2021高考英语一轮复习第三编专题三概要写作学案新人教版.doc

1、 概要写作概要写作是新高考中两种新型写作形式之一，将在英语一年两考中与读后续写于不同考次不定期交替考查。该题型提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。所提供短文的体裁没有限制，但以说明文和议论文为主，偶有夹叙夹议文、记叙文或其他文体。这是因为概要写作核心考查的是对文章脉络的梳理能力和观点总结能力。而这两种能力更容易在说明文和议论文中考查。因此了解议论和说明文体的特点，对于帮助考生在概要写作中找准要点，提高解题能力大有裨益。特别注意事项注意所给文章的体裁和时态。合理安排篇幅比例，同原文保持协调，即应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。注意要点之间的衔接。要学会

2、判断段落与段落之间，句子与句子之间的逻辑关系，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文。切忌抄袭原句，或将原文细节作为中心。不排斥使用原文中的某些词句，但至少应做一些同义替换，若能做到结构上的转换将更理想。注意检查词数、拼写和标点等问题，因为这些都是评分的考虑事项。自主训练在学习教材时逐段概括段落大意或者复述课文，或者在做阅读理解的过程中概括文章的主要内容和段落大意，这能够在一定程度上为概要写作打下良好的基础。基础训练熟练掌握并运用单词、短语和句型，在基础词汇和句法知识上下功夫，加强同义转述和句子重构方面的训练。专题化训练有计划地进行适度专题训练有利于快速掌握概要写作的要点和方法，冲破对该题型的不适感。平时

3、可多关注往年的高考阅读文章，进行结构分析和主旨概括训练。可按文体和题材分类训练，增强对文章上下文连贯性的把握。另外，还要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。概要写作一般遵循以下四个解题步骤：第一步剖析原文，抓住大意概要写作题首先要做的也是“读”。“读”的目的是确定文章的体裁和主题，明确篇章结构。要根据意义划分文中的自然段，掌握自然段的大意，意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。第二步剪枝存精，找到关键全文的结构了然于胸后，然后要做的就是对文中内容的处理。处理的目的是删除次要内容，保留主要内容。文中描述性的语言、细节和列举的示例都属于需要剪掉的“枝”，可一带而过。剩余的部分要仔细研读，与主题句相关的关键词

4、句更要标注出来，重点关注，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。并且每段的首尾句有可能是主题句。第三步组织语言，转换表达在这一步中，我们可采用同义替换、语义转换、要点组织、巧用关联词等方法来灵活准确地表达，以达到语言表达独立性的要求。第四步修正定稿，检查细节初稿完成后，要检查要点是否齐全，各要点是否表达准确；检查是否有语法、拼写和标点符号等错误；还要检查词数是否符合要求。阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However,_there_is

5、_nothing_fixed_about_attitudes_to_dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By

6、1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king o

7、rdered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit of dirt was longlived, dirt_has_no_longer_been_regarded_as_a_nice_neighbor_ever_since_the_18th_century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and han

8、d washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War . Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too

9、far？Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many firsttime parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages_children_to_play_in_the_dirt_to_build_up

10、_a_strong_immune_system._And_the_latter_position_is_gaining_some_ground. 解题步骤1.剖析原文，抓住大意本文为一篇议论文，全文共分四段，每段中心大意如下：第一段：论述人们对于身体上的污垢的态度不一致。第二段：论述在16世纪早期，人们认为身体上的污垢是阻挡疾病的屏障。第三段：论述从18世纪开始，人们开始认为洗去身体上的污垢对健康有利。第四段：论述现在的专家认为在泥土里玩耍可以增强人体的免疫力。2.剪枝存精，找到关键在完成上一步后，接下来要做的就是，提取主要内容，找到主题词句，并用提纲形式标注出来。3.组织语言，转换表达接下来

11、要做的就是采用同义替换、语义转换、要点组织、巧用关联词等方法来灵活准确地表达，以达到语言表达独立性的要求。要点1：第一段的主题句可概括为要点1。可将主题句中的there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt改为People have mixed opinions towards dirt。其中，nothing fixed等同于mixed，attitudes等同于opinions。要点2：第二段的主题句可概括为要点2。可将主题句中的thought改为believed，block out disease改为prevent people from gett

