第十四讲翻译与文化(二)课件.ppt

1、topics Macromicro 1.Culture 2.Language and Culture 3.Translation and Culture 4.Strategies for translating cultural component-foreignization and domestication 5.Case Study 4.Two basic strategies for translating cultural components -归化与异化归化与异化引子：引子：东风，西风东风，西风 in Chinese East wind,west wind in EnglishI

2、n Chinese东风东风 A symbol of warmth and spring 春城无处不飞花，春城无处不飞花，寒食东风御柳斜。寒食东风御柳斜。（韩（韩翃翃寒食寒食）东风破早梅，向暖一枝开。冰雪无人见，东风破早梅，向暖一枝开。冰雪无人见，春从天上来。春从天上来。（蓝茂（蓝茂早梅诗早梅诗）西风西风 古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。（马致远天净沙秋思 碧云天，黄叶地，西风紧，北雁南飞。晓来谁染霜林醉，总是离人泪。（王实甫西厢记）飒飒西风满院裁，蕊寒香冷蝶难来。（黄巢题菊花）东风压倒西风东风压倒西风六盘山上高峰，红旗漫卷西风。六盘山上高峰，红旗漫卷西风。（毛泽东清平乐六盘山）In En

3、glish West wind Atlantic sea Shellys“Ode to the West Wind”Sweet and slow,sweet and slow,Wind of the western sea,Low,low,breathe and blow,Wind of the western sea！(Alfred Tennyson“Sweet and Slow”)轻轻地，柔和地；轻轻地，柔和地，轻轻地，柔和地；轻轻地，柔和地，西方吹来海风，西方吹来海风，轻轻地，轻轻地吹拂，轻轻地，轻轻地吹拂，西方吹来海风西方吹来海风！（Zong Bai)Its a warm wind,t

4、he west wind,full of birds cries;I never hear the west wind but tears are in my eyes.For it comes from the west lands,the old brown hills.And April is in the west wind,and daffodils.(John Masefield“The West Wind”)那是一种温暖的风，西风起时，万鸟争鸣；那是一种温暖的风，西风起时，万鸟争鸣；一听西风起，我眼眶中泪盈盈，一听西风起，我眼眶中泪盈盈，因为它来自西土，那褐色的故乡边。因为它来自

5、西土，那褐色的故乡边。春天就在西风中到来，还有水仙。春天就在西风中到来，还有水仙。（Qian Gechuan)East wind 1)biting east wind;(Samuel Butler)2)a piercing east wind;(Kirkup)3)How many winter days have I seen him,standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind!(Charles Dickens)Geographical Culture:culture formed by particular geographical featu

6、res,which is termed as Ecology.Strategy?1)Ode to the West Wind 西风颂？vs.东风颂？2)西风紧 bitter is the west wind vs.bitter is the east wind?Example 闲情万种，无语怨闲情万种，无语怨东风东风。（王实甫西厢记）I am saddened by a myriad petty woes,And,though I speak not,I am angry At the breezes from the east.(note:The east wind is symbolic

7、of spring,with its urge to love.)(Tr.Henry Hart)一江春水向一江春水向东流东流 。（李煜虞美人）flowing eastward 功名富贵若长在，汉水亦应功名富贵若长在，汉水亦应西北流西北流。（李白江上咏）Sooner could flow back to its mountains,This stream,than wealth and honor can remain.(Tr.Fletcher)Why adaptation is made?Psychology of colors Color white In English:In Chines

8、e:Mourning apparels,symbol of solitude,poverty and decline 雨中黄树叶，灯下白头人。雨中黄树叶，灯下白头人。（司空曙喜外第卢纶见宿）日暮苍山远，天寒白屋贫。日暮苍山远，天寒白屋贫。（刘长卿逢雪宿芙蓉山主人）hoary-headed（灰白的）thatched cottage (茅屋）Red In English:violence,bloodshed,danger In Chinese:jubilation,happiness,abundance,propitiousness(吉利）David Hawkes treatment of col

9、or terminology,particularly the red problem,in Hong Lou Meng(The Story of the Stone),has given rise to a lot of arguments(his son in law).red as a symbol sometimes of spring,sometimes of youth,sometimes of good fortune or prosperityrecurs again and again throughout it.Unfortunatelyapart from the ros

10、y cheeks and vermeil lip of youthredness has no such connotations in English and I have found that the Chinese reds have tended to turn into English golds or greens(“spring,the green spring”and“golden boys and girls”and so on).I am aware that there is some sort of loss here,but have lacked the ingen

11、uity to avert it.(David Hawkes,Introduction to The Story of the Stone)Original Translations by HawkesTranslations by Yangs红楼梦红楼梦The Story of the StoneA Dream of Red Mansions悼红轩悼红轩Nostalgia StudioMourning the Red Studio怡红院怡红院The House of Green DelightsHappy Red Court怡红公子怡红公子Green BoyThe Happy Red Pri

12、nce红袖楼头夜倚栏红袖楼头夜倚栏 A lady leans out from her casement high In red sleeves she leans over balustrade at nightCategories of culture1.ecology:fauna,flora,plains,winds etc.2.material culture:food,clothes,transport3.historical culture4.religious culture5.social culture6.political culture 7.psychology etc.

