大学英语语法虚拟语气课件.ppt

1、Subjunctive Mood虚拟语气虚拟语气 By 沈园沈园语气(mood)是一种动词形式，表示说话人的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：直陈语气（indicative mood）,表示事实。祈使语气（imperative mood），表示请求或命令。虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)，表示主观愿望、假想、建议等。虚拟语气，是专门表达“假设意义”（Hypothetical Meaning)及其他“非事实意义）“Non-factual Meaning”的动词形式。或者说，虚拟语气表示主观愿望、建议、假想、虚拟、委婉的请求和祝愿等。I 虚拟条件句：真实条件句（real conditio

2、nal)和非真实条件句(unreal conditional)如果假设的情况是可能发生或实现的，那就是真实条件句。例如：If you have no electricity,the computer doesnt work.如果假设的情况或发生的可能性不大或几乎没有，就是非真实条件句，或虚拟条件句。例如：If the human population had not increased so rapidly,people would have had more space and more freedom.非真实条件句（unreal conditional）的虚拟语气：现在：(If)simpl

3、e past/were +(Main)would(could,might,etc)+inf 过去：(If)had+-ed分词 +(Main)would(could,might,etc)have+-ed分词 将来：(If)simple past/were to do/should do +(Main)would(could,might,etc)+inf If he _，he _ that food.Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A.was warmed，would not take B.had been warmed，would

4、not have takenC.would be warmed，had not taken D.would have been warmed，had not taken“Mary looks hot and dry”“So _ you if you had a high fever.”A.do B.are C.will D.wouldD。那是因为其后的 if条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气（许多同学会忽略此信息），所以主句要用 would而不用 will。注意：1.在(If)simple past/were+(Main)would(could,might,etc)+inf 句式中，动词形式还可

5、根据语义意图采用进行体形式。例如：If we were on holiday now,wed be having a wonderful time.If I were looking for a job now,Id read the advertisement columns every morning.2.在表对过去时间进行虚拟的句子中，有时也可根据句义意图用完成进行体形式。If we had caught that plane,we could have been taking part in the celebrations.3.在与将来事实相反的条件句中，结果主句常用直陈语气或祈使语

6、气。If the train should be late,what will you do?如果火车晚点了，你将怎么办？If we should fail in this,we are ruined.我们这个计划如果失败，我们就倒霉了。If you should meet Henry,tell him I want to see him.假如你见到亨利，告诉他我要见他。10._ fired,your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.A.Would you be B.Should you be C.C

7、ould you be D.Might you be B。Should you be fired是由If you should be fired变来的，又如：Should you require(=If you should require)anything give me a ring.如果需要什么，可以给我打电话。4.连词if的省略。在书面语中，条件从句可以不用连词if,而将谓语中 的过去式were,had或should等移至主语之前。如：Had I time,I would come.Were you in my position,you would do the same.Should

8、 they attack us,well wipe them out completely.顺便说一句，以上移至句首的 had不一定是助动词，如果是实义动词也可倒装：If he had money，he would buy a car.Had he money，he would buy a car.他要是有钱，他就会买一辆小车。_ your address，I would have written to you.A.Did I know B.Were I to knowC.Had I known D.If I should know 此题应选 C。这是虚拟语气的倒装形式。当虚拟条件句中含有 w

9、ere，had，should，could等动词时，可以将if省略，然后将 were，had，should，could等词移至句首。5.条件从句与结果从句所表时间不一致。当条件从句与结果主句所表时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应调整。If I had spoken to him yesterday,I should know what to do now.If father hadnt sent me,I shouldnt be here.6.含蓄条件句。1）条件暗含在短语中：What would I have done without you?(条件暗含在介词短语without you)Bu

10、t for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment.2）条件暗含在上下文中：We would have succeeded.(可能暗含if we had kept trying)3）虚拟式已成为习惯说法，很难找出暗含的条件：I would like to come.I wouldnt have dreamed of it.It would be easier to do it this way.Yesterday,Jane walked away from the discussion.Otherwise,she _ some

11、thing she would regret later.A.had said B.said C.might say D.might have said D。Dotherwise在此相当于 if she had not walked away from the discussion，即暗示一个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。7.省去结果主句的非真实条件句。1）非真实条件句如省去结果主句，则常表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用if only 来引导。如：If only he were here.If I had never married.2）If only是if的强化形式，表示讲话人所祈愿的

12、事情会发生、正在发生或早该发生。谓语动词常用过去时、过去完成时形式以及和情态动词would连用。条件分句总是放在主句之前，意为“要是、只要”、“但愿、要是就好了”。如：If only you would help me next week,I would not be so nervous.If only somebody had told us,we could have warned you.If only I had listened to my parents.If only he were not so timid.3）还有一种类似的结构在主动词的前面要带only，just或but。

