殊说明（如最后一大题）之外，所有题目小分值为1分，三篇总体小分值45分，最终成绩按照30分标准分换算，换算标准如下图所示。3 词汇词汇句子句子理解理解句间关系句间关系文章结构文章结构 托福阅托福阅读是以读是以句子句子为核为核心的考试心的考试(单词单词+句法句法)

2、词汇题指代题 事实信息题（细节题）否定事实信息题（选非题）句子简化题推断题 修辞目的题（作者意图题）句子插入题文章小结题/图表题考查重点考查重点十大题型十大题型4 出题方出题方式式The word“X”in the passage is closest in meaning to 考考查查关关键键理解单词在语境中的含义词汇量要求 8000+背单词！词汇题做法5 不会背背了忘，忘了背，循环往复在文章里，它认得我，我不认得它词根词缀各种联想（谐音，图像，多个单词编段子）一次大量，多次重复词以类记美剧、电影情景记忆Paleontologist PaleontologySkeletonSkullFos

3、silfossilizeStrataDinosaurTrilobiteArthropodJurassicCretaceousCambrianSedimentSpineInvertebrateCold-bloodedWarm-bloodedPotteryPorcelainCeramicsPotWareVesselSculptureSurfaceGlazePigmentOreKiln6 认识1.直接选+带回文章确认2.选不出通过词义褒贬色彩判断+带回文章确认不认识1.词根词缀2.回文章找同、反义对应7 认识褒义色彩TPO 1-2-1.The word“championed”in the passa

4、ge is closest in meaning to changed debated created supported8 认识褒义色彩TPO 1-2-1.The word“championed”in the passage is closest in meaning to changed debated created supported9 认识贬义色彩TPO 3-3-10.The word“pales”in the passage is closest in meaning to increases proportionally differs loses significance is

5、 common10 认识贬义色彩TPO 3-3-10.The word“pales”in the passage is closest in meaning to increases proportionally differs loses significance is common11 词根词缀TPO 1-1-7.The word“overlie”in the passage is closest in meaning to cover change separate surround12 词根词缀TPO 1-1-7.The word“overlie”in the passage is c

6、losest in meaning to cover change separate surroundover 在上面 lie 躺着 覆盖13 同义概念TPO 3-3-1.The word“particular”in the passage is closest in meaning to natural final specific complexand their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.14 同义概念TPO 3-3-1.The word“particular”in the passa

7、ge is closest in meaning to natural final specific complexand their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.15 反义概念TPO 6-3-2.The word“plausible”in the passage is closest in meaning to flexible believable debatable predictableAnother seemingly plausible explanationthat infant

8、s do not form enduring memories at this point in developmentalso is incorrect.16 反义概念TPO 6-3-2.The word“plausible”in the passage is closest in meaning to flexible believable debatable predictableAnother seemingly plausible explanationthat infants do not form enduring memories at this point in develo

9、pmentalso is incorrect.17 出题方式出题方式The word“X”in the passage refers to考查关考查关键键单词间的指代关系，尤其是代词与其指代本体间的关系，（对长难句主干的把握）应对技应对技巧巧往前找，两个一致1.数量单、复数2.性质动作发出者的特性18 非代词TPO 1-1-5.The phrase“glacial outwash”in the passage refers to fast rivers glaciers the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting the parti

10、cles carried in water from melting glaciers-The water was always laden with pebbles,gravel,and sand,known as glacial outwash,that deposited-particlessand grains and tiny pebbles19 非代词TPO 1-1-5.The phrase“glacial outwash”in the passage refers to fast rivers glaciers the huge volumes of water created

11、by glacial melting the particles carried in water from melting glaciers-The water was always laden with pebbles,gravel,and sand,known as glacial outwash-particlessand grains and tiny pebbles20 代词TPO 1-2-5.The word“this”in the passage refers to the acting out of rites the divorce of ritual performers

12、 from the rest of society the separation of myths from rites the celebration of supernatural forcesBut the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.When this occurs21 代词TPO

13、 1-2-5.The word“this”in the passage refers to the acting out of rites the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society the separation of myths from rites the celebration of supernatural forcesBut the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition

14、 and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.When this occurs22 出题方式出题方式According to the paragraph,which of the following is true of X?The authors description of X mentions which of the following?According to the paragraph,X occurs becauseAccording to the paragraph,X

15、 did Y becauseAccording to the paragraph,why did X do Y?变数最多的题型，只要题干没有其他题型的明显标志就可以归为细节题True，原因，关系23 考查关键考查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化常常见错误选项特征见错误选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问做题技巧做题技巧准确理解题干根据题干中的关键词定位原文读取原文相关信息（通常1-2句话）判断选项正误题干题干 原文原文 选项选项24 Example 1.TPO 3-3-6.According to paragraph 4,which of the followin