13、文化三层次文化三层次 文化包括三个层次的内容：文化包括三个层次的内容：(1)物质文化，如建筑物、服饰、食品、工物质文化，如建筑物、服饰、食品、工具等；具等；(2)制度习俗文化，包括制度、法规，以及制度习俗文化，包括制度、法规，以及相应的设施和风俗习惯等；相应的设施和风俗习惯等；(3)精神文化，包括价值观念、思维方式、精神文化，包括价值观念、思维方式、宗教信仰等，也包括哲学、科学、文学艺宗教信仰等，也包括哲学、科学、文学艺术方面的成就和产品。术方面的成就和产品。alienation(异化）异化）and naturalization（归化）（归化）All approaches to cultura

14、l components in translation may fall into two main strategies:SL culture-oriented and TL culture-oriented or rather,alienation and naturalization Foreignization and domestication 在处理文化因素中的两种策在处理文化因素中的两种策略略 1.异化异化(foreignization;alienation)：以源语文化为中心，以源作者为中心，注以源语文化为中心，以源作者为中心，注意点在于将源语文化传递给译语读者，以意点在于将源

15、语文化传递给译语读者，以促进文化的交流。促进文化的交流。缺点：增加译语读者理解的难度，阅读的缺点：增加译语读者理解的难度，阅读的速度、节奏也会受到影响。速度、节奏也会受到影响。2.归化归化(domesticatioin;adaptation)：以译入语文化为中心，以读者为中心，将以译入语文化为中心，以读者为中心，将源语文化经过整理，然后以译入语中较为源语文化经过整理，然后以译入语中较为现成的、熟悉的、易于接受的形式出现。现成的、熟悉的、易于接受的形式出现。缺点：丧失了源语的异国特色。缺点：丧失了源语的异国特色。Schleiermacher Quote from German philosoph

16、er and translator,Friedrich Schleiermacher,Either the translator “leave the author in peace,as much as possible,”and“move the reader towards him.”or he leaves the reader in peace,as much as possible,and moves the author toward him.Of which he favors the former.In his(Schleiermacher)famous lecture“On

17、 the Different Ways of Translating”,he demands,among other things,that translations from different languages into German should read and sound different:the reader should be able to guess the Spanish behind a translation from Spanish,and the Greek behind a translation from Greek.If all translations

18、read and sound alike(as they were soon to do in Victorian translations of the classics),the identity of the source text has been lost,levelled in the target text.(Susan Bassnett&Andre Lefevere)Venuti:In this vein,American scholar Lawrence Venuti also distinguishes between Foreinising and domesticati

19、ng He strongly advocates the resistant foreignizing method and rejects the transparent domestication in opposition to the Anglo-American hegemonic（霸权的）cultural stand It promises“a great openness to cultural differences,whether they are located abroad or at home(and)they may thus well be worth the ri

20、sks.”He complains that The fact of translation is erased by suppressing the linguistics and cultural differences of the foreign text,assimilating it to dominant values in the target language,making it unrecognizable and therefore seemingly untranslated.With this domestication the translated text pas

21、ses for the original.In a word,this school insists that the“otherness”of the SL culture be preserved in the target text.异化异化/归化归化;直译直译/意译意译 迦因小传迦因小传(Joan Haste)在十九世纪初最先由在十九世纪初最先由蟠溪子译出。其中有一段迦因未婚先孕的情节，蟠溪子译出。其中有一段迦因未婚先孕的情节，因为有违中国传统伦理，被略去，因此这部译作，因为有违中国传统伦理，被略去，因此这部译作，以及主人公受到读者的广泛欢迎。几年后，林纾以及主人公受到读者的广泛欢迎。