12、ing ill。要点3：第三段的主题句可概括为要点3。主题句可整合为However, since the 18th century, people have been told that cleaning away dirt is good to health.要点4：第四段的主题句可概括为要点4。原文中的encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.可整合为some experts believ

13、e that exposure to some dirt may help make our immune system strong, though。原文中的to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system可改为exposure to some dirt和make our immune system strong。同时注意在各要点之间，根据意义可使用however，though等关联词，以使文章逻辑合理，行文连贯。4.修正定稿，检查细节检查要点是否齐全，各要点是否表达准确；检查是否有语法、拼写和标点符号等错误；检查词数是否符合要求。

14、核实无误后，工整地誊写到答题卡上。精彩范文People have mixed opinions towards dirt. (要点1) In the early 16th century, people in some European countries, France, for example, thought that dirt on the skin could prevent people from getting ill. (要点2) However, since the 18th century, people have been told that cleaning away

15、dirt is good to health. (要点3) Nowadays, some experts believe that exposure to some dirt may help make our immune system strong, though.(要点4)以上四步解题流程中，第一步体现的是高度概括的能力，第二步体现的是删除细节、分清主次的能力，这两步是前提，而第三步(组织语言，转换表达)是取得高分的关键，这一步主要体现在以下三方面：同义替换概要写作要求使用自己的语言来表述与原句同样的意思。做题时在找出文中的要点后，我们可使用词词替换(指同义词和近义词或用反义词的否定形式

16、来替换)、词性转换(指用同一个单词或短语的不同形式去表达同样的意思)、单词与词语或词组与词组替换及句式替换(指运用句式、语态等的转化及反向表达等手法)的方法来达到语言独立性的要求。同义替换的能力直接影响评分，是取得高分的重要一环。调整句式除了用同义替换外，我们还可采用对句式进行机动灵活调整的方式来达到预期的目标。句式调整的方式很多，要恰如其分地运用，重在平时的积累和训练。如，我们可用反向表达、压缩长句(或长词组)、简单句整合、特殊句式等手法。巧用衔接词在写概要写作的时候，要准确表达原文的意思，就要充分考虑文章所体现的逻辑关系，以增加文章的连贯性和流畅性，不用或误用衔接词都会使文章显得生硬难懂。

17、平时我们要注意表并列、递进、因果、转折、对比等衔接词语的积累。此外， 在一些文本中，有时某个段落的意思并不与前面那段有直接关系，而是与整篇文章有关系，如结尾的总结段落或开篇的段落。这时，当我们用一句话来概括该段落往往可以在句前加一些副词或短语来引出表达的观点或事实。Type 1议论文议论文的概要主要是找出“中心句支撑句结论句”。不过并不是所有的议论文都有结论句，但中心句和支撑句肯定是有的，其中最重要的是找准中心句。Test 1阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。In modern society there is a great deal of argument about c

18、ompetition. Some value it highly, believing that it is beneficial for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad, believing that it sets one person against another and that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people. I have taught many children who hold the belief tha

19、t their selfworth relies on how well they perform at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often lifeanddeath affairs. In their singleminded pursuit (追求) of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.However, while some seem to be lost in the

20、desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching the

21、se young people, I often observe a desire to fail in them. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse：“I may have lost, but it doesnt matter because I really didnt want to try.” What is not usually admitted by them is the belief that

22、if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that ones selfrespect relies on how well one performs in compar

23、ison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (消失) can they discover a new meaning in competition. 写作指导文章大意：对于竞争人们持有截然不同的态度，然而作者认为这两种观点都有失偏颇。要点提炼：1提出问题：人们对于竞争的态度截然不同：有人高度赞赏；有人极力反对；2用具体事例说明：在有些人看来，成功高于一切；3然而，有些人却持有截然不同的态度：抵触竞争、

24、不愿竞争；4作者观点：两种态度都失于偏颇，只有克服内心的恐惧他们才能领会竞争的意义和真谛。精彩范文Nowadays, opinions about competition are divided: some people say its of great value while others think differently. (要点1) To some children, what they long for in life is success and they ignore their characters in other aspects. (要点2) However, others

