托福阅读技巧完整版课件.ppt

1、A1 TOFEL READING A2READING考试形式考试形式 题目类型题目类型评分标准评分标准 高分技巧高分技巧（问题形式、典型提问、做题技巧、真题演练）（问题形式、典型提问、做题技巧、真题演练）A3考试形式文章数量：文章数量：3-53-5篇篇字数：字数：700700要求：快速阅读要求：快速阅读+精确理解精确理解题目数量：每篇文章题目数量：每篇文章12-1412-14题题单题分值：单题分值：1-41-4分分 (重要观点题的分值可能是重要观点题的分值可能是2 2分。归类题为分。归类题为3 3或或4 4分分)文体：解释说明型；立论型；历史题材型文体：解释说明型；立论型；历史题材型速度要求：

2、速度要求：100 words/min100 words/minA4题目类型 1.Factual information questions 1.Factual information questions（事实信息题）（事实信息题）2.Negative factual information questions 2.Negative factual information questions（非事实信（非事实信 息息题）题）3.Inference questions 3.Inference questions（推理题）（推理题）4.Rhetorical purpose questions 4.R

3、hetorical purpose questions（修辞目的题）（修辞目的题）5.Vocabulary questions 5.Vocabulary questions（词汇题）（词汇题）6.Reference questions 6.Reference questions（指代题）（指代题）7.Sentence simplification questions 7.Sentence simplification questions（句子简化题）（句子简化题）8.Insert text question 8.Insert text question（句子插入题）（句子插入题）9.Prose

4、 summary 9.Prose summary（文章总结题）（文章总结题）10.Fill in a table 10.Fill in a table（表格归类题）（表格归类题）A5评分标准(1)新托福阅读考试共三篇文章新托福阅读考试共三篇文章,每篇每篇12121414道题道题,如果遇到加试如果遇到加试时从考试的五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分时从考试的五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分.在这三篇文章中在这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的“total pointstotal points”。除文章总结题和表格归类题以外，每道题的分值都是除文章总结题和表格归类

5、题以外，每道题的分值都是1 1分。分。文章总结题的分值是文章总结题的分值是2 2分；表格归类题是为分；表格归类题是为3 3或或4 4分。考试所分。考试所得分数范围得分数范围:0-30:0-30分分.A6评分标准(2)正确数正确数 得分得分 正确数正确数 得分得分 正确数正确数 得分得分 45 30 33 19 21 8 45 30 33 19 21 8 44 29 32 18 20 8 44 29 32 18 20 8 43 29 31 17 19 7 43 29 31 17 19 7 42 28 30 16 18 7 42 28 30 16 18 7 41 27 29 16 17 6 41

6、27 29 16 17 6 40 26 28 15 16 6 40 26 28 15 16 6 39 25 27 14 15 5 39 25 27 14 15 5 38 24 26 13 14 5 38 24 26 13 14 5 37 23 25 12 13 4 37 23 25 12 13 4 36 22 24 11 12 4 36 22 24 11 12 4 35 21 23 10 11 3 35 21 23 10 11 3 34 20 22 9 10 3 34 20 22 9 10 3 9 2 6 1 3 0 9 2 6 1 3 0 8 2 5 0 2 0 8 2 5 0 2 0 7

7、1 4 0 1 07 1 4 0 1 0 A7做题方法 各类题型特征及解题方法各类题型特征及解题方法 (1)(1)WORD 1各类题型特征及解题方法各类题型特征及解题方法 (2)(2)WORD 2A8高分技巧 1 Factual information questions Factual information questions（事实信息题（事实信息题 /细节题）细节题）问题形式：主要集中于事实、细节、定义或者作者阐述的其问题形式：主要集中于事实、细节、定义或者作者阐述的其他信息。一般只对应文章某一部分或者某个段落的他信息。一般只对应文章某一部分或者某个段落的1 1至至2 2句话。句话。主要

8、涉及因果关系、比较级、类比、概念等主要涉及因果关系、比较级、类比、概念等针对题目去看选项，与文章矛盾或未提及的删除。针对题目去看选项，与文章矛盾或未提及的删除。A9典型提问方式According to the paragraph,which of the following is true of X?According to the paragraph,X occurred because According to the paragraph,X did Y becauseAccording to the paragraph,why did X do Y?The authors descrip

