必修四第一单元语法讲解学习课件.ppt

1、Useful structures语法详解：语法详解：所谓主谓一致是指所谓主谓一致是指主语主语和和谓语动词谓语动词之之间间,即主语的人称和单复数形式决定着即主语的人称和单复数形式决定着谓语动词对应的形式。谓语动词对应的形式。The boy _ diving.They _ diving.Both Jack and Tim _ diving.All of them _ diving.Neither Jack nor Tim _ walking.isareareisareFinish the following exercises:Bob Bob _ a worker.isMike Mike and

2、 Bob _ workers.areBoth Mike and Bob _workers.areNeither Mike nor Bob _a teacher.isBill Neither of them _(know)how to teach English.knows/knowAll of them _ workers.None of them _(know)how to teach English.are knows/know主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：1.and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时候作主语的时候,谓语

3、动词有以下谓语动词有以下两种两种情况：情况：He and she _both students of this school.Tom and mary are good friends 如果指两个或两个以上如果指两个或两个以上不同的不同的人或事物的时人或事物的时候候,谓语动词用复数。谓语动词用复数。一、语法一致原则一、语法一致原则are(2)但如果连接两个以上的名词指的但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是是同一个人或物同一个人或物,或者指或者指同一概念同一概念的时候的时候,谓语要用谓语要用单数单数。1.The writer and singer has come to our school.The

4、knife and fork _on the table.刀叉刀叉在桌子上。在桌子上。Salt and water盐水盐水 needle and thread 针线针线 bread and butter黄有黄有面包面包 表示一种事物表示一种事物(3)有and 连接的单数并列主语前有no,each,every,many a 修饰后用单数例如：no boy and no girl like the book each boy and each girl here is clever2.如果主语是如果主语是单个单个不定式不定式,动词动词ing形式或从形式或从句的时候句的时候,谓语动词一般用单数。谓语

5、动词一般用单数。When he is coming seems very important.他什么时候要来看起来很重要。他什么时候要来看起来很重要。Collecting stamps is his hobby.收集邮票是他的爱好。收集邮票是他的爱好。To learn english well is very important where he comes from and where he will go are not known .3.with,along with,together with,as well as,besides,rather than,like,without,ex

6、cept,but,including 谓语动词的数看这些词前的主语例谓语动词的数看这些词前的主语例如：如：The teacher,together with his students,is planting trees in the street.his parents as well as he are going to take a trip 4.定语从句的关系代词定语从句的关系代词who,which,that在从在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。持一致。Those who enjoy singing may join us.Tom,who

7、 is your friend,should help you.he is one of my friends who are fond of music he is the only one of my friends that is fond of music either.or;neither.nor;not only.but also,whether.or在句子在句子中连接主语的时候在或中连接主语的时候在或there be句型中句型中,谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。二、就近原则二、就近原则Neither you nor I am wrong.There

8、 are two chairs and a desk in theroom There is a desk and two chairs in the room Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.三、概念一致原则三、概念一致原则 所谓概念一致原则是指谓语动词和主所谓概念一致原则是指谓语动词和主语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式,而而是其是其实际意义实际意义。有的主语名词在形式上有的主语名词在形式上是单数是单数,但在意义上却是复数；有的主但在意义上却是复数；有的主语名词在形式上

9、是复数语名词在形式上是复数,但在意义上却但在意义上却是单数是单数。1.集合名词作主语集合名词作主语,动词可用单数动词可用单数,也也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调强调整体整体谓语动词用单数；指谓语动词用单数；指全体人全体人员员时时,动词则用复数。这一类常见的动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有集合名词有public,family,class,crowd,population,team,group。His family _going out.他们全家要外出。他们全家要外出。His family _all music lovers.他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。

10、他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。is are 2.某些名词如某些名词如people,police,cattle等等,形式上是单数形式上是单数,但意义上是复数但意义上是复数,谓语动词应用复数谓语动词应用复数。people指指“民族民族”时是例外。时是例外。The police are searching for a thief.The cattle are eating grass on the hill.3.表示时间重量长度价值等名词的复数做表示时间重量长度价值等名词的复数做主语，谓语用主语，谓语用单数单数 1.thirty years is not long in history 2.5,000

11、kilometres is a long distance 4.有些名词的单数和复数形式一样有些名词的单数和复数形式一样,作作主语的时候主语的时候,其谓语动词由上下文决其谓语动词由上下文决定定,这一类名词有这一类名词有:means,works,deer,fish,sheep,Chinese,Japanese等。等。Not every means is useful.不是每种方法都好使。不是每种方法都好使。Not all means are useful.不是所有的方法都好使。不是所有的方法都好使。5.the rest of;half of;part of;majority of;percent

12、 of;one third of在句子中加名词作主语的在句子中加名词作主语的时候时候,谓语动词与谓语动词与of后面的名词后面的名词保保持一致。持一致。Half of the students _finished theircomposition.一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。Half of the apple _bad.一半的苹果坏了。一半的苹果坏了。About 60 percent of the students in ourschool _boys.我们学校我们学校,大约百分之六十的学生是男大约百分之六十的学生是男生生.haveisare6.某些名词如某些