22、几年后，林纾将这部小说全译出来，则主人公被斥为：将这部小说全译出来，则主人公被斥为：“淫贱淫贱卑鄙，不知廉耻卑鄙，不知廉耻”，“情界之蟊贼情界之蟊贼”。前一策略。前一策略便是归化，后一策略便是异化。便是归化，后一策略便是异化。异化异化/归化是宏观层次的策略；直译归化是宏观层次的策略；直译/意译是微观意译是微观语言层次的技巧。语言层次的技巧。欧化？汉化？欧化？汉化？钱氏在林纾的翻译一文中，也谈到了两种翻译法：就文体或风格而论，也许会有希莱尔马诃（Friedrich Schleiermacher）区分的两种翻译法，譬如说：一种尽量譬如说：一种尽量“欧化欧化”，尽可能让外国作家，尽可能让外国作家安居

23、不动，而引导我国读者走向他们那里去，另安居不动，而引导我国读者走向他们那里去，另一种尽量一种尽量“汉化汉化”，尽可能让我国读者安居不动，尽可能让我国读者安居不动，而引导外国作家走向咱们这儿来。然而，而引导外国作家走向咱们这儿来。然而，“欧化欧化”也好，也好，“汉化汉化”也好，也好，翻译总是以原作的那一国翻译总是以原作的那一国语文为出发点而以译成的这一国语文为到达点。语文为出发点而以译成的这一国语文为到达点。从最初出发以至终竟到达，这是很艰辛的历程。从最初出发以至终竟到达，这是很艰辛的历程。“欧化”、“洋气”鲁迅关于翻译的鲁迅关于翻译的“欧化欧化”、“洋气洋气”问题的主张问题的主张：动笔之前，就

24、先得解决一个问题：竭力使它归化，还是动笔之前，就先得解决一个问题：竭力使它归化，还是尽量保存洋气呢尽量保存洋气呢?日本文的译者上田进君，是主张用前一日本文的译者上田进君，是主张用前一法的。法的。所以他的译文，有时就化一句为数句，很近所以他的译文，有时就化一句为数句，很近于解释。我的意见却两样的。只求易懂，不如创作，或于解释。我的意见却两样的。只求易懂，不如创作，或者改作，将事改为中国事，人也化为中国人者改作，将事改为中国事，人也化为中国人 不但移情，也要益智，至少是知道何地何时，有这等事，不但移情，也要益智，至少是知道何地何时，有这等事，和旅行外国，是很相像的：和旅行外国，是很相像的：它必须有

25、异国情调，就是所它必须有异国情调，就是所谓洋气。谓洋气。其实世界上也不会有完全归化的译文，倘有，其实世界上也不会有完全归化的译文，倘有，就是貌合神离，从严辨别起来，它算不得翻译。就是貌合神离，从严辨别起来，它算不得翻译。汉化？汉化？罗新璋：罗新璋：外译中，是将外语译成中文外译中，是将外语译成中文纯粹之纯粹之中文，而非外译中文，而非外译“外外”译成外国之译成外国之中文。中文。看不出翻译的痕迹？看不出翻译的痕迹？Translation is rewriting Alienation?Naturalization?Considerations1 Type of texts Karl Bhler(18

26、791963)Main functions of languageuExpressive(表情功能）表情功能）:the mind of the speaker or writer，originator of information eg.imaginative literature,essays etc.Poems:(refer to 东风，西风，west wind p-38 等诗）uInformativle（信息功能）（信息功能）:the facts of a topic,reality outside language Eg.technical report,journalism work

27、s,thesis uVocative（使役功能）（使役功能）:calling upon the readership to act,think or feel Eg.notices,publicity,propaganda Expre-ssiveInfor-mativevocativeMost texts include all the three functions with emphasis on one of them.Expressive function:more examples Eg.诗歌 杜甫：李白：陶渊明：王维：李煜：岳飞：李清照：Newmark:Cultural compo

28、nents tend to be transferred intact in expressive texts;transferred and explained with culturally neutral terms in informative texts;replaced by cultural equivalents in vocative texts.旅游介绍:Introduction to Jigong in his museum 济公劫富济贫，深受穷苦人民爱戴。Jigong,Robin Hood in China,robbed the rich and helped the

29、poor.科技文体：广告语篇，旅游资料介绍等劝导型(vocative)的语篇 Eg.西苑饭店(参见翻译与语篇）2 Significance of cultural flavor in the source text Nida：dynamic equivalence,but not a cast-iron rule The significance of cultural elements Symbolic values-piglet or lamb One Bible translator in New Guinea was full aware of the fact that sheep

30、and lamb are either unknown or unappreciated in New Guinea,but pigs are highly valued.He therefore thought that perhaps one could render sheep by“pig”and lamb by“piglet”or“little pig”.He had clearly overlooked the fact that sheep are regarded in the Bible as so-called“clean animals”while pigs are“un