9、tion of X mentions which of the following?A10做题技巧 定位原文定位原文1 1 问题指明的段落问题指明的段落2 2 问题中的标志词（人名问题中的标志词（人名/地名地名/数字数字/年代年代/大写词大写词/斜体词斜体词/带引带引号词号词/专业术语）专业术语）3 3 问题中的关键词问题中的关键词 （核心名词（核心名词/名词词组名词词组/动词动词/形容词，但在形容词，但在原文中可能出现形式为同义词，同根词，反义词。）原文中可能出现形式为同义词，同根词，反义词。）同义替换同义替换 定位原文具体句子，将选项与原文对比。定位原文具体句子，将选项与原文对比。A11真

10、题演练段段2 2：The nation enters a new era of road development.It isThe nation enters a new era of road development.It is Land speculators who had a personal interest in better Land speculators who had a personal interest in better communications with the munications with the interior.问：问：According to the

11、 passage,why did states need private According to the passage,why did states need private companies help in road building?companies help in road building?A.The states were unable to build roads themselves financially.A.The states were unable to build roads themselves financially.(同义替换？同义替换？)B.the st

12、ates did not have as much equipment as private B.the states did not have as much equipment as private panies.（同义替换？）（同义替换？）unable to finance road construction,and states turned for help to private companies.A12高分技巧 2 Negative factual information questions Negative factual information questions（非事实信息

13、题（非事实信息题 /否定事实信息题）否定事实信息题）问题形式：又称问题形式：又称EXCEPT EXCEPT 列举题，即排除列举题。要求判断列举题，即排除列举题。要求判断哪些信息的是对的（哪些信息的是对的（truetrue），哪些信息是错的（），哪些信息是错的（falsefalse），哪），哪些是未提及的（些是未提及的（not givennot given）。）。题目中常会见大写的题目中常会见大写的“NOTNOT”或或“EXCEPTEXCEPT”A13典型提问方式According to the passage,which of the following is NOT According to

14、 the passage,which of the following is NOT true of X?true of X?The authors description of X mentions all of the following The authors description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT EXCEPT A14做题技巧(无需真题演练)看题干找关键词看题干找关键词 问题中有关键词：用其定位原文，再将问题中有关键词：用其定位原文，再将4 4选项与定位的句子选项与定位的句子进行比较。（无关键词，可以定位于上一题对应段

15、落的后面进行比较。（无关键词，可以定位于上一题对应段落的后面那个段。）那个段。）阅读阅读4 4个选项个选项 题干中没有线索，阅读题干中没有线索，阅读4 4选项，总结共同点进行定位，或根选项，总结共同点进行定位，或根据各个选项中的关键词一一定位。据各个选项中的关键词一一定位。排除与原文相符的选项排除与原文相符的选项 将选项与原文比较，将选项与原文比较，找出与原文矛盾或未提到的找出与原文矛盾或未提到的。A15高分技巧 3 Inference questions Inference questions（推理题）（推理题）问题形式：涉及文中没有直接或明确表达出来的观点或立场。问题形式：涉及文中没有直接

16、或明确表达出来的观点或立场。若文章陈述了一个事件的结果，推论类问题将问原因是什么；若文章陈述了一个事件的结果，推论类问题将问原因是什么；若文章出现了一个对比，将问对比的基础是什么。若文章出现了一个对比，将问对比的基础是什么。常见：常见：infer/imply/suggest/most likely/infer/imply/suggest/most likely/least likely/probably least likely/probably A16典型提问方式Which of the following can be inferred about X?Which of the follo

17、wing can be inferred about X?Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X?about X?The author of the passage implies X The author of the passage implies X It can be inferred from the passage that the author most It can be infe

18、rred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following(about X)?likely believes which of the following(about X)?A17做题技巧直接对比推理直接对比推理 题目若问其中一个事物的特征时，只要选项中的内容与题目题目若问其中一个事物的特征时，只要选项中的内容与题目在在 对比，那么直接删除此项。对比，那么直接删除此项。时间对比推理（属于最简单类型）时间对比推理（属于最简单类型）题目若问时间段的特征时，只要选项中的时间段与题目相反，题目若问时

