1、初中英语语法大全:介词I介词的功能介词是一种虚词,用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。例如:The boy over there is Johns brother. (定语)The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语)Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)II表示时间的介词表示“时间”的介词如下:1.表示年、月、日、时刻
2、等用at,in,on2.表示时间的前后用 before, after3.表示期限等用by,until,till4.表示期间等用for,during,through5.表示时间的起点等用 from, since6.表示时间的经过等用in,within(1) at,on,in1)at:用于表示时刻、时间的某一点at noon正午时 at night在夜间 at present目前at nine(oclock)在九点钟We usually have lunch at noon(at twelve).我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃午饭)。(2)on:用于某天,某一天的上、下午(指具体的某一天时,一律用o
3、n)注意 :泛指一般的上午(下午)时用in,但特指某日的上午(下午)时用on。in the morning在早上on sun day morning在周日早上on Monday在周一on Tuesday morning在周二早上on June 6在6月6日on May 4,1996在1996年5月4日on a cold night在一个寒冷的夜晚on the night of July(the) first在七月一日的夜晚We didnt listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon上周三下午我们没去听演讲。(3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年,泛指
4、的上午、下午、晚上。注意:在this,last,next,every等词前面不能再加介词。this morning今天上午last Friday 上周五 next Sunday下周日every Monday(week, spring)每周一(每星期,每个春季)in the week在这周 in May在五月 in spring在春季in 1995在1995年 in September,1995在1995年9月in the morning在上午 in the afternoon在下午in the evening在晚上People go skating in winter人们冬天去滑冰。(2)be
5、fore,after1)before:在之前Wash your hands before dinner.(before作介词)吃饭前请洗手。He will call me before he leaves here.(before作连词)他离开这儿之前,他将给我打电话。2)after:在之后注意:before和after这两个词都是既可作介词,又可作连词。Lets Sing some songs after school.(after作介饲)放学后咱们唱歌吧!Pleas close the door after you leave the room.(after作连词)离开房间后请关门。(3)
6、 by,until(till)1)by:在前(时间);截至(到)注意:由until(till)形成的句子,句中的动词如果是点动词,则必须用否定句。How many English books had you read by the end of last year?到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书?2)until(till):直到为止(时间)比较by和until by seven oclock截至(到)7点钟(一般和完成时连用)until seven oclock直到7点(7点以前)We didnt begin to watch TV until(till) nine oclock.(begi
7、n是点动词,所以用否定式)一直到九点,我们才开始看电视。Ill wait for him until he comes here我将在这儿一直等到他来。(wait是延续动词,用肯定式)注意until和till可以通用。它们可以作连词(见上例)而by不能作连词。(4) for,during,through1)for:达之久(表示经过了多少时间)常用的短语for a year 一年 for a few days几天 for twenty weeks 二十周during the lesson 上课期间during the war (the night)战争期间,夜间 (一整夜)可以和一般现在时、过去
8、时、将来时连用,但经常和完成时连用。He has lived here for 20 years.他在这儿已经住了二十年了。We will stay in the city for two days.我们要在那里呆两天。2)during: 在期间They are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays.暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。比较:for和 duringfor之后大多跟表示时间、天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。3 )through:一直(从开始到结束)They played the cards thr
9、ough the night.他们打了一整夜的牌。(5) from,since1)from:从起(时间)表示从开始时,一般都是用词组fromto,而单纯表示确切的从几点开始时用at。The meeting will be held from eight to ten.这个会议将从8点开到10点。The meeting will be held at eight.会议将从八点钟开始。比较:since和from since表示时间时,一般只用于完成时的句子;而from也用于现在时、过去时及将来时态。另外since还可以作连词(见下例);而from则不可以,它只能作介词。2)since:自从以来(表