31、clean animals”;in fact,very much taboo.Speaking of Jesus as the“little pig”of God would certainly be a serious lapse in cultural congruence.Cultural element carries little symbolic value other than necessary information.The man who waters his grass after a good rain is carrying coals to Newcastle.(多

32、此一举）这位小姐，德性温良，才貌出众，鲁老先生和夫人因无子息，爱如掌上明珠掌上明珠。（吴敬梓儒林外史第十回）I know the young lady,and she is virtuous,gentle and beautiful.Because Mr.and Mrs.Lu have no son,the girl is the apple of their eye.3 The purpose of translationOriginal Version by YangsVersion by Hawkes红楼梦红楼梦A Dream of Red MansionsThe Story of th

33、e Stone世人都晓神仙世人都晓神仙好好All men long to be immortalsMen all know that salvation should be won真是真是“天有不测天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸风云，人有旦夕祸福福”。Truly,“storms gather without warning in nature,and bad luck befalls men overnight.”(literal translation)I know“the weather and human life are both unpredictable.”(paraphrasing)谋

34、事在人，成事在谋事在人，成事在天。天。Man proposes,Heaven disposes.Man proposes,God disposes.癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉A toad hankering for a taste of swan.A case of“the toad on the ground wanting to eat the goose in the sky”.Analysis：Yangs:SL culture-oriented method faithful translation through which Westerns can acquire some

35、knowledge about traditional Chinese culture.Hawkes:TL culture-oriented method In order to avert cultural conflict and improve the translations readability.4 The readership 倾国倾城(1)Her beauty is such as to overthrow cities and ruin states.(2)She is exceedingly beautiful.(3)Her beauty can be compared w

36、ith that of Helen of Troy.(1)(2)(3)SL oriented-neutralized,levelled-TL-oriented“Mamma Mia!”-Broadway musical 汉化汉化 naturalization Just call me Oedipus.我就喜欢年纪大的女人。我就喜欢刘晓庆这样的美女我就喜欢刘晓庆这样的美女。You have your Sophie,I have my Lawrence.Lawrence:“花花公子，同性恋”你们母女深情，我们断背情深。你们母女深情，我们断背情深。Conclusion:The translator c

37、hoose a practical method depending on a comprehensive analysis of such factors as the type of texts,the purpose of translation and the readership.Sometimes he may attempt to adopt a reasonable compromise,as Benjamin Jowett claims,“All translation is a compromise the effort to be literal and the effo

38、rt to be idiomatic.”Most of all,the translator must cultivate a high degree of cross-cultural awareness and be able to recognize the similarities and differences between two cultures.（选讲）（选讲）Up to now,it seems that the TL culture-oriented method has got the upper hand.The patrons who commission,publ

39、ish and distribute a translation work,usually stress more on the texts readability and acceptability.The other voice Nonetheless,the otherness of another culture exists objectively,our ultimate goal is to recognize it.Naturalization screened the differences or peculiarities.In this sense,it is more

40、or less a restricted one.Especially,in view of the rapid development of cultural diffusion,the SL-oriented method has become more significant.Examples EG.巧媳妇做不出无米的粥来，叫我怎么样呢？（第二十四回 Hong Long Meng）Hawkes:Even the cleverest housewife cant make bread without flour.Yangs:Even the cleverest housewife cant

41、 cook a meal without rice.Westeners understand the rice is the staple for Chinese.It is hard to imagine that people in ancient China ate Western bread rather than rice.庆父不死，鲁难未已庆父不死，鲁难未已。战犯不除，国无宁日。这个道理，难道到现在还不明白吗？（毛泽东南京政府向何处去？）“Until Ching Fu is done away with,the crisis in the state of Lu will not

42、be over.”Until the war criminals are eliminated there will be no peace in the country.Isnt this truth clear enough now.（note:According to Tso Chuan,an ancient Chinese historical work dealing with the important events of the Spring and Autumn Era 770B.C.476B.C.,Ching Fu,a noble in the state of Lu,rep

43、eatedly stirred up internal strife and murdered two reigning princes of the state.Ching Fu has since become a byword for those who stir yp internal strife.Until the trouble-maker is removed,the trouble will not be over.Better to reign in hell,than serve in heaven.宁愿在地狱为王，不愿在天堂称臣。宁愿在地狱为王，不愿在天堂称臣。春风杨柳

