实用英语写作(practical-english课件.ppt

1、Topic sentence&supporting statementsTopic sentence is the centre of the Topic sentence is the centre of the paragraph.paragraph.Supporting statements are the sentences Supporting statements are the sentences which can give the further explanations of which can give the further explanations of the to

2、pic sentence.the topic sentence.There are There are two typestwo types of supporting of supporting statements:major supporting statements&statements:major supporting statements&minor supporting statements.minor supporting statements.The relation between major supporting The relation between major su

3、pporting statements&minor supporting statements.statements&minor supporting statements.主要推展句与次要推展句的关系主要推展句与次要推展句的关系(relation)(relation)基本可以基本可以遵循下面的遵循下面的“三部分三部分”(three-part)(three-part)规则。规则。1 1每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。2 2每个次要推展句都应该每个次要推展句都应该说明它的主要推展句。说

4、明它的主要推展句。3 3含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要推展主要推展素材，又要有次要推展素材素材，又要有次要推展素材。supporting statementsupporting statement major major supporting statementsupporting statement 主要推展句主要推展句(major supporting statement)(major supporting statement)的主要的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明

5、或证明，句与句之间的关都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。系是相互独立又是互相连接的。例例1 1：(主题句主题句)There are There are severalseveral factors factors affecting climate.(affecting climate.(推展句推展句1)One factor is the 1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received.mount of sunlight received.(推展句推展句2)Altitude,2)Altitude,or the

6、height above sea level,also or the height above sea level,also determines climate.determines climate.(推展句推展句3)The oceans have 3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land.an effect on the climate of adjacent land.(推展句推展句4)In addition,climate is influenced 4)In addition,climate is infl

7、uenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.by the general circulation of the atmosphere.主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。然后用四个主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。第一种是太阳光的接收量，扩展句说明四种因素。第一种是太阳光的接收量，第二种是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分别是海洋和第二种是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素。大气环流因素。2.2.（主题句）（主题句）No one can avoid being No one can avoid being i

8、nfluenced by advertisements.influenced by advertisements.（推展句（推展句1 1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to good taste,we are no longer free to choose the things we want,for choose the things we want,for advertising exerts a su

9、btle influence on advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.us.（推展句（推展句2 2）In their efforts to In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product,persuade us to buy this or that product,advertisers have made a close study of advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have cla

10、ssified all our human nature and have classified all our little weakness.little weakness.以上这段由三句话组成。以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句第一句是主题句，直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持列举两个推展句对其补充和支持，指出我们已无指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品，理由是广告商已仔细研法自由选择所需的商品，理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理，并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句究了我们的心理，并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句子衔接自然，步

11、步紧扣主题。子衔接自然，步步紧扣主题。minor supporting statement minor supporting statement 次要推展句次要推展句(minor supporting statement)(minor supporting statement)是指对主要是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。个或某几个推展句。例例:(:(主题句主题句)I dont teach because teaching I dont teach because teaching is easy for

12、me.is easy for me.(主要推展句主要推展句1)Teaching is the 1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living:mechanic,carpenter,attempted to earn my living:mechanic,carpenter,writer.writer.(主要推展句主要推展句2)For me,teaching is a red-2)For

13、 me,teaching is a red-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking-stomach professioneye,sweaty-palm,sinking-stomach profession.(次要推展句次要推展句1)Red-eye,because I never feel ready 1)Red-eye,because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.(次要推展句次要推展句2

14、)Sweaty-palm,because Im always 2)Sweaty-palm,because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom,sure that nervous before I enter the classroom,sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am.I will be found out for the fool that I am.(次次要推展句要推展句3)Sinking-stomach,because I leave the 3)Sinkin

15、g-stomach,because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.even more boring than usual.从属于主要推展句从属于主要推展句2 2的三个次要推展句起着的三个次要推展句起着解释说解释说明作用，明作用，分别解释分别解释red-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking-red-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking-stomach

16、stomach的含义，这就更加形象生动地证明了的含义，这就更加形象生动地证明了 teaching is not easy teaching is not easy 这个主题。这个主题。how to make supporting statementshow to make supporting statements 主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上，针对关键词题有关的信息和素材。实质上，针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以程。有一种常用的方法就是

17、句子展开前加以设问设问，然后解答，即，然后解答，即设问解答设问解答(why-(why-because)because)的方法。下面我们通过举例来看一的方法。下面我们通过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。例看这种分类过程是如何完成的。例3 3：假设假设 (suppose)Topic sentence:(suppose)Topic sentence:English is an international language?English is an international language?设问设问(why)(why)WhyWhy can we say English is can we