25、 look at it in a different way where the spirit of competition is not favored and they never make an attempt. (要点3) To be frank, the significance of competition can be discovered only when people get over the fear of failure. (要点4)Test 2阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Recently, a professor of philosophy i

26、n the United States has written a book called Money and the Meaning of Life. He has discovered that how we deal with money in our daytoday life has more meaning than we usually think. One of the exercises he asks his students to do is to keep a record of every penny they spend for a week. From the w

27、ay they spend their money, they often see what they really value in life.He says our relation with others often becomes clearly defined when money enters the picture. You might have a wonderful friendship with somebody and you think that you are very good friends. But you will remember him only when

28、 you ask him to lend you some money. If he does, it will bring something to the relationship that seems stronger than ever before. Or it can suddenly weaken the relationship. This person may say that he has a certain feeling, but if it is not carried out in the financial world, there is something le

29、ss real about it. Since money is so important to us, we consider those who possess a lot of it to be very important. The author interviewed some millionaires in researching his book. Question: What is the most surprising thing you have discovered about being rich, because you are a selfmade man?Answ

30、er: The most surprising thing is why people give me so much respect. I am nothing. I dont know much. All I am is rich. People just have an idea of making more and more money, but what is it for? How much do I need for any given purpose in my life? In his book, the professor uncovered an important ne

31、ed in modern society: to bring back the idea that money is an instrument rather than the end. Money plays an important role in the material world, but expecting money to give happiness may be missing the meaning of life. 写前导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章以一本书引出话题：金钱对于人们的意义。文章旨在告诉我们不应把钱放在人生追求的首位。精彩范文A professor has re

32、cently discovered that how one spends money shows what is important to him. (要点1) Furthermore, money helps define the relationship between friends. (要点2) However, important as money is, it shouldnt be placed too much emphasis on, according to some millionaires. (要点3) In conclusion, money is only a u

33、seful tool in our life and those hoping for money to bring pleasure have got the wrong end of the stick. (要点4)Test 3阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Nowadays in the society, many people, especially girls, blindly pursue the light skin. They hold a biased view that light skin may be seen as a mark of beauty

34、 and elegance.The result is that skin lightening has become a common activity across Africa, Asia and other areas of the world. More and more people with dark skin are using skinlightening products, even if it means they may face health risks. They believe that having whiter skin will improve their

35、lives. Many people think they will have a better chance of getting a job or marrying into a better family. Or they want to look like what their society generally considers beautiful. Some beauty care products and soaps contain chemicals that make skin lighter. This is also called bleaching. But some

36、 of the chemicals are extremely dangerous. One of the most dangerous has been connected to kidney damage and some kinds of cancer. It also causes low birth weight in babies when motherstobe use it during pregnancy. At first, bleaching products make the skin color lighter. But after longterm use they

37、 can cause problems. They could even make some skin darker. The chemicals in the products block and break down the natural process that gives color to skin. The skin loses its natural barrier (障碍) to protect against sunlight. Then the skin can become thick and discolored. Usually the person will use

38、 more of the product in an effort to correct the problem, but this only makes it worse. Doctor Ly who works in a hospital, says the chemicals are now more dangerous because they are stronger. Some cases have resulted in blackened fingernails, infections and permanent (永久的) skin damage. And these are

39、 not the only risks. Experts say some people who change their skin color suffer emotional damage. They feel regret and sadness. They feel that instead of risking their health, they should have learned to love and accept their skin color as it was. 写前导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了女性以白皮肤为美，尤为亚洲女性。但是过于追求白，反而是一种伤害。精

40、彩范文Many people prefer light skin since it is considered a symbol of being beautiful and attractive. (要点1) Therefore, bleaching is becoming increasingly popular in many parts of the world. (要点2) However, though some beauty products may bring people lighter skin, the chemicals contained are of extreme

41、 danger. (要点3) They will do harm to people both physically and mentally. Hence, the love and acceptance of their skin color is of importance. (要点4)Test 4阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behavior are formed. It is not easy to explain why one p

42、erson is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are of course extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behavior. There are no clear answers yet, bu

43、t two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between supporters of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature and nurture”Those who suppor

44、t the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory stat

45、es that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts (本能)Supporters of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining o

46、ur personalities and how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli (刺激) as the basis of their behavior.Either of these theories