第11讲.阅读理解之观点态度题.doc

1、第十一讲 阅读理解之观点态度题【考点说明】阅读理解之观点态度题在考试中考察得比重不大，在有传统阅读题型的联盟考试（复旦千分考、北约、卓越同盟）中，一般观点态度题不超过一道题，有时不会出现，如复旦07年考了两道，但08年没有考察此类题型，09年再次出现。尽管这类题所占比重不大，掌握考试技巧也是必备的。【题型特点分析】通常作者的观点或者态度往往会在文章的措辞、文体和结构中得以反映。大多数文章采取比较客观和实事求是的态度，其写作意图是向读者提供信息。但有时会在文章中表现出一些个人的感情色彩，或批评，或讽刺，或感叹。要做对这类题，必须正确理解作者的真正观点，同时还要正确地推断作者的语气、态度，弄清作者

2、写这篇文章的目的，作者的态度是肯定还是否定，以及文中的事实论据是否支持作者的论点等。同时还必须体会作者的用词和其它修辞手段，例如比喻和讽刺。 常见的题干表现形式有： Its the authors view that What is the authors attitude toward ? The authors attitude toward could be described as Which of the following best describes the authors tone in the passage?【解题技巧】1. 阅读时注意区分不同的文体。议论文中，文章的主题句

3、往往会暗示作者的态度，而记叙文则会通过描述性的语言表达作者的某种倾向。2. 推断分析作者态度或观点时，还需要结合文章的中心思想或主旨，尤其要找出作者的观点。3. 文章中会有许多能够表达作者观点的具有感情色彩（如褒义词或贬义词）的词语，这些词语在一定程度上是作者态度的反映。如果文章中出现较多的褒义词，那作者的态度可能是正面的；相反，如果文中出现了较多的贬义词，那么作者的观点可能就是负面的。4. 常见表示支持、赞同的词汇包括：positive 肯定的，积极的；favorable 赞成的；approval 赞成的；enthusiastic 热情的；optimistic 乐观的；appreciativ

4、e 欣赏的。5. 常见表示反对、否定的词汇包括：negative 消极的，否定的；critical 批判的；disapproving 不赞同的；cynical 愤世嫉俗的；scornful 批判的；pessimistic 悲观的。6. 常见表示客观、中立的词汇包括：neutral 中立的；impartial 无偏见的；impersonal 没有个人喜好的；objective 客观的。l 备注：有些考察作者观点态度的题目选项中给出的不是评价态度的词汇，而是一些句子，其实表达目的是相似的，如：The attitude of the author is that _.A. she hates a t

5、radition of all-women schoolsB. she calls on women in support of the protestC. she dislikes the change and hopes to file a lawsuitD. she objectively describes the new and uneasy coeducationA选项中的hate显然表明作者的态度是反对的，B选项的call on sb. in support of表明作者的态度是支持的，C选项的dislike表示作者的态度是不喜欢，比A选项的hate程度稍微弱些，D选项的obje

6、ctively是关键词，属于上面第六点提到的内容，表明作者客观中立的态度。因此，大家要学会灵活识别态度表达方式，可以是单词，可以是短语，也可以是句子。【典例精讲】AThe fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label store in the refrigerator.In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milk

7、man came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliver

8、ies have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existed: natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling .What refrigeratio

9、n did promote was marketing marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.Consequently, most of the worlds fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries

10、with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of char

11、ge.The fridges effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you dont believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least youll get rid of that terri

12、ble hum.Q: What is the authors overall attitude toward fridges?A. Neutral.B. Critical.C. Objective.D. Compromising.【答案】B【解析】这是一篇讲述冰箱给人们生活带来变化以及作者使用冰箱的想法的文章。文章虽然开始就说The fridge is considered a necessity，但作者也迅速在第二段表明In my fridgeless fifties childhood，I was fed well and healthily，并回忆了当年没有冰箱的生活。第三段的第一句Th

13、e invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation也明显带有作者的观点。全文的诸多细节都可以看出作者的态度是批评的。BEngineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education, I am an idealist and a fool. In high school, I want