19、间段的特征时，只要选项中的时间段与题目相反，那么直接删除此项。那么直接删除此项。集合概念推理集合概念推理 2 2个相对的方面。当个相对的方面。当1 1方比例减少，另方比例减少，另1 1方比例增多；反之亦方比例增多；反之亦然。（注然。（注4 4选项各增减程度，不一定出现数字，而是通过否选项各增减程度，不一定出现数字，而是通过否定或肯定体现程度。）定或肯定体现程度。）A18真题演练 直接对比推理段段2 2：Some nations,especially those who colors and Some nations,especially those who colors and emblems

20、 date back several hundred years,have different emblems date back several hundred years,have different flags for different official uses.For example,the flag of flags for different official uses.For example,the flag of Poland is a simple rectangle with a white upper half and red Poland is a simple r

21、ectangle with a white upper half and red lower half.The lower half.The Unlike the familiar plain flag flown Unlike the familiar plain flag flown on land,the ensign has a red shield with a white eagle on land,the ensign has a red shield with a white eagle centered on its upper white stripe.centered o

22、n its upper white stripe.问：问：Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the Polish flag flown on land?2 about the Polish flag flown on land?（根据题目中的关键词（根据题目中的关键词the Polish flag flown on landthe Polish flag flown on land去直接定去直接定位

23、段中的句子，显然位段中的句子，显然A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.其中一个选项的含义与段其中一个选项的含义与段2 2的的最后一句相同。最后一句相同。A19真题演练 集合概念推理段段3 3：A folk culture is a small,isolated,A folk culture is a small,isolated,段段4 4：In contrast,a popular culture is a large group,often In contrast,a popular culture is a large group,often very individualistic and

24、 always changing.It very individualistic and always changing.It 问：问：What does the author suggest about the United States What does the author suggest about the United States and Canada?and Canada?（题目中谈到（题目中谈到folk culture folk culture 与与popular culturepopular culture之间的对比。既之间的对比。既然美加不再存在前者，自然后就有了。）然美

25、加不再存在前者，自然后就有了。）A.They seldom treasure individualism.A.They seldom treasure individualism.B.They cherish folk cultures.B.They cherish folk cultures.C.They have popular cultures.C.They have popular cultures.D.They exhibit no social classes.D.They exhibit no social classes.A20高分技巧 4 Rhetorical purpose

26、 questions Rhetorical purpose questions（修辞目的题）（修辞目的题）问题形式：考查是否理解作者为什么在文章中某个特别位置问题形式：考查是否理解作者为什么在文章中某个特别位置或者以某种特殊方式陈述一个特别信息。或者以某种特殊方式陈述一个特别信息。(选项中常见：选项中常见：to to inform inform 提供信息提供信息/define/define下定义下定义/explain/explain解释解释/illustrate/illustrate例证例证/compare/compare比较比较/contrast/contrast对比对比/criticize

27、/criticize批评批评/refute/refute反驳反驳)考核内容类型：考核内容类型：1 1 段与段之间的联系段与段之间的联系 2 2 针对一个具体细节针对一个具体细节 3 3 提到某一特别信息的原因提到某一特别信息的原因A21典型提问方式The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to.The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to.Why does the author mention X?Why does the author mention X?The author uses

28、X as an example of The author uses X as an example of In paragraph X,the author explains the concept of X by In paragraph X,the author explains the concept of X by What is the function of discussion of the terms X in What is the function of discussion of the terms X in paragraph X?paragraph X?What i

29、s the purpose of paragraph X?What is the purpose of paragraph X?In what ways are paragraphs 2 and 3 related to each other?In what ways are paragraphs 2 and 3 related to each other?A22做题技巧（1）段落关系段落关系 (两个段落之间的联系两个段落之间的联系)比如第一段给出一个理论，第二段对这一理论进行例证比如第一段给出一个理论，第二段对这一理论进行例证（illustrateillustrate）或者反驳）或者反驳 (