13、如：If I could just make them understand my point of view.但愿我能让他们明白我的观点。If I could but explain.要是我能解释一下就好了。II 用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中（书P181-182）：1.suggest,advise,recommend,demand,require,insist,urge,request,order,decide,ask,move,propose等动词+that(should)+动词原形；2.advisable,appropriate,desirable,essenti

14、al,fitting,imperative,important,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper等形容词+that(should)+动词原形;3.decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution等名词+that(should)+动词原形;注意：1）在此结构中that不可省略；should省不省 均可;2）在此结构中，“（should）+不定式”可 以与to-不定式交替使用，例如：It is important that she be placed in an appropr

15、iate job.It is important that she should be placed in an appropriate job.It is important for her to be placed in an appropriate job.Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York?I agree,but the problem is _ he has refused to.A.will not be sent;that B.not be sent;thatC.should not be

16、sent;what D.should not send;what B。因为necessary后的从句要用“(should+)动词原形”，排除选项A;因he与send是被动关系，send要用被动式，排除选项D;答句中的表语从句中不缺任何句子成分，用that。值得说明的是，refuse to后省略了be sent to New York。注意 3）insist和suggest的用法要分两种情况：insist表示“坚持要”、“一定要”，从句多指尚未实现的想法，谓语通常用虚拟语气(should+v)；表示“坚持说”、“坚持认为”，从句所指的多为已经发生的事或已存在的状态，谓语用陈述语气：I insis

17、ted that he(should)go.我坚持要他去。I insisted that he was wrong.我坚持认为他错了。suggest表示“建议”，其后接that从句，一般要用虚拟语气;若表示“暗示”、“表明”，则其后所接that从句要用陈述语气：She suggested that we(should)leave early.她建议我们早点动身。Her expression suggested that she was angry.她的表情表明了她生气了。All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wound

18、ed and that he _ at once.A.should be;be operated on B.were;must be operated onC.was;should be operated D.was;be operated on D。insisted接第一个宾语从句，表示“坚持认为(是怎么回事)”，用陈述语气；接第二个宾语从句，表示“坚决要求(做某事)”，用虚拟语气。The man in prison insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ set free.A.had done,should be B.should do,should

19、beC.had done,had been D.should do,had been 此题容易误选B，想当然地认为 insist后的从句谓语要用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气。对上题而言，坐牢的这个人坚持了两点：一是没做错事，二是应该释放。很显然，在坐牢这个人看来，“没做错事”应该是事实，故用陈述语气；“被释放”还不是事实（因为他还在坐牢），故用虚拟语气。所以此题的最佳答案应为A。The patient insisted that he _ ill and _ to the hospital.A.wasnt,wasnt sent B.wasnt,shouldnt be sentC.s

20、houldnt be,wasnt sent D.shouldnt be,shouldnt be sent 答案选B，因为在说话者看来，“没病”是事实，故用陈述语气；“不送医院”尚未成为现实，故用虚拟语气。III Its(high)time that。Its(high)time that+动词过去式，有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”如：Its time(that)you had a hair cut.Its time(that)we took some action.注意：1.should+动词原形较少见，且should不能省略，其意为“(早)该干某事了”;2.与其他的虚拟结构不同

21、，该结构中be动词用 was 而不用were.例如：Its time I was in bed.我该上床睡了。(不用were)3.time前有时有about和high修饰：I think its high time that she made up her mind.我想她该拿定主意了。“I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.”“Its time you _.”A.Do B.did C.had D.would B。Its time you did为 Its time you thanked Aunt Lucy for her pres

22、ent之略。按照英语语法，its time后从句通常要用过去式。IV I wish(that)1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望，用过去时：I wish I were a teacher.我要是一位老师就好了。I wish I remembered her address.我要是记得她的地址就好了。2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望，用过去完成时：How I wish I had seen her off at the station，but I was too busy.我要是去车站送过她就好了，但我太忙了。3.表示与将来事实相反的愿望，用could/would+/might+动词原形：I wish h

23、e would come at once.我真希望他马上来。注意：I wish 与I hope都表示“希望”，但I hope(that)并不表示假设意义，随后的动词形式除表示委婉语气外，很少用过去式形式。试比较：(1)We hope they will come,(We dont know if they can come.)(2)We wish they could come,(We know they are not coming.)再例如：I hope the weather would be favorable.类似地，以下结构也与wish情况类似(从句分三种情况)：1）If only