10、示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)I have been sick since yesterday.我从昨天就病了。(一直到现在)The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.(since作连词)这个医生自当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。(6 )in,within1)in:过后(未来时间)注意:如果用于过去时,用after +时间。She went to Nanjing last May,and she came back after a month.去年五月她去了南京,一个月之后她又回来了。大多用在将来时(一般将来时
11、和过去将来时)。in an hour 一小时之后in a week or so 一个多星期之后He will be back in five hours.他五小时之后回来。They said they would arrive here in a week.他们说他们一周后到达。2)within:不超过的范围比较:within和in with in强调在时间之内,没有时态的限制。in是以现在为基准,in an hour是指从现在起1小时之后,所以一般只用于将来时。within 3 hours 3小时之内I must finish painting the cat within five min
12、utes.我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。They worked hard. They finished the workwithin 2 days at last.他们努力工作,结果终于他们在两天之内完成了这项工作。III 表示场所、方向的介词1.表示场所的介词:at,in,on,under,by,near,between.2.表示方向的介词:into,out of,along,across,through.(1 )at,in1) at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)at school 上学 at home 在家at 2 Baker Street 在贝克街2号at a factory 在一家工
13、厂Ill meet him at the Beijing railway station.我将去北京站接他。2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)in Beijing 在北京 in China 在中国in the world 在世界上 in the street 在街上(2) on,under,over,above,below1)on:a.在上面,有接触面a. )on the desk 在桌子上面There are two maps on the wall.墙上有两张地图。b.)在靠近的地方on the right 在右边2)above:在上方Our plane flew above the
14、clouds.我们的飞机在云端上飞行。3)over在正上方,是under的反义词There is a light over Li Ming.李明的正上方有一盏灯。A few birds were flying over the sea.有几只鸟在海上飞。注意:over的其他意思a.遍及 all over the world 全世界b.超过(=more than)We have over(=more than)40 books.我们有四十多本书。c.越过,在那边over there在那边 over the wall越过墙比较over与above的区别over是“正上方”,而above只表示“在上
15、方”但不定在“正上方”。4)under:在下面;在之内under the table 桌子下面 under the jacket 在夹克内The dog is under the table. 这只狗在桌子下面。5)below:在下方(不一定是正下方)正下方是under,below是above的反义词。There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。(3)near,by1)near:近的,不远的near =not far是far的反义词。near还可以指时间。in the near future在不久的
16、将来。Is there a bus stop near here?这儿附近有公共汽车站吗?2)by:在旁边距离比near要近注意:在旁边,有时也用 beside。by the window 在窗户旁边by me 我旁边 The boy is standing by the window.(4) between,among,around1)between:在两者之间My teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike.我们的老师正坐在汤姆和迈克之间。Whats the difference between A and B?A和B之间有什么区别?2)among:在三
17、者或更多的之中There is a beautiful house among the trees.在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。He is very popular among the students.他在学生之中很受欢迎(很出名)。3)around:环绕,在周围,在四周We sat around the table.我们在桌子四周坐下来。They walked around the street.他们在街上到处走。(5) in front of,behind1)in front of:在的前面;在的前部注意in front of和 before均是“在之前”的意思,但表示场所时要用in f
18、ront of而不用before。()in front of the room ()before the roomThere is a tree in front of the house.在房屋前面有一棵树。There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom.在教室的前部有一张大讲桌。2)behind:在后面behind是in front of的反义词。There is a tree behind the house.房子后面有一棵树。at the back of my house 在我家房屋的后面注意可以用 a