13、名词如clothes,trousers,shoes,glasses等等,通常只用其复数形式通常只用其复数形式,但但当它们被当它们被a pair of 修饰时修饰时,谓语动词谓语动词用单数。如用单数。如:The pair of shoes is worn out.这双鞋破了。这双鞋破了。The shoes are worn out.鞋子破了。鞋子破了。某些名词以某些名词以s结尾如结尾如maths,politics,physics,news,plastics 等，谓语动词等，谓语动词应用单数。应用单数。Physics is a very interesting subject.物理是一门很有趣的学

14、科。物理是一门很有趣的学科。四.特殊代词 1.不定代词复合不定代词作主语复合不定代词作主语,谓语动谓语动词要用词要用单数单数，如，如someone,somebody,something,anybody,anyone,anything,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing。Someone is asking for you.有人找你。有人找你。Nothing is found in the room.在屋子里什么也没找到。在屋子里什么也没找到。2.Neither 和either和none None of the money is

15、spent on education None of the stories is/are interesting Neither of them likes english 口语也用like Every boy and every girl in the class is diligent.班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。No sound and no voice is heard.听不到任何声音。听不到任何声音。注意：注意：以以a number of 作主语时作主语时,谓语动谓语动词用复数词用复数;以以the number of 作主语时作主语时,谓语动词用单数

16、。谓语动词用单数。A number of new books are on the desk.The number of students in you class is 50.2.表示数量的表示数量的one and a half 后后,名名词要用复数形式词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语但是其短语作主语时时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如：谓语动词用单数形式。例如：One and a half bananas is left on the table.1.this kind of book=a book of this kind(这种书这种书),其谓语用单数其谓语用单数;短语短语this kind

17、of men=men of this kind=these kind of men(口口语语)(这一类人这一类人),但但this kind of men 的谓语用单数的谓语用单数,men of this kind 和和these kind of men 的谓语用复数的谓语用复数,all kinds of 后跟复数名词后跟复数名词,谓语用谓语用复数形式。例如：复数形式。例如：应该注意的几个问题应该注意的几个问题:This kind of men is dangerous.Men of this kind are dangerous.2.在主谓倒装的句子中在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数谓语动词的

18、数应与其后的主语一致。例如应与其后的主语一致。例如:Between the two windows hangs a picture.3.“分数或百分数分数或百分数+名词名词”构成的短语构成的短语以及由以及由“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,a heap of,heaps of,half of+名词名词”构构成的短语作主语时成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与其谓语动词要与短语中短语中of 后面的名词的数保持一致后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。例如而短语

19、中前面的量词是修饰语。例如:Lots of damage was caused by fire.About three-fourths of the earths surface is covered with water.Three-fifths of the workers here are women.和这种情况类似的还有和这种情况类似的还有“a number of+名词复数名词复数”。但是。但是,“the number of+名词名词”的中心词却是的中心词却是number。试比较：。试比较：A number of students have gone to the countrysid

20、e to help with the autumn harvest.The number of pages in this book is two hundred.注意注意:a(large)quantity of 修饰可数或不可修饰可数或不可数名词数名词,其短语作主语时其短语作主语时,谓语动词用谓语动词用单数。单数。A large quantity of people is needed here.quantities of 修饰可数或不可数名词修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。谓语动词一般用复数。例如例如:Quantities of food(nuts)

21、were on the table.短语短语in quantity,in large quantities 意为意为“大量大量”;in small quantities 意意为为“少量少量”。4.a great deal of,a large amount of,修饰不可数名词修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语其短语作主语时时,谓语动词通常用谓语动词通常用单数单数;large amounts of 修饰不可数名词修饰不可数名词,其短语其短语作主语时作主语时,谓语动词通常用谓语动词通常用复数复数。例。例如如:A large amount of(A great deal of)damage was do

22、ne in a very short time.Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.6.如果主语由如果主语由“the+形容词形容词(或过去分或过去分词词)”结构担任时结构担任时,谓语通常用复数谓语通常用复数;这类词这类词有有:the brave,the poor,the rich,the blind,the young,the old,the sick,the dead,the deaf and dub,the oppressed,the injured,the wounded,the unemployed 等等;但也有但也有少数的过

23、去分词与定冠词连用时指个别少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别,则用单数。例如：则用单数。例如：The blind study in special school.The departed(死者死者)was a well-known engineer.这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时,就就要与名词要与名词man,person 或表示人的单数或表示人的单数连用。例如连用。例如:an old man,a rich person,the(a)wounded soldier.高考链接高考链接1.As a result of destroying the forests,a

24、 large _ of desert _ covered the land.(上海上海2001）A.number;has B.quantity;has C.number;have D.quantity;haveB精析精析：a large number of 后面要接复数后面要接复数名词，所以名词，所以A不能作为答案。因不能作为答案。因为为desert是单数，所以要填是单数，所以要填 has。这句话的意思是这句话的意思是“毁坏森林的毁坏森林的结果是，大片沙漠覆盖了陆结果是，大片沙漠覆盖了陆地地”答案答案 B2._ of the land in that district _ covered wi