14、ed to be an electrical engineer and of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment. But thats not what I did.I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university t

15、hat doesnt even offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice; I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by int

16、eracting with people who werent studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults praised me for such a sensible choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them.I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students w

17、ho went to big engineering factories where they didnt care if you had values or were flexible, I was going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist all in one.Now Im not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all noble ideals eventually do

18、. After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and engineering courses with liberal-arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical suc

19、cessful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply dont mix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways: together they threaten to confuse. The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult.Q: The authors experience shows t

20、hat he was .A. creative B. unrealistic C. ambitious D. irrational【答案】B【解析】这是一篇关于文科和工科互不兼容的说明文。作者用自己的亲身经历告诉我们他当时报考文科学校读工科的原因，并经过自己三年的挣扎，意识到工科和文科难以协调在同一个人身上，文章不时流露出表达自己情感态度的语句。尤其在文章的最后The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts

21、 simply dont mix as easily as I assumed in high school.更是点出作者当年的“不切实际”。CAs soon as it was revealed that a reporter for Progressive magazine had discovered how to make a hydrogen bomb, a group of firearm fans formed the National Hydrogen Bomb Association, and they are now lobbying against any legisla

22、tion to stop Americans from owning one.The Constitution, said the associations spokesman, gives everyone the right to own arms. It doesnt spell out what kind of arms. But since anyone can now make a hydrogen bomb, the public should be able to buy it to protect themselves.Dont you think its dangerous

23、 to have one in the house, particularly where there are children around?The National Hydrogen Bomb Association hopes to educate people in the safe handling of this type of weapon. We are instructing owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet and the fuse separately in a drawer. Some people consider

24、 the hydrogen bomb a very fatal weapon which could kill somebody.The spokesman said, Hydrogen bombs dont kill people people kill people. The tomb is for self-protection and it also has a deterrent effect. If somebody knows you have a nuclear weapon in your house, theyre going to think twice about br

25、eaking in. But those who want to ban the bomb for American citizens claim that if you have one locked in the cabinet, with the fuse in a drawer, you would never be able to assemble it in time to stop an intruder. Another argument against allowing people to own a bomb is that at the moment it is very

26、 expensive to build one. So what your association is backing is a program which would allow the middle and upper classes to acquire a bomb while poor people will be left defenseless with just handguns. Q: From the tone of the passage we know that the author is .A. doubtful about the necessity of kee

27、ping H-bombs at home for safetyB. unhappy with those who vote against the ownership of H-bombsC. not serious about the private ownership of H-bombsD. concerned about the spread of nuclear weapons【答案】D【解析】这是一篇论述美国人是否应该拥有氢弹的说明文。短文第一段引入主题后提出自己的观点，但用了大量的篇幅来说明正反两方的观点，再结合文章的主题，我们不难知道作者对该事件是非常关注的。D Im usua

28、lly fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago. While any of these statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, I was struck by a report

29、which concluded that todays children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s. In fact, the analysis showed, normal children aged 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago.Why are Americas kids so stressed? The rep

30、ort cites two main causes: increasing physical isolation brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community, among other things and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place.Given that we cant turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next genera

31、tion cope. At the top of the list is nurturing a better appreciation of the limits of individualism. No child is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress.To help kids build stronger connections with others, you can pull the plug on TVs and c

32、omputers. Your family will thank you later. They will have more time for face-to-face relationships, and they will get more sleep.Limit the amount of viral violence your children are exposed to. Its not just radio games and movies, children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news.Keep your e

33、xpectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people never attended Harvard or Yale.Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you cope with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable. But it doesnt have to ruin your lif

34、e. Q: The author thinks that the conclusions of any research about peoples state of mind are A. surprising B. confusing C. illogical D. questionable【答案】D【解析】这是一篇关于美国儿童心理压力过大和如何帮助孩子处理这些压力的说明文。文章不仅在第二段简要说明了孩子心理压力大的两大根源，并且在第四段至第八段列举了五种帮助孩子克服压力的方法，本题问的是作者对涉及人们心态研究的结论的态度，仔细阅读文章第一段的头两句：Im usually fairly s