19、t the back of=behind()6 in,into,out of1)in:在之内,用于表示静止的位置The students are in the classroom.学生们在教室里。注意out of与from的区别表示“由内往外”的动作时用out of;表示“从起”(起点)时,使用from。Tom went out of the room with Li Ming.汤姆和李明走出房间。The train is from Boston.这辆火车是从波士顿开来的。2)into:进入用于表示有特定终点的运动的方向。通常用于表示动作的动词之后,如:go,come,walk,run The
20、 students run into the classroom.学生们跑进教室。He jumped into the water.他跳入水中。3)out of:和into 一样,也表示有一定的运动方向The students rushed out of the room.学生们冲出房间。(7 )along,across,through1)along:沿着I was walking along the river when it began to rain,我正沿着河边散步,突然下起雨来了。2)across:横过I often swim across the river.我常游泳横渡这条河。3
21、)through:贯穿,通过The river was through the city.这条河穿过这个城市。(8 )to,for,from1)to:到达地点(目的地)注意:to与towards的区别to:表示到达某地,(一般指目的地)towards:指方向、朝向,而不是目的地。He walked to wards the gate of the park.他朝着公园大门走去。(大门不是目的地)。He came to Japan in 1980. 他1980年来到日本。Tom has gone to school. 汤姆已经去学校了。2)for:表示目的地,“向”Ill leave for A
22、merica next week.下周我将动身去美国。for表目的时,一般是和固定词搭配。leave for 动身去start for 出发去3)from:从地点起Its about ten minutes walk from here to the cinema.从这儿到电影院大约需步行十分钟。How tar is it from our school to the hospital?从我们学校到医院有多远?IV其他介词介词除了表示“时间”、“场所”以外,也表示“手段”、“材料”等(1 )表示手段和材料的介词用 with,in,by1)with:和在一起比较in和 with用in,with表
23、工具或方法时,在译成中文时区别不大,但在英语上的用法却不大相同。a.用“with”时,后面的名词要加上冠词或代词。with my ear用我的耳朵with a pencil用一支铅笔b.用in时,后面加物质名词,不能加冠词。in ink 用墨水 in pencil 用铅笔Will you please go with me?你和我一起去好吗?c.具有、带有He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.他是有着一双大眼睛的英俊男孩子。d.用某工具或方法Li Li cut her hand with a knife.莉莉用刀把手弄破了。I see wit
24、h my eyes.我用眼睛看。He wrote the letter with a new pen.他用一支新钢笔写这封信。2)in:表示用什么材料(例如用墨水、铅笔)等,或用什么语言,或者表示衣着、声调特点时,不用with,而用in。She wrote a letter in black ink.她用黑色的墨水写信。Dont write it in pencil but in ink.别用铅笔写,用钢笔(水)写。3)by:通过方法、手段He goes to school by bicycle.他骑自行车上学。by +交通工具的词组by bicycle 骑自行车 by plane 坐飞机by
25、 car 坐小汽车 (=by air)by bus 坐公共汽车 by train 坐火车by taxi 坐出租车 by ship 坐船比较搭乘交通工具用by来表示搭乘交通工具方式、手段时,名词前不加冠词。by train 坐火车You can go there in my car.你可以坐我的车去那儿。用in表示时,后面要用冠词或代词。同样坐公共汽车可以说:take the(a)bus(2 )of,from1)of:(属于)的;表示的数量或种类This is a map of China.这是一幅中国地图。Will you please give me a cup of tea?请您给我一杯茶
26、好吗?2)from:来自(某地、某人);以起始;(时间或地点)Im from Nanjing.我是南京人。I have got a letter from my friend.我收到了一封我朋友的来信。比较:makeof与makefrom这两个词组都是“由制成”的意思,它们的区别在于:如果制造出来的东西还看得出原料是什么,用“makeof”;看不出原料是什么,用“makefrom”。The box is made of wood.这箱子是木料做的。The paper is made from rice straw.这纸是用稻草造的。(3) without,like,as1)without:没有
27、,是with的反义词Men cant live without air and water.人类没有空气和水不能生存。I cant read the book without using a dictionary.不用字典,我看不了这本书。Please give me a cup of coffee without milk.请给我一杯不加奶的咖啡。Please give me a cup of coffee with milk.请给我一杯加奶的咖啡。2)like:像一样Nancy is just like her mother.南希和她的妈妈一样。前句还可写成 Nancy looks lik
28、e her mother.(南希和她妈妈长得一样)。用look时,强调外表。(3)as:作为He is famous as a scientist here.他在此地作为一个科学家而闻名。(4 )against,about1)against:反对;靠着He is against the plan.(Li Ming)他反对这个计划。(他反对李明)。The teacher is standing against the blackboard.老师正靠着黑板站着。2)about:a.关于;各处;身旁Tell me something about your life.告诉我你的生活情况。He look