25、th trees and grass.(上海上海2000)A.Two fifth,is B.Two fifth,are C.Two fifths,is D.Two fifths,areC精析精析:分数的分子用基数词分数的分子用基数词,分母用序数分母用序数词表示词表示.如果分子大于如果分子大于1,分母序数分母序数词后加词后加-s.分数和百分比作主语时分数和百分比作主语时,谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后面的名词数后面的名词.句子中的主语句子中的主语 land是单数是单数,所以谓语动词要用所以谓语动词要用is covered.答案答案C.3-Each of the

26、students,working hard at his or her lessons,_ to go to university.-So do I.（全国（全国1998）A.hopes B.hope C.hoping D.do hopeA精析：精析：这句话的主语是这句话的主语是 Each of the students，是单数，所以要，是单数，所以要 hopes 选作谓语。现在分词短语选作谓语。现在分词短语working hard at his or her lessons 作状语，作状语，表示伴随的情况。有的考生盲目地表示伴随的情况。有的考生盲目地把把 lessons 当成了主语，填写了当

27、成了主语，填写了hope，发生了错误。本题的译文：，发生了错误。本题的译文：每一个努力学习的学生都想上大学。每一个努力学习的学生都想上大学。我也是。答案我也是。答案 A。4._ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.（上海（上海2001）A.Several million B.Many millions C.Several millions D.Many millionA精析精析:在在million前如果有具体的数字或前如果有具体的数字或 several等词时，要用单数形式。等词时，要用单数形式。many

28、一般不与一般不与 million等词连用等词连用.表示表示“数百万数百万”，英语为，英语为 millions of。这句话的意思是。这句话的意思是“每每天，世界上有几十万人通过天，世界上有几十万人通过 e-mail传递信息。传递信息。”答案答案 A。5.The number of people invited _ fifty,but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.(NMET96)A.were;was B.was;was C.was;were D.were;wereC6.The number of students in this

29、 school _ by 5%every year.(MET92)A.rise B.raise C.rises D.raises the number of+复数可数名词复数可数名词作主语，作主语，表示表示的数目的数目(数量数量)，谓语动词用，谓语动词用单数；单数；a number of+复数可数名词复数可数名词作作主语，表示主语，表示许多许多，谓语动词用，谓语动词用复数。复数。C7.A good deal of money _ spent on books.(MET84)A.have B.has C.have been D.has beenD9.A library with five tho

30、usand books _ to the nation as a gift.(MET90)A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offeredA10.E-mail,as well as telephone,_ an important part in daily communication.(上海上海99)A.is playing B.have played C.are playing D.playA11.Nobody but Jane _ the secret.(MET86)A.know B.knows C.have known D.

31、is known12.All but one _ here just now.(MET87)A.is B.was C.has been D.wereDB13.Either you or the headmaster _ the prize to these gifted students at the meeting.(上海上海94)A.is handing out B.are to hand out C.are handing out D.is to hand outD14.Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one exa

32、mination after another.(MET87)A.is B.are C.am D.beB15.She is one of the few girls who _ in the kindergarten.(上海上海94)A.is well paid B.are well paid C.is paying well D.are paying wellB16.He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.(上海上海2002春春)A.is B.are C.have been

33、 D.has beenD17._ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.(上海上海2000)A.Two fifth;is B.Two fifth;are C.Two fifths;is D.Two fifths;areC分数或百分数分数或百分数+of+名词名词作主语时作主语时,谓语动词的数与名词的数一致。谓语动词的数与名词的数一致。18.When and where to build the new factory _ yet.(MET91)A.is not decided B.are not decided C

34、.has not decided D.have not decidedA动名词、不定式或从句作主语时，动名词、不定式或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。谓语动词用单数形式。倒装句及倒装句及there be句型中，谓语动词句型中，谓语动词往往与最邻近的一个主语保持一致。往往与最邻近的一个主语保持一致。19.There _ no life on the moon.(MET92)A.is said to have B.are said to have C.is said to be D.are said to beC20.Each of the students,working hard at hi

35、s or her lessons，_ to go to university.(上海上海98)A.hope B.hopes C.hoping D.hopedBeither/neither/each+of+复数名词复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。作主语，谓语动词用单数。21.A group of _ are eating _ and _ at the foot of the hill.(NMET95)A.sheep;grass;leaves B.sheeps;grasses;leaves C.sheep;grass;leaf D.sheeps;grass;leafsA22.Every possible means _ to prevent air pollution,but the sky is still not clear.(上海上海2000春春)A.is used B.are used C.has been used D.have been usedC单复数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义单复数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓语用一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓语用单数；反之，谓语用复数形式。这类名单数；反之，谓语用复数形式。这类名词有：词有：sheep,deer,means(方法、手方法、手段段),works(工厂工厂),species(种类种类)