18、say English is an international language?an international language?解答解答(because)(because)Because:Because:English is spoken by pilots and English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways airport control operators on all the airways of the world.of the world.Because:Over 70

19、 percent of the worlds Because:Over 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in English.mail is written in English.Because:Because:More than 60 percent of the More than 60 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.worlds radio programs are in English.Because:Because:Pakistan was once one o

20、f the Pakistan was once one of the British colonies.British colonies.Because:Because:Many members of the Many members of the International Language Society are selected International Language Society are selected from English-spoken countries.from English-spoken countries.从上面可以看出，最初的三个推展句是和关键词从上面可以看

21、出，最初的三个推展句是和关键词an an international languageinternational language一致的。第四句和主题句不统一致的。第四句和主题句不统一，尽管第四句会成为另一主题句一，尽管第四句会成为另一主题句(Many Pakistanis(Many Pakistanis speak English)speak English)很好的推展句。第五句说服力不强。很好的推展句。第五句说服力不强。当然，在写成段落时，没有必要在每个句子开头写当然，在写成段落时，没有必要在每个句子开头写上上 becausebecause，但是，在动笔展开句子时，头脑里要想，但是，在动笔

22、展开句子时，头脑里要想着这个词，这种检验方法能帮助你把注意力集中在某个着这个词，这种检验方法能帮助你把注意力集中在某个重心，围绕主题思想层层展开。重心，围绕主题思想层层展开。Example:Example:Knowledge Is PowerKnowledge Is Power Is study really of no use?As a college Is study really of no use?As a college student,I dont think so.student,I dont think so.We all know that We all know that

23、it is with advanced science and technology it is with advanced science and technology that Americans have turned their country that Americans have turned their country into a highly developed one.into a highly developed one.And if we dont And if we dont study,if we have no knowledge,we will be study

24、,if we have no knowledge,we will be left further behind the developed countries left further behind the developed countries like America.like America.So in order to keep up with So in order to keep up with the developed countries and build ours into the developed countries and build ours into a powe

25、rful country,we should study much a powerful country,we should study much harder and master much more knowledge.harder and master much more knowledge.Knowledge is wealth.Knowledge is power.Knowledge is wealth.Knowledge is power.Example:Example:Nowadays more and more movies Nowadays more and more mov

26、ies of violence are produced of violence are produced as some as some people enjoy them.people enjoy them.According to their According to their opinion,movies of violence are opinion,movies of violence are exciting and therefore people easily exciting and therefore people easily kill their time by w

27、atching them.kill their time by watching them.Some Some others even go further to argue that others even go further to argue that movies of violence also encourage us movies of violence also encourage us to take the law into our hands and to to take the law into our hands and to arm ourselves in cas

28、e we are attacked.arm ourselves in case we are attacked.The second way is classification.The second way is classification.Some people hold that automobiles will Some people hold that automobiles will give rise to problems.give rise to problems.Some people hold that automobiles will Some people hold

29、that automobiles will give several rise to problems.give several rise to problems.Example:Example:Pursuit of Masters Pursuit of Masters DegreeDegree The reasons of the increasing The reasons of the increasing number of students pursuing masters degree number of students pursuing masters degree are a

30、s follows.are as follows.First,with the growth of First,with the growth of college graduates each year,the situation college graduates each year,the situation in the job market is getting tighter and in the job market is getting tighter and tighter.tighter.The public awareness of the The public awar

31、eness of the situation has created a surge interest in situation has created a surge interest in reading for a Master degreereading for a Master degree.Secondly,many.Secondly,many cross-national companies set a much higher cross-national companies set a much higher standard for new recruits than eve

32、r.standard for new recruits than ever.It It seems that the higher education you have,seems that the higher education you have,the higher salary you may receive.the higher salary you may receive.Example:Example:Driving Private Cars To Work Driving Private Cars To Work There are There are twotwo main

33、components main components accounting for the rising percentage of accounting for the rising percentage of private-car drivers.private-car drivers.Nowadays,it is common Nowadays,it is common for people to travel a long distance to work for people to travel a long distance to work in big cities or ev

34、en across cities.in big cities or even across cities.Private Private cars will undoubtedly become the first cars will undoubtedly become the first choice when speed and convenience are choice when speed and convenience are considered.considered.Whats more,with rising Whats more,with rising average i

35、ncome and the advent of some types average income and the advent of some types of economic cars,people can afford private of economic cars,people can afford private cars,which used to be luxuries for almost cars,which used to be luxuries for almost all Chinese.all Chinese.Example:Example:Recreations