16、g is true of climax communities?They are more resilient than pioneer communities.They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time

17、.25 Paragraph 4:The question of ecosystem stability is complicated,however.The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what“stability”means.Stability can be defined as simply lack of change.In that case,the climax community would be considered the most stable,since,by definition,it changes

18、 the least over time.Alternatively,stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance,such as a fire.This kind of stability is also called resilience.In that case,climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable,s

19、ince they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.Example 1.定位 CC26 Example 1.读懂原文In that case,the climax community would be considered the most stableIn that case,climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable27 Example 1.选出答案They are more resilient than pione

20、er communities.（信息杂糅）They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.（直接相反）They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.（直接相反）28 Example 2.TPO 8-2-1.According to paragraph 1

21、,which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.The climate was very similar to todays climate.The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.29 Example

22、2.定位 LC climateParagraph 1:Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.Off and on throughout the Cretaceous(the last period of the M

23、esozoic era,during which dinosaurs flourished),large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents.Data from diverse sources,including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments,indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than todays.The days were not too hot,nor the nigh

24、ts too cold.The summers were not too warm,nor the winters too frigid.The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air,keeping it relatively constant.30 Example 2.读懂原文the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than todays milder 更温和31 Example 2.选出答案Summers were very

25、warm and winters were very cold.（直接相反）Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.（答非所问）The climate was very similar to todays climate.（信息杂糅）The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.did not change dramatically=milder32 定定位位1)好找原则2)手比眼快3)题干中的 X4)有特点的词转转化化1)

26、同意转化2)侧面转化3)概括转化题题干干原原文文33 Example 3.TPO 9-1-11.According to paragraph 5,the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as 16,000 years ago14,000 years ago 12,500 years ago 10,000 years ago34 Example 3.通过选项特征定位Paragraph 5:The coastal hypothe

27、sis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals,such as caribou and brown bears,have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago.This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable

28、 for humans.It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears,there would have been enough food resources to support humans.Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during t

29、he very late Ice Age,possibly as early as 14,000 years ago.The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.35 Example 3.TPO

30、 9-1-11.According to paragraph 5,the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as 16,000 years ago14,000 years ago 12,500 years ago 10,000 years ago定位原则补充定位原则补充通过选项一致性定位36 与细节题直接相反考考查关键查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化 表述正确的三个选项对原文的转化选项特征选项特征无

31、中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问37 选非题选非题出题方式出题方式以NOT和EXCEPT为标志1.NOT true 一般直接相反2.allEXCEPT 答非所问，信息杂糅，直接相反3.NOT mentioned 无中生有，信息杂糅38 Example 4.NOT trueTPO 3-3-2.According to paragraph 1,which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?They occur at the end of a succession.They last longer than any other typ

32、e of community.The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.39 Example 4.根据题干找CCParagraph 1:Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly,and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.Ecologists u

33、se the term“succession”to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time.The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community,while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community.Pioneer and successional plant communities a

34、re said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years.These changesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative.Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.40 Example 4.NOT trueTPO 3-3-2.According to paragraph 1,which of the following is NOT true

35、of climax communities?They occur at the end of a succession.They last longer than any other type of community.The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.（直接相反）They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.41 Example 4.根据选项定位原文Paragraph 1:Plant communities assemble thems

36、elves flexibly,and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.Ecologists use the term“succession”to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time.The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community,while the long-lived commun

37、ity at the end of succession is called a climax community.Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years.These changesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative.Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about

38、 500 years.42 Example 5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.Earthenwa

39、re ceramics were produced in China before stoneware were.The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.43 Paragraph 3:The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures,but as early as the fifteenth century B.C.,high-temperature stoneware were be

40、ing made with glazed surfaces.During the Six Dynasties period(AD 265-589),kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality.White ware produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty(AD.

41、960-1279),long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry.The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stoneware or porcelains,for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with

42、 later religious images and architectural ornament.Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty,three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty,and Ming three-color temple ornaments,in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slipas well as the

43、many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.44 Example 5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.Ceramics produ

44、ced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stoneware were.The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.45 Example 5.根据选项定位原文Paragraph 3:The earliest ceramics were fired

45、to earthenware temperatures,but as early as the fifteenth century B.C.,high-temperature stoneware were being made with glazed surfaces.During the Six Dynasties period(AD 265-589),kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality.White ware produced in Hebei and Henan provinces

46、from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty(AD.960-1279),long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry.The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineate

47、d than that of stone ware or porcelains,for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty,three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty,and Mi

48、ng three-color temple ornaments,in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slipas well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.46 Example 5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of

49、 the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stoneware were.The Song dynasty period was notable for the produc

50、tion of high quality porcelain ceramics.47 Example 6.NOT mentionedTPO4-1-12Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?A reduction in the number of predators Restrictions on hunting The effects of logging and fire Laws that protected feeding