44、万千条，春风杨柳万千条，六亿神州尽舜尧。六亿神州尽舜尧。（毛泽东送瘟神）Spring winds move willow wands,in tens of millions;Six hundred million we shall all be sage-kings!(Tr.Arthur Cooper)Intercultural awareness It was Friday and soon they would go out and get drunk.星期五发薪日发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝个酩酊大醉。Its not easy to become a member of that c

45、lub they want people who have plenty of money to spend,not just every Tom,Dick and Harry.要加入那个俱乐部可不容易，他们要的是有钱的阔佬，不是一般的老百姓一般的老百姓。（不是张三，李四或王五。）Sufficient translation 三个臭皮匠，合个诸葛亮 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.An excellent example of adequate translation(Zhong

46、 Shukong)盲人瞎马 Blind man on a blind horses rushing headlong to disaster5 Case Study（个案研究）（个案研究）1.East Wind or West Wind.2.Nabokov（纳博科夫）（纳博科夫）3.Yan Fu(严复严复)弗拉迪米尔纳博科夫(Vladimir Nabokov,1899-1977)是西方伟大的实验小说家,著有洛丽塔、微暗的火等著名小说。纳博科夫不仅是个伟大的作家,还是一位声名显赫的翻译家和翻译理论家。他出生俄国，早年流亡欧洲,中年闯荡美国,晚年归隐瑞士。既是一位俄语作家又是一位英语作家。大约19

47、45年后,纳博科夫的翻译思想才发生了真正的剧变。他开始意识到,在那些优美流畅的意译之作中,原作者的声音已经被一种假声代替,原作的神韵已经在翻译的过程中遗失,于是,他开始不遗余力地主张直译论。在1955 年发表的翻译问题:奥涅金的英译一文中,他开门见山地宣称:“最糟糕的直译也比最漂亮的意译有用最糟糕的直译也比最漂亮的意译有用一千倍一千倍”。(Schulte and Biguenet,1992:127)因为,意译就像“鹦鹉的聒噪”和“猴子的喧嚣”,是对原作的“亵渎”,彰显出译者的堕落。(Steiner,1992:252)他宁愿用直译加注的方式,“我希望翻译中充斥着大量的注我希望翻译中充斥着大量的注

48、释释,它们像摩天大楼一样直抵这一页或那一页的顶端它们像摩天大楼一样直抵这一页或那一页的顶端,只只留一句诗行留一句诗行,在注释和永恒之间熠熠生辉在注释和永恒之间熠熠生辉”。(Schulte and Biguenet,1992:143)纳博科夫的直译加注释的翻译法集中体现在他翻译的纳博科夫的直译加注释的翻译法集中体现在他翻译的普希普希金诗体小说金诗体小说叶甫盖尼叶甫盖尼奥涅金奥涅金上。这项卷帙浩繁的翻上。这项卷帙浩繁的翻译工程始于译工程始于1950 年年,前后历经了十余载才大功告成。前后历经了十余载才大功告成。奥奥涅金涅金1964 年的英译本共年的英译本共4 卷卷,约约1500 页页,译文译文25

49、0 页左页左右右,译者序译者序250页左右页左右,索引索引100 来页来页,余下的余下的800 来页全来页全是详尽的注释。这么多的注释立刻受到指责也并不奇怪。是详尽的注释。这么多的注释立刻受到指责也并不奇怪。早在一百多年前早在一百多年前,德国的施莱格尔就预料到了这样的结局德国的施莱格尔就预料到了这样的结局,“诗歌再创造的目的是什么诗歌再创造的目的是什么?我认为我认为,是让那些无法接近原是让那些无法接近原作的人尽可能不受干扰地欣赏译作。作的人尽可能不受干扰地欣赏译作。”所以译者不应该采所以译者不应该采取注释的方式取注释的方式,因为因为“对文本的微言大义进行烦琐的考证对文本的微言大义进行烦琐的考证

50、于读者意义不大。于读者意义不大。”(Lefevere,1975:50-51)”斯坦纳斯坦纳(Steiner,1992:77)的看法最具代表性的看法最具代表性:纳博科纳博科夫坚持直译只是一种策略夫坚持直译只是一种策略,不是通过直译再现原作的精神不是通过直译再现原作的精神实质实质,而是以此证明而是以此证明“翻译是不可能的翻译是不可能的”。分析：分析：纳博科夫采取直译的动机也许还应该包括以下三点纳博科夫采取直译的动机也许还应该包括以下三点:其一其一,原作原作奥涅金奥涅金在俄罗斯文化中具有经典的地位在俄罗斯文化中具有经典的地位,有俄罗斯文化有俄罗斯文化中的中的圣经圣经之喻之喻,加上普希金又是纳博科夫最