24、(但愿)：用法与含义均与I wish相似，以上各例 中的I wish均可用If only代之，含义大致相同。2）as if/though(好像)：She loves the child as if he were her own.她疼爱这孩子，就像是她自己的孩子一样。(与现在事实相反)He talks as if he had been there many times.他说起话来好像是去过那儿多次似的。(与过去事实相反)He speaks as if he would die soon.听他说话那语气好像不久就要死似的。(与将来事实相反)注：在某些语境中，as if/as though如果不

25、表示假设 意义，就不必用过去式形式。例如：It looks as if it is going to rain.(看来好像要下雨了。)V 在would rather,would(just)as soon,would sooner,would prefer+v.等表示愿望的宾语从句中 在would rather,would(just)as soon,would sooner,would prefer+v.等表示愿望的宾语从句中，谓语动词一般用过去式。只有在有过去时间状语时，从句谓语动词才用过去完成时。如：Id rather he called me tomorrow.She got drunk

26、last night.Id rather she hadnt drunk so much.“Ive told everyone about it.”“Oh,Id rather you _.”A.Dont B.hadnt C.couldnt D.wouldnt B。Id rather后接从句时，从句谓语的时态规律是：用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示过去。Why didnt you go to yesterdays meeting?I would have but I _ too busy working on the important experiment.A.had been B.w

27、as C.were D.am B。易受前面虚拟语气的影响而误选A。实际上前面虚拟语气的答语采用了省略形式。可补充为：I would have gone to yesterdays meeting if I hadnt been too busy.所以be too busy是过去的一种实际情况，并不是虚拟的情况。故填空处用陈述语气。VI 在由lest,for fear that,in case,so that引导的状语从句中在由lest,for fear that,in case,so that引导的状语从句中，谓语多用should+v.，should可省略，意为“以防，生怕，惟恐”。注意：in

28、 case引导的状语从句，其谓语动词不一定用should+v.，也可用陈述语气。如：We constantly worried lest a wolf kill one of our fowls or calves,or thieves drive off the horses.Ill let you know in case they come by here.I dont let him climb trees in case he tears his trousers.VII 在though,whatever,if,so long as,whoever,however,whichever

29、,no matter(what,how,who),whether等连接代词或副词引导的状语从句用虚拟语气。此时，谓语动词用动词原形，表示推测、让步等含义。如。If any person be found guilty,he would be punished.Everyone was born equal,whether he be black or white.Whatever be the reason,he refused to go.Though he be the President himself,he shall hear us.动词原形有时可置于主语之前：All magnets

30、 behave the same,be they large or small.Come what may,we will go ahead with our plan.(=Whatever may happen,)VIII 用于公式化的表达中，表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义。它主要用在独立分句中的 固定结构中，有动词原形构成。公式化的虚拟语气在语体上往往显得很正式而过分守旧。如：Heaven help us！(愿上天能帮我们的忙！)Far be it from me to spoil the fun.(我决不会扫兴。)其他语境P188温馨提示：虚拟语气所用之处无非是主观愿望，假设，非真实的，但凡

31、是发生过了的，真实存在的，都不用劳烦虚拟语气。例如：It looks as if he were drunk.So it does._.A.Hed better give up drinking B.He shouldnt have drunk so muchC.Health is more important than drink D.I wonder why he is always doing so 此题最佳答案为D，但A、B、C均有可能误选，主要是受题中 drunk一词的影响。做此题的关键是要抓住It looks as if he were drunk中的关键词were，因为它表明此句

32、的谓语为虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了”不是事实，只是他的言行好像是喝醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D。另外注意，句中的 so it does表示强调，意为：他看上去的确像是喝醉了。类似用法：The building looks beautiful.这房子看上去很美。Yes,so it does.是的，看上去的确很美。此句中的 so it does也表强调。more：I had hoped to see her off at the station,but I _ too busy.A.was B.had been C.would be D.would have been 此题容易误选B或D，认为

33、前句用了had hoped，所以此句谓语要用B或D与之呼应。正确答案为A：前一句谓语用had hoped，表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算，可以译为“本想”，而后一句说“我太忙”，这是陈述过去的一个事实，所以要用一般过去时。More to go:(1)We had hoped to catch the 10:20 train,but _ it was gone.A.found B.had found C.would find D.would have found(2)We had hoped that you would be able to visit us,but you _.A.didnt B.hadnt C.would not D.would not been(3)We had wanted to come to see him,but we _ no time.A.had B.had had C.would have D.would have had(4)I had expected to come over to see you last night,but someone _ and I couldnt get away.A.called B.had called C.would call D.would have called