29、ed about himself.他向四处张望。I have no money about(=with)me.我身上没带钱。b.询问某人某物的情况或提出建议What about your sister?你姐姐情况如何?How about going to the park?去公园怎么样?注意What about ?与How about?的用法没有区别。(5)for , to for表示“为了.” to 表示动作对象, “对, 向”, 如: He would do anything for his motherland. Did you mention this to my father? 你对
30、我父亲提起过这件事吗?for 表示“就某情况而说 ”, to 表示“对某对象而言”如:Its quite warm today for February.就二月的天气,今天够暖和的。What he told you just now was not new to me。他刚才对你所说的话对我并不新鲜。for 表示“目的,用途”。与go, come 动词连用。(6)except , besides except 表示“从总体中排除一部分”, 与but 同义, besides 表示“除了一部分还有另一部分” We all failed except him. 我们都失败了,但他没有。He spea
31、ks German besides French. 除法语外, 他还会讲英语。V各种介词短语(1)使用工具 with a pencil 交通工具 by bus用某语言 in French用电视(学英语) learn English on TV付多少钱 for two dollars(2)介词短语介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后,形成复合词,有特定的意思,应一一背诵。将介词短语分类如下:1.动词+介词 (talk about,look at)2.be动词+形容词+介词(be kind to)3.介词+名词 (at home,on foot,in time)1)动词+介词talk about(st
32、h.):谈论某事They are talking about their school.他们正在谈论他们的学校。2)talk to sb.(=talk with sb.):和某人谈论Dont talk to your desk mate,Li Ming.李明,不要和你的同桌说话。3)look at:注视She looked at the blackboard,but saw nothing.4)listen to:倾听I listened to him,but heard nothing.我注意听他说话,但什么也听不见。5)call on(sb.):拜访He called on his unc
33、le yesterday.昨天他看望了他的叔叔。6)arrive at(in):到达We arrived at the station at noon.我们中午到达车站。We arrived in Beijing last year.我们去年到(达)北京。注意arrive at(in)中的介词at用于比较小的地方。in用于比较大的地方。口语中常用get to代替arrive at(in)。Ill get to the factory at three.我将在三点钟到工厂。7)take care of:照顾The old men were taken good care of.老人们受到了很好的
34、照顾。8)wait for:等待Ill wait for you until eight oclock.我等你到八点钟。9)look for:寻找I looked for my watch every place but I didnt find it.我到处找我的表,但是没找到。其他重要的介词短语speak to 和说话 stay with 和某人呆在一起think about 考虑有关 write to 给某人写信2 )be动词+形容词+介词1.be kind to:对某人亲切His step-mother was kind to him.他的继母对他很好。2.be good at:在做得
35、好;擅长于Are you good at speaking English?你英语说得好吗?3.be late for:迟到He is always late for school.他上学总是迟到。4.be afraid of:害怕The boy isnt afraid of big dogs.5.be sorry for(sth.):为抱歉Im sorry for being late.抱歉,我迟到了。其他重要的介词短语be absent from 缺席be proud of 以为自豪be different from 和不同be famous for 因而著名be fond of 爱好,喜
36、欢be pleased with 乐于3) 介词+名词1.at:at home 在家 at school 在学校at least 至少 at present 目前 at first 起初at once 立刻 at last 最后(终于)at night 夜晚语词互换be good at=canwell他游泳游得很好。He is good at swimming.He can swim well be full of=be filled with箱子里都是(装满了)苹果。The box is full of apples.The box is filled with apples.2.on:on foot 步行 on ones way 在去某地的路上on the telephone 用电话 on time 准时3.for:for a while 一会儿 for example 例如for oneself 为了自己for hours(days, years)有好几小时(天,年)4.in:in English 用英语 in those days在当时 in class 课上in time 及时5.by:by the way 顺便说 by oneself 独自地6.其他:after school 放学后 of course 当然
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