36、 RecreationsGenerally speaking,Generally speaking,there arethere are two two kinds kinds of recreations:physical activities and of recreations:physical activities and intellectual activities.intellectual activities.Physical Physical activities,on the one hand,keep one activities,on the one hand,keep

37、 one fit and develop team spirit and fit and develop team spirit and basketball is an example.On the other basketball is an example.On the other hand,intellectual activities such as hand,intellectual activities such as playing chess and reading novels can playing chess and reading novels can train o

38、nes brains and provide train ones brains and provide temporary escape from ones troubles.temporary escape from ones troubles.Practice:Practice:Employment With College Graduates ImprovesEmployment With College Graduates Improves请分析变化原因：如从政府的就业政策，学校关注请分析变化原因：如从政府的就业政策，学校关注的就业培训，或大学生开辟自营空间等方面加以分的就业培训，或

39、大学生开辟自营空间等方面加以分析。析。你认为目前大学生就业难的原因是什么，如从中国你认为目前大学生就业难的原因是什么，如从中国出现劳动力高峰、大学生择业心态等方面加以分析。出现劳动力高峰、大学生择业心态等方面加以分析。Three Three chief elements contribute chief elements contribute to the improvement.to the improvement.First of all,the First of all,the governments favorable policies have governments favorab

40、le policies have facilitated the graduates employment.facilitated the graduates employment.S e c o n d l y,i t i s b e c a u s e m o s t S e c o n d l y,i t i s b e c a u s e m o s t universities have paid more attention universities have paid more attention to vocational training.to vocational trai

41、ning.Last but not Last but not l e a s t,s o m e g r a d u a t e s t r i e d l e a s t,s o m e g r a d u a t e s t r i e d successfully to break various paths to successfully to break various paths to be self-employedbe self-employed.However,the serious employment However,the serious employment prob

42、lem of college graduates cant be problem of college graduates cant be neglected for the following reasons.neglected for the following reasons.For one thing,we are experiencing For one thing,we are experiencing another peak of labor booming with 15 another peak of labor booming with 15 million new-bo

43、rn labor forces supply million new-born labor forces supply each year.Equally important,some each year.Equally important,some graduates fail to adjust their graduates fail to adjust their unrealistically high goals to the new unrealistically high goals to the new environment of employment.environmen

44、t of employment.Practical English Writing Practical English Writing The letter of application The letter of application 求职信求职信/申请申请是给予招聘者的第一印象是给予招聘者的第一印象,往往第一印象往往第一印象是最深的是最深的,也是最难以纠正的也是最难以纠正的,因此因此,一封高质量的英一封高质量的英文文求职求职信是帮助你信是帮助你应聘应聘成功的敲门砖。如果你自己是成功的敲门砖。如果你自己是一件商品的话，那么你的英文求职信，就是一封把你一件商品的话，那么你的英文求职信，就是一

45、封把你自己推销出去的商业信函。求职信不可抄袭网上千篇自己推销出去的商业信函。求职信不可抄袭网上千篇一律的东西，不但要写出自己的特点，还要根据一律的东西，不但要写出自己的特点，还要根据应聘应聘的公司的公司有一定的针对性，这样才能吸引住有一定的针对性，这样才能吸引住招聘者招聘者的目的目光。下面就介绍一下写求职信的要点和注意事项，希光。下面就介绍一下写求职信的要点和注意事项，希望对渴望找到一份理想望对渴望找到一份理想工作工作的你有所帮助。的你有所帮助。How to write a letter of application The purpose of a letter of application

46、 is to help the applicant obtain the job he is interested in.It should state clearly what position the applicant wants,and should tell what his abilities are and what he has to offer.It should provide a quick,clear picture of the applicants qualifications,accomplishment and aims.It should present th

47、e applicant to possible employees in the best light.A well-written letter of application,however,does not necessarily guarantee a position;but it does insure consideration and a better chance of an interview.The applicant cannot hope to get his whole story into his letter,but he should cover enough

48、ground to intrigue the prospective employer and make the employer willing to meet him,speak to him,and find out more about him.It takes more than a good letter to land a job;instead,it takes ability,specific experience,and good character.But the letter may open the door for the applicant,and give hi

49、m the chance to sell himself.A letter of application should be simple,human,personal and brief without omitting any essential or pertinent facts.The applicant is well advised not to write a dull,stereotyped letter of application.What he should do is to make the letter interesting.Generalities should

50、 be avoided in it,that is,it should be specific.The letter should be typed if possible.When the applicant can neither type his letter,nor has it typed by someone else,he should write it out very neatly and legibly in case the letter is discarded for its illegibilityProcess of Writing:Process of Writ