35、keptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago. While any of these statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically.不难看出，作者的态度是fairly skeptical和impossible to pro

36、ve scientifically，因此说明作者对这些结论的态度是怀疑的。EIts no secret that many children would be healthier and happier with adoptive parents than with the parents that nature dealt them. Thats especially true of children who remain in abusive homes because the law blindly favors biological parents. Its also true of

37、children who suffer for years in foster homes because of parents who cant or wont care for them but refuse to give up custody rights.Fourteen-year-old Kimberly Mays fits neither description, but her recent court victory could eventually help children who do. Kimberly has been the object of an angry

38、custody battle between the man who raised her and her biological parents, with whom she has never lived. A Florida judge ruled that the teenager can remain with the only father shes ever known and that her biological parents have no legal claim on her.The ruling, though it may yet be reversed, sets

39、aside the principle that biology is the primary determinant of parentage. Thats an important development, one thats long overdue.Shortly after birth in December 1978, Kimberly Mays and another infant were mistakenly switched and sent home with the wrong parents. Kimberlys biological parents Ernest a

40、nd Regina Twigg, received a child who died of a heart disease in 1988. Medical tests showed that the child wasnt the Twiggs own daughter, but Kimberly was, thus sparking a custody battle with Robert Mays. In 1989, the two families agreed that Mr. Mays would maintain custody with the Twiggs getting v

41、isiting rights. Those rights were ended when Mr. Mays decided that Kimberly was being harmed.The decision to leave Kimberly with Mr. Mays rendered her suit debated. But the judge made clear that Kimberly did have standing to sue on her own behalf. Thus he made clear that she was more than just prope

42、rty to be handled as adults saw fit.Certainly, the biological link between parent and child is fundamental. But biological parents arent always preferable to adoptive ones, and biological parentage does not convey an absolute ownership that cancels all the rights of children.Q: The authors attitude

43、towards the judges ruling could be described as .A. doubtful B. critical C. cautious D. supportive【答案】D【解析】这是一篇阐述许多儿童随养父母生活比亲生父母生活更健康、更幸福的议论文，作者开门见山提出论点，并通过Kimberly Mays的事例进一步论证。文中作者观点鲜明，态度明确。本题问到作者对法官的裁决的态度，可以通过文章第三段看出：这种不把血缘关系作为决定父母子女关系的唯一考虑的做法是一个重大的发展。由此可见，应该选D。l 例题后的技巧总结：1）通读全文，了解大致内容；2）关注转折词（ac

44、tually, in fact, however, but, etc.）后面的句子体现出的作者态度。3）不要把自己的态度揉入其中，还要区分清楚作者本人的态度和作者引用别人的态度。4）学会用排除法做题。【真题模拟题训练】 （1）Sarah Alexander celebrated the start of her last year at Wells College the way many other seniors before her have. She ran across the picturesque campus to the shores of Cayuga Lake, wher

45、e she jumped into the water.So did many of her fellow seniors. But dozens of students decided to stay away, especially the relatively few newly arrived male students.Wells College, which since 1868 had educated only women, began accepting men this year in hopes of bolstering its dwindling enrollment

46、. For many students and alumnae, it was a crushing decision. After the college announced last October that it would go coeducational, about half of the students protested and two filed a lawsuit, which they later dropped.The students - 33 men and 383 women - came to campus late last month. Both sexe

47、s are now trying to navigate the new social landscape. Mr. Phillips said, “You cant do guy stuff. Every time you want to sit and watch sports or a game, it turns into a movie.” The women were “somewhat nasty”. I could see the dirty looks in their eyes.” He said, “But I was not going to let that stop

48、 me from coming.”Wells was a place where women did not have to fuss over their appearance or fight to be taken seriously by their professor. They could enjoy the camaraderie of their campus sisters and their playful traditions. Besides jumping into the lake, the women dance around the maypole each May and kiss the feet of the statue of Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom, before exams.Ms. Alexander said, “People told us we wouldnt notice a difference, but from the moment men arriv