30、refute)(refute)。例证（例证（illustrate;explain;provide examplesillustrate;explain;provide examples）对比（对比（contrastcontrast）驳斥（驳斥（refute;criticize;challenge;cast doubt onrefute;criticize;challenge;cast doubt on）A23真题演练段段2:Many engineers maintain that the best way to protect 2:Many engineers maintain that th

31、e best way to protect coasts is to build protective structures such as sea walls or coasts is to build protective structures such as sea walls or others.These structures have been tired in a number of others.These structures have been tired in a number of places along the U.S.coastline.places along

32、the U.S.coastline.段段3:The problem with defensive structures is that they often 3:The problem with defensive structures is that they often do not work.One study,in fact,has shown that these do not work.One study,in fact,has shown that these structures accelerate the erosion of beaches.Not only that,s

33、tructures accelerate the erosion of beaches.Not only that,they can be unsightly,destroying the natural beauty of they can be unsightly,destroying the natural beauty of beaches.beaches.问：问：In what ways are paragraphs 2 and 3 related to each In what ways are paragraphs 2 and 3 related to each other?ot

34、her?（注意顺序为先段（注意顺序为先段2 2后段后段3 3）A24做题技巧（2）举例说明概述举例说明概述类型类型1 1：虽然段落中出现虽然段落中出现for examplefor example引出很长的例子，但引出很长的例子，但我们需要绕过例子看例子前面的那个我们需要绕过例子看例子前面的那个概述句子。概述句子。所以，选项中对这个概述进行替换的就是答案所以，选项中对这个概述进行替换的就是答案。（注：有时例子贯穿几段或全文来说明（注：有时例子贯穿几段或全文来说明1 1个主题）个主题）类型类型2 2：有时文中无举例词，例子与概述合二为一，答案有时文中无举例词，例子与概述合二为一，答案通常在主句和从

35、句之中，或者出现在同一个分句。通常在主句和从句之中，或者出现在同一个分句。（建议先定位题目关键词，再看其后面的句子。）（建议先定位题目关键词，再看其后面的句子。）A25真题演练Some nations,especially those who colors and emblems date Some nations,especially those who colors and emblems date back several hundred years,have different flags for different back several hundred years,have di

36、fferent flags for different official uses.For example,the flag of Poland is a simple official uses.For example,the flag of Poland is a simple rectangle with a white upper half and red lower half.The rectangle with a white upper half and red lower half.The 问：问：Why does the author mention the two flag

37、s of Poland?Why does the author mention the two flags of Poland?（A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.其中有一个选项，肯定必然是最接近于其中有一个选项，肯定必然是最接近于for examplefor example前面这句概述。）前面这句概述。）A26做题技巧（3）词汇含义（表示目的动词）词汇含义（表示目的动词）引出新观点、理论引出新观点、理论:introduce:introduce定义、描述、解释定义、描述、解释:define/explain/describe:define/explain/describe例证例证:illustra

38、te/exemplify/demonstrate/show/:illustrate/exemplify/demonstrate/show/indicate/prove indicate/prove比较对比比较对比:compare/contrast:compare/contrast论证支持论证支持:argue/persuade/support:argue/persuade/support 驳斥警告驳斥警告:argue against/refute/challenge/criticize/cast:argue against/refute/challenge/criticize/cast doub

39、t on/warn/cautiondoubt on/warn/caution指出问题指出问题:point out/identify:point out/identify分类总结分类总结:classify/summarize:classify/summarizeA27真题演练Why does the author mention X?Why does the author mention X?A.To demonstrate what birds seeA.To demonstrate what birds seeB.To define the fuzzy endsB.To define the

40、 fuzzy endsC.To describe the patternC.To describe the patternD.To understand the pattern D.To understand the pattern In paragraph X,the author explains the concept of X by In paragraph X,the author explains the concept of X by A.giving examples of biologyA.giving examples of biologyB.comparing biolo

41、gical barriers to familiar onesB.comparing biological barriers to familiar onesC.clarifying how it is madeC.clarifying how it is madeD.describing the processD.describing the processA28高分技巧 5 Vocabulary questions Vocabulary questions（词汇题）（词汇题）问题形式：问题形式：考查单词或者短语在上下文中的意思。被考到的单词或者短考查单词或者短语在上下文中的意思。被考到的单

42、词或者短语会用阴影标识出来。语会用阴影标识出来。考核内容：考核内容：通常情况下，被考到的单词或者短语对于理解文章的一个大通常情况下，被考到的单词或者短语对于理解文章的一个大的或者重要的部分起到至关重要的作用。（单词意思必须符的或者重要的部分起到至关重要的作用。（单词意思必须符合原文意思）合原文意思）A29典型提问方式The word X in the passage is closest to in meaning to.The word X in the passage is closest to in meaning to.The word X in line 1 is closest i

43、n meaning to.The word X in line 1 is closest in meaning to.In stating X,the author means that.In stating X,the author means that.Which of the following could best replace“composed Which of the following could best replace“composed of”as used in paragraph 4?of”as used in paragraph 4?A30做题技巧认识的词汇或者短语（

44、就题做题）认识的词汇或者短语（就题做题）在选项中找出同义词或近义词，并放文中验证。在选项中找出同义词或近义词，并放文中验证。不认识的词汇或者短语（推断做题）不认识的词汇或者短语（推断做题）1 1 根据词根词缀推断根据词根词缀推断2 2 根据上下文推断（找同义对应、找反义对应）根据上下文推断（找同义对应、找反义对应）3 3 短语意义的判断（找出短语里的中心词）短语意义的判断（找出短语里的中心词）(eg:in relation to)(eg:in relation to)A31真题演练认识的词汇或者短语（就题做题）认识的词汇或者短语（就题做题）在选项中找出同义词或近义词，并放文中验证。在选项中找出

45、同义词或近义词，并放文中验证。A potentially dangerous consequence of even aA potentially dangerous consequence of even aincrease in world temperature was found in the early increase in world temperature was found in the early 1970s.1970s.A.small B.light A.small B.light C.superficial D.considerable C.superficial D.

46、considerableslightA32真题演练:不认识的词汇或者短语 （推断做题）1 1 根据词根词缀推断根据词根词缀推断文中文中/题中问题中问 immense(im immense(im 表无法；表无法；mense mense 表测量表测量)A.ancient B.enormous C.ruined D.particular A.ancient B.enormous C.ruined D.particular3 3 短语意义的判断（找出短语里的中心词）短语意义的判断（找出短语里的中心词）The kitchen does not hygiene regulations.The kitche

47、n does not hygiene regulations.（注意判断中心词：（注意判断中心词：conformconform）A.agree with B.transform into C.resort to D.lie inA.agree with B.transform into C.resort to D.lie inconform toA33真题演练:不认识的词汇或者短语 （推断做题）2 2 根据上下文推断（找同义对应、找反义对应）根据上下文推断（找同义对应、找反义对应）同义：同义：she was opposed to“”use,i.e.she was opposed to“”use

48、,i.e.use without any consideration for caution.use without any consideration for caution.(注意：选项必须同义于注意：选项必须同义于i.e.i.e.后面的句子后面的句子)A.inefficient B.special C.uncontrolled D.effective A.inefficient B.special C.uncontrolled D.effective反义：反义：it brings about the downfall of societyit brings about the downf

49、all of society (被考词与上下文的某一词形成对比，如被考词与上下文的某一词形成对比，如downfall)downfall)A.prosperous B.poor C.vast D.dramatic A.prosperous B.poor C.vast D.dramatic indiscriminatethrivingA34高分技巧 6 Reference questions Reference questions（指代题）（指代题）问题形式：考查辨认文中单词与词组之间的纸袋关系能力。问题形式：考查辨认文中单词与词组之间的纸袋关系能力。一般来说，这类关系涉及代词与先行词之间的关系；

50、有时也一般来说，这类关系涉及代词与先行词之间的关系；有时也涉及关系代词，比如涉及关系代词，比如whichwhich的指代。的指代。在文中被考的通常是在文中被考的通常是1 1个代词或者词组加阴影。个代词或者词组加阴影。常见代词：常见代词：they/this/it/others/whichthey/this/it/others/which等等A35典型提问方式The word X in the passage refers to.The word X in the passage refers to.The word X in line 2 refers